Development of New Covid-19 Vaccines from India : a Systematic Review
Corresponding Author(s) : Dr. N. Sriram
srirampharma@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021): 2021 Volume - 9 Issue-1
Abstract
Extreme acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an extremely pathogenic new virus that has triggered the current worldwide coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19). Currently, substantial effort has been made to produce successful and safe medicines and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. To avoid more morbidity and death, a successful vaccine is important. Though some regions which deploy COVID-19 vaccines on the basis of protection and immunogenicity data alone, the aim of vaccine research is to obtain direct proof of vaccine effectiveness in protecting humans against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 infections in order to selectively increase the production of effective vaccines. A SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine can function against infection, illness, or transmission and a vaccine that is capable of minimising all of these components may lead to disease control. In this study, we discussed the Bharat Biotech and Covishield Serum Institute of India's Covaxin - India's First Indigenous Covid-19 Vaccine.
Keywords
Covaxin
Covishield
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
Serum Institute
Bharat Biotech
1.
S. Kameshwaran, Dr. N. Sriram, Asokkumar DS, N. Elavarasan, M. Sarbudeen. Development of New Covid-19 Vaccines from India : a Systematic Review. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2021 Jan. 27 [cited 2026 Apr. 19];9(1):1-10. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/955
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
References
-
[1]. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Genomic characterization and epidemiology of novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140?6736 (20), 2020, 395: 564– 574, 30251?8
[2]. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 395(10223), 2020, 507– 513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140?6736.
[3]. Zhou P, Yang X?L, Wang X?G, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 579, 2020, 270– 273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586?020?2012?7
[4]. Backer J, Klinkenberg D, Wallinga J. Incubation period of novel coronavirus (2019?nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, Euro Surveill, 2020, 25:2000062. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560?7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062
[5]. Desselberger U. Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. In: van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, eds. International Union of Microbiological Societies. San Diego: Virus Research, 2002, 1162.
[6]. AlNajjar N, Attar L, Farahat F, et al. Psycho behavioral responses to the 2014 Middle East respiratory syndrome?novel corona virus (MERS CoV) among adults in two shopping malls in Jeddah, western Saudi Arabia. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 22, 2016, 817– 823.
[7]. Li J, Li JJ, Xie X, et al. Game consumption and the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Infect Dis. 20, 2020, 275– 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473?3099(20)30063?3
[8]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/?ccov/types, 2020.
[9]. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID?19) situation reports. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel?coronavirus?2019, 2020.
[10]. World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019?nCoV) in suspected human cases. Interim guidance. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665?331501. Accessed, 2020.
[11]. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID?19) pandemic.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel?coronavirus, 2019.
[12]. https://www.bharatbiotech.com/covaxin.html
[13]. https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/vaccine-updates/story/covaxin-approval-row-how-india-approves-vaccines-explained-1756049-2021-01-05.]
[14]. ICMR teams up with Bharat Biotech to develop Covid-19 vaccine". Livemint, 2020.
[15]. Chakrabarti A. "India to develop 'fully indigenous' Covid vaccine as ICMR partners with Bharat Biotech". ThePrint, 2020.
[16]. "India's First COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Approved for Human Trials". The New York Times, 2020.
[17]. "Human clinical trials of potential Covid-19 vaccine 'COVAXIN' started at AIIMS". DD News. PrasarBharati, Ministry of I & B, Government of India, 2020.
[18]. Press, Associated. "Asia Today: Amid new surge, India tests potential vaccine". Washington Post. Retrieved, 2020.
[19]. "Delhi: 30-year-old is first to get dose of trial drug Covaxin". The Indian Express, 2020.
[20]. Ella, Raches; Mohan, Krishna; Jogdand, Harsh; Prasad, Sai; Reddy, Siddharth; Sarangi, Vamshi Krishna; Ganneru, Brunda; Sapkal, Gajanan; Yadav, Pragya; Panda, Samiran; Gupta, Nivedita; Reddy, Prabhakar; Verma, Savita; Rai, Sanjay; Singh, Chandramani; Redkar, Sagar; Gillurkar, Chandra Sekhar; Kushwaha, Jitendra Singh; Rao, Venkat; Mohapatra, Satyajit; Guleria, Randeep; Ella, Krishna; Bhargava, Balram"Safety and immunogenicity trial of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-BBV152: a phase 1, double-blind, randomised control trial". medRxiv, 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.20210419.
[21]. Perappadan, BinduShajan. "Coronavirus | Covaxin phase-1 trial results show promising results". The Hindu. Retrieved, 2020.
[22]. Sabarwal, Harshit. "Covaxin's phase 1 trial result shows robust immune response, mild adverse events". Hindustan Times. Retrieved, 2020.
[23]. "Coronavirus | Covaxin Phase III trial from November". The Hindu, 2020.
[24]. Ganneru B, Jogdand H, Daram VK, Molugu NR, Prasad SD, Kannappa SV, "Evaluation of Safety and Immunogenicity of an Adjuvanted, TH-1 Skewed, Whole Virion InactivatedSARS-CoV-2 Vaccine - BBV152", 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.285445.
[25]. "An Efficacy and Safety Clinical Trial of an Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine (BBV152) in Adult Volunteers". clinicaltrials.gov (Registry). United States National Library of Medicine. NCT04641481. Retrieved, 2020.
[26]. "Bharat Biotech begins Covaxin Phase III trials". The Indian Express, 2020.
[27]. Sen M. "List of states that have started phase 3 trials of India's first Covid vaccine". Mint, 2020.
[28]. "70%-80% Drop In Participation For Phase 3 Trials Of Covaxin: Official". NDTV, 2020.
[29]. "Bharat Biotech's Covaxin given conditional nod based on incomplete Phase 3 trial results data". The Print. 2021.
[30]. "Covaxin phase-3 trials to end today, average efficacy 60-70%". Deccan Herald, 2021.
[31]. Hoeksema F, Karpilow J, Luitjens A, Lagerwerf F, Havenga M, Groothuizen M, “Enhancing viral vaccine production using engineered knockout vero cell lines - A second look". Vaccine. 36 (16), 2018, 2093–2103. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.010. PMID 29555218.
[32]. "Coronavirus vaccine update: Bharat Biotech's Covaxin launch likely in Q2, no word on pricing yet". www.businesstoday.in. India Today Group. Retrieved, 2020.
[33]. "Odisha fast tracks coronavirus vaccine manufacturing unit". The New Indian Express, 2020.
[34]. Raghavan P. "Bharat Biotech exploring global tie-ups for Covaxin manufacturing". The Indian Express, 2020.
[35]. Reuters Staff. "Ocugen to co-develop Bharat Biotech's COVID-19 vaccine candidate for U.S." Reuters. Retrieved 2021.
[36]. "Bharat Biotech, Ocugen to co-develop Covaxin for US market". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2021.
[37]. "Bharat Biotech inks pact with Precisa Med to supply Covaxin to Brazil". mint. 2021.
[38]. Ghosh N. "Bharat Biotech seeks emergency use authorization for Covid-19 vaccine". Hindustan Times, 2020.
[39]. "Coronavirus | After SII, Bharat Biotech seeks DCGI approval for Covaxin". The Hindu. 2020.
[40]. "Expert panel recommends granting approval for restricted emergency use of Bharat Biotech's Covaxin". The Indian Express, 2021.
[41]. "Coronavirus: India approves vaccines from Bharat Biotech and Oxford/AstraZeneca". BBC News. Retrieved 2021.
[42]. "Disputes Mount, but Heedless Govt Intent on Rolling Vaccine Candidates Out". The Wire, 2021.
[43]. https://www.livemint.com/ Retrieved, 2021.
[44]. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/covid-vaccine-back-up-bharat-biotech-aiims-icmr-7131586/.
[45]. O'Reilly P, "A Phase III study to investigate a vaccine against COVID-19". ISRCTN (Registry), 2020. Doi: 10.1186/ISRCTN89951424. ISRCTN89951424.
[46]. "COVID-19 Vaccine Trials | COVID-19". covid19 vaccinetrial.co.uk., 2020.
[47]. "Oxford team to begin novel coronavirus vaccine research". University of Oxford. Retrieved 2020.
[48]. Callaway E. "Why Oxford's positive COVID vaccine results are puzzling scientists". Nature. 588 (7836), 2020, 16–18. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03326-w. PMID 33230278. S2CID 227156970.
[49]. "Covid-19: Oxford-AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine approved for use in UK". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 2020.
[50]. "Covid: Brian Pinker, 82, first to get Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine". BBC News. BBC, Retrieved 2021.
[51]. Arashkia A, Jalilvand S, Mohajel N, Afchangi A, Azadmanesh K, Salehi-Vaziri M, "Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike (S) protein based vaccine candidates: State of the art and future prospects". Reviews in Medical Virology. n/a (n/a): e2183, 202. doi:10.1002/rmv.2183. PMC 7646037.
[52]. "Exeter Fellow Dr Catherine Green leads the production of a potential COVID-19 vaccine in Oxford". Exeter College, 2020. Retrieved 2020.
[53]. Wang H, Yang P, Liu K, Guo F, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Jiang C "SARS coronavirus entry into host cells through a novel clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytic pathway". Cell Research. 18(2), 2008, 290–301. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.15. PMC 7091891. PMID 18227861.
[54]. "AZD1222 vaccine met primary efficacy endpoint in preventing COVID-19". AstraZeneca (Press release). Retrieved 2020.
[55]. "Oxford team to begin novel coronavirus vaccine research". University of Oxford. Retrieved 2021.
[56]. Coleman J (10 June 2020). "Final testing stage for potential coronavirus vaccine set to begin in July". TheHill. Retrieved 2020.
[57]. "AZN, IQV Team Up To Accelerate COVID-19 Vaccine Work, RIGL's ITP Drug Repurposed, IMV On Watch". RTTNews. Retrieved 2020.
[58]. "Phase 3 Clinical Testing in the US of AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Begins". National Institutes of Health (NIH). Retrieved 2020.
[59]. Wu KJ, Thomas K. "AstraZeneca Pauses Vaccine Trial for Safety Review". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020.
[60]. Loftus P. "AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine Trials Resume in U.K." Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020.
[61]. Grady D, Wu KJ, LaFraniere S (19 September 2020). "AstraZeneca, Under Fire for Vaccine Safety, Releases Trial Blueprints". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020.
[62]. "AstraZeneca resumes vaccine trial in talks with US". Japan Today, 2020.
[63]. "FDA authorises restart of the COVID-19 AZD1222 vaccine US Phase III trial". AstraZeneca (Press release). Retrieved, 2020.
[64]. Reuters Staff. "U.S. health secretary says AstraZeneca trial in United States remains on hold: CNBC". Reuters. Retrieved 2020.
[65]. Voluntáriobrasileiroqueparticipava dos testes da vacina de Oxford e morreu com a Covid era médico e ex-aluno da UFRJ, Globo
[66]. Simões E, Burger L. "AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine trial Brazil volunteer dies, trial to continue". Reuters. Retrieved 2020.
[67]. "Oxford University breakthrough on global COVID-19 vaccine". University of Oxford, 2021.
[68]. Robbins, Rebecca; Mueller, Benjamin, "After Admitting Mistake, AstraZeneca Faces Difficult Questions about Its Vaccine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020.
[69]. Boseley, Sarah "Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine to undergo new global trial". the Guardian. Retrieved 2020.
[70]. "Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomized controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK - The Lancet". Retrieved 2020. This article incorporates text by Voysey. available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
[71]. "Covid: Trials to test combination of Oxford and Sputnik vaccines". BBC News. Retrieved 2020.
[72]. "Oxford vaccine researchers have found 'winning formula', AstraZeneca chief says". The Independent. Retrieved 2020.
[73]. "Government asks regulator to approve supply of Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine". GOV.UK. Department of Health and Social Care. Retrieved 2020.
[74]. "Oxford University/AstraZeneca vaccine authorized by UK medicines regulator". Gov.uk. Department of Health and Social Care. Retrieved 2020.
[75]. "AstraZeneca vaccine not ready for quick European approval, watchdog official says". www.reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 2020.
[76]. Belluz J. "Why the AstraZeneca-Oxford Covid-19 vaccine is different". Vox. Retrieved 2020.
[77]. Stevis-Gridneff, Matina; Sanger-Katz, Margot; Weiland, Noah."A European Official Reveals a Secret: The U.S. Is Paying More for Coronavirus Vaccines". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020.
[78]. "AstraZeneca to begin making vaccine". BBC. Retrieved 2020.
[79]. "AstraZeneca, Emergent BioSolutions sign $87M deal to produce U.S. supply of COVID-19 vaccine". FiercePharma. Retrieved 2020.
[80]. "AstraZeneca taps Catalent for COVID-19 vaccine finishing, packaging at Italian plant". FiercePharma. Retrieved 2020.
[81]. So, Anthony D; Woo, Joshua, "Reserving coronavirus disease, vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis". BMJ: 3. doi:10.1136/bmj.m4750. ISSN 1756-1833. cited"Agreements with CEPI and Gavi and the Serum Institute of India will bring vaccine to low and middle-income countries and beyond". AstraZeneca 2020.
[82]. Rajagopal, Divya, "AstraZeneca & Serum Institute of India sign licensing deal for 1 billion doses of Oxford vaccine". The Economic Times, 2020.
[83]. So & Woo (2020), p. 3 cited "New collaboration makes further 100 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine available to low- and middle- income countries". Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, 2020.
[84]. "Covid-19: France, Italy, Germany and Netherlands sign vaccine deal for Europe". France 24, Retrieved 2020.
[85]. Roland D, "U.S. to Invest $1.2 Billion to Secure Potential Coronavirus Vaccine From AstraZeneca, Oxford University". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020.
[86]. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-briefing-trudeau-tam-1.5738503
[87]. Swiss sign next vaccine agreement with AstraZeneca". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2020.
[88]. "??????????????????????????-19 ??????????????". BBC ??? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[89]. "??????????????????????-?????????????????????????????". ???????????? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[90]. "???.?????????????????????????????35??????????????????66????". ??????????? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[91]. "?????????????????????????????.10 ??????"???????????????"?????????????????-19". BBC ??? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[92]. Shin, Hyonhee (3 December 2020). "South Korea reaches deal to buy AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine candidate: media". Reuters. Retrieved 2021.
[93]. Felix, Jason. "SA will get 1 million doses of Covid-19 vaccine from India this month". News24.com. Retrieved 2021.
[94]. "Myanmar will get doses for 15 million people this February". 7day.news. Retrieved 2021.
[95]. https://www.bharatbiotech.com/intranasal-vaccine.html.
References
[1]. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Genomic characterization and epidemiology of novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140?6736 (20), 2020, 395: 564– 574, 30251?8
[2]. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 395(10223), 2020, 507– 513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140?6736.
[3]. Zhou P, Yang X?L, Wang X?G, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 579, 2020, 270– 273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586?020?2012?7
[4]. Backer J, Klinkenberg D, Wallinga J. Incubation period of novel coronavirus (2019?nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, Euro Surveill, 2020, 25:2000062. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560?7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062
[5]. Desselberger U. Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. In: van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, eds. International Union of Microbiological Societies. San Diego: Virus Research, 2002, 1162.
[6]. AlNajjar N, Attar L, Farahat F, et al. Psycho behavioral responses to the 2014 Middle East respiratory syndrome?novel corona virus (MERS CoV) among adults in two shopping malls in Jeddah, western Saudi Arabia. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 22, 2016, 817– 823.
[7]. Li J, Li JJ, Xie X, et al. Game consumption and the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Infect Dis. 20, 2020, 275– 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473?3099(20)30063?3
[8]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/?ccov/types, 2020.
[9]. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID?19) situation reports. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel?coronavirus?2019, 2020.
[10]. World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019?nCoV) in suspected human cases. Interim guidance. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665?331501. Accessed, 2020.
[11]. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID?19) pandemic.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel?coronavirus, 2019.
[12]. https://www.bharatbiotech.com/covaxin.html
[13]. https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/vaccine-updates/story/covaxin-approval-row-how-india-approves-vaccines-explained-1756049-2021-01-05.]
[14]. ICMR teams up with Bharat Biotech to develop Covid-19 vaccine". Livemint, 2020.
[15]. Chakrabarti A. "India to develop 'fully indigenous' Covid vaccine as ICMR partners with Bharat Biotech". ThePrint, 2020.
[16]. "India's First COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Approved for Human Trials". The New York Times, 2020.
[17]. "Human clinical trials of potential Covid-19 vaccine 'COVAXIN' started at AIIMS". DD News. PrasarBharati, Ministry of I & B, Government of India, 2020.
[18]. Press, Associated. "Asia Today: Amid new surge, India tests potential vaccine". Washington Post. Retrieved, 2020.
[19]. "Delhi: 30-year-old is first to get dose of trial drug Covaxin". The Indian Express, 2020.
[20]. Ella, Raches; Mohan, Krishna; Jogdand, Harsh; Prasad, Sai; Reddy, Siddharth; Sarangi, Vamshi Krishna; Ganneru, Brunda; Sapkal, Gajanan; Yadav, Pragya; Panda, Samiran; Gupta, Nivedita; Reddy, Prabhakar; Verma, Savita; Rai, Sanjay; Singh, Chandramani; Redkar, Sagar; Gillurkar, Chandra Sekhar; Kushwaha, Jitendra Singh; Rao, Venkat; Mohapatra, Satyajit; Guleria, Randeep; Ella, Krishna; Bhargava, Balram"Safety and immunogenicity trial of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-BBV152: a phase 1, double-blind, randomised control trial". medRxiv, 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.20210419.
[21]. Perappadan, BinduShajan. "Coronavirus | Covaxin phase-1 trial results show promising results". The Hindu. Retrieved, 2020.
[22]. Sabarwal, Harshit. "Covaxin's phase 1 trial result shows robust immune response, mild adverse events". Hindustan Times. Retrieved, 2020.
[23]. "Coronavirus | Covaxin Phase III trial from November". The Hindu, 2020.
[24]. Ganneru B, Jogdand H, Daram VK, Molugu NR, Prasad SD, Kannappa SV, "Evaluation of Safety and Immunogenicity of an Adjuvanted, TH-1 Skewed, Whole Virion InactivatedSARS-CoV-2 Vaccine - BBV152", 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.285445.
[25]. "An Efficacy and Safety Clinical Trial of an Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine (BBV152) in Adult Volunteers". clinicaltrials.gov (Registry). United States National Library of Medicine. NCT04641481. Retrieved, 2020.
[26]. "Bharat Biotech begins Covaxin Phase III trials". The Indian Express, 2020.
[27]. Sen M. "List of states that have started phase 3 trials of India's first Covid vaccine". Mint, 2020.
[28]. "70%-80% Drop In Participation For Phase 3 Trials Of Covaxin: Official". NDTV, 2020.
[29]. "Bharat Biotech's Covaxin given conditional nod based on incomplete Phase 3 trial results data". The Print. 2021.
[30]. "Covaxin phase-3 trials to end today, average efficacy 60-70%". Deccan Herald, 2021.
[31]. Hoeksema F, Karpilow J, Luitjens A, Lagerwerf F, Havenga M, Groothuizen M, “Enhancing viral vaccine production using engineered knockout vero cell lines - A second look". Vaccine. 36 (16), 2018, 2093–2103. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.010. PMID 29555218.
[32]. "Coronavirus vaccine update: Bharat Biotech's Covaxin launch likely in Q2, no word on pricing yet". www.businesstoday.in. India Today Group. Retrieved, 2020.
[33]. "Odisha fast tracks coronavirus vaccine manufacturing unit". The New Indian Express, 2020.
[34]. Raghavan P. "Bharat Biotech exploring global tie-ups for Covaxin manufacturing". The Indian Express, 2020.
[35]. Reuters Staff. "Ocugen to co-develop Bharat Biotech's COVID-19 vaccine candidate for U.S." Reuters. Retrieved 2021.
[36]. "Bharat Biotech, Ocugen to co-develop Covaxin for US market". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2021.
[37]. "Bharat Biotech inks pact with Precisa Med to supply Covaxin to Brazil". mint. 2021.
[38]. Ghosh N. "Bharat Biotech seeks emergency use authorization for Covid-19 vaccine". Hindustan Times, 2020.
[39]. "Coronavirus | After SII, Bharat Biotech seeks DCGI approval for Covaxin". The Hindu. 2020.
[40]. "Expert panel recommends granting approval for restricted emergency use of Bharat Biotech's Covaxin". The Indian Express, 2021.
[41]. "Coronavirus: India approves vaccines from Bharat Biotech and Oxford/AstraZeneca". BBC News. Retrieved 2021.
[42]. "Disputes Mount, but Heedless Govt Intent on Rolling Vaccine Candidates Out". The Wire, 2021.
[43]. https://www.livemint.com/ Retrieved, 2021.
[44]. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/covid-vaccine-back-up-bharat-biotech-aiims-icmr-7131586/.
[45]. O'Reilly P, "A Phase III study to investigate a vaccine against COVID-19". ISRCTN (Registry), 2020. Doi: 10.1186/ISRCTN89951424. ISRCTN89951424.
[46]. "COVID-19 Vaccine Trials | COVID-19". covid19 vaccinetrial.co.uk., 2020.
[47]. "Oxford team to begin novel coronavirus vaccine research". University of Oxford. Retrieved 2020.
[48]. Callaway E. "Why Oxford's positive COVID vaccine results are puzzling scientists". Nature. 588 (7836), 2020, 16–18. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03326-w. PMID 33230278. S2CID 227156970.
[49]. "Covid-19: Oxford-AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine approved for use in UK". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 2020.
[50]. "Covid: Brian Pinker, 82, first to get Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine". BBC News. BBC, Retrieved 2021.
[51]. Arashkia A, Jalilvand S, Mohajel N, Afchangi A, Azadmanesh K, Salehi-Vaziri M, "Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike (S) protein based vaccine candidates: State of the art and future prospects". Reviews in Medical Virology. n/a (n/a): e2183, 202. doi:10.1002/rmv.2183. PMC 7646037.
[52]. "Exeter Fellow Dr Catherine Green leads the production of a potential COVID-19 vaccine in Oxford". Exeter College, 2020. Retrieved 2020.
[53]. Wang H, Yang P, Liu K, Guo F, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Jiang C "SARS coronavirus entry into host cells through a novel clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytic pathway". Cell Research. 18(2), 2008, 290–301. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.15. PMC 7091891. PMID 18227861.
[54]. "AZD1222 vaccine met primary efficacy endpoint in preventing COVID-19". AstraZeneca (Press release). Retrieved 2020.
[55]. "Oxford team to begin novel coronavirus vaccine research". University of Oxford. Retrieved 2021.
[56]. Coleman J (10 June 2020). "Final testing stage for potential coronavirus vaccine set to begin in July". TheHill. Retrieved 2020.
[57]. "AZN, IQV Team Up To Accelerate COVID-19 Vaccine Work, RIGL's ITP Drug Repurposed, IMV On Watch". RTTNews. Retrieved 2020.
[58]. "Phase 3 Clinical Testing in the US of AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Begins". National Institutes of Health (NIH). Retrieved 2020.
[59]. Wu KJ, Thomas K. "AstraZeneca Pauses Vaccine Trial for Safety Review". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020.
[60]. Loftus P. "AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine Trials Resume in U.K." Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020.
[61]. Grady D, Wu KJ, LaFraniere S (19 September 2020). "AstraZeneca, Under Fire for Vaccine Safety, Releases Trial Blueprints". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020.
[62]. "AstraZeneca resumes vaccine trial in talks with US". Japan Today, 2020.
[63]. "FDA authorises restart of the COVID-19 AZD1222 vaccine US Phase III trial". AstraZeneca (Press release). Retrieved, 2020.
[64]. Reuters Staff. "U.S. health secretary says AstraZeneca trial in United States remains on hold: CNBC". Reuters. Retrieved 2020.
[65]. Voluntáriobrasileiroqueparticipava dos testes da vacina de Oxford e morreu com a Covid era médico e ex-aluno da UFRJ, Globo
[66]. Simões E, Burger L. "AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine trial Brazil volunteer dies, trial to continue". Reuters. Retrieved 2020.
[67]. "Oxford University breakthrough on global COVID-19 vaccine". University of Oxford, 2021.
[68]. Robbins, Rebecca; Mueller, Benjamin, "After Admitting Mistake, AstraZeneca Faces Difficult Questions about Its Vaccine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020.
[69]. Boseley, Sarah "Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine to undergo new global trial". the Guardian. Retrieved 2020.
[70]. "Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomized controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK - The Lancet". Retrieved 2020. This article incorporates text by Voysey. available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
[71]. "Covid: Trials to test combination of Oxford and Sputnik vaccines". BBC News. Retrieved 2020.
[72]. "Oxford vaccine researchers have found 'winning formula', AstraZeneca chief says". The Independent. Retrieved 2020.
[73]. "Government asks regulator to approve supply of Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine". GOV.UK. Department of Health and Social Care. Retrieved 2020.
[74]. "Oxford University/AstraZeneca vaccine authorized by UK medicines regulator". Gov.uk. Department of Health and Social Care. Retrieved 2020.
[75]. "AstraZeneca vaccine not ready for quick European approval, watchdog official says". www.reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 2020.
[76]. Belluz J. "Why the AstraZeneca-Oxford Covid-19 vaccine is different". Vox. Retrieved 2020.
[77]. Stevis-Gridneff, Matina; Sanger-Katz, Margot; Weiland, Noah."A European Official Reveals a Secret: The U.S. Is Paying More for Coronavirus Vaccines". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020.
[78]. "AstraZeneca to begin making vaccine". BBC. Retrieved 2020.
[79]. "AstraZeneca, Emergent BioSolutions sign $87M deal to produce U.S. supply of COVID-19 vaccine". FiercePharma. Retrieved 2020.
[80]. "AstraZeneca taps Catalent for COVID-19 vaccine finishing, packaging at Italian plant". FiercePharma. Retrieved 2020.
[81]. So, Anthony D; Woo, Joshua, "Reserving coronavirus disease, vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis". BMJ: 3. doi:10.1136/bmj.m4750. ISSN 1756-1833. cited"Agreements with CEPI and Gavi and the Serum Institute of India will bring vaccine to low and middle-income countries and beyond". AstraZeneca 2020.
[82]. Rajagopal, Divya, "AstraZeneca & Serum Institute of India sign licensing deal for 1 billion doses of Oxford vaccine". The Economic Times, 2020.
[83]. So & Woo (2020), p. 3 cited "New collaboration makes further 100 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine available to low- and middle- income countries". Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, 2020.
[84]. "Covid-19: France, Italy, Germany and Netherlands sign vaccine deal for Europe". France 24, Retrieved 2020.
[85]. Roland D, "U.S. to Invest $1.2 Billion to Secure Potential Coronavirus Vaccine From AstraZeneca, Oxford University". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020.
[86]. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-briefing-trudeau-tam-1.5738503
[87]. Swiss sign next vaccine agreement with AstraZeneca". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2020.
[88]. "??????????????????????????-19 ??????????????". BBC ??? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[89]. "??????????????????????-?????????????????????????????". ???????????? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[90]. "???.?????????????????????????????35??????????????????66????". ??????????? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[91]. "?????????????????????????????.10 ??????"???????????????"?????????????????-19". BBC ??? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[92]. Shin, Hyonhee (3 December 2020). "South Korea reaches deal to buy AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine candidate: media". Reuters. Retrieved 2021.
[93]. Felix, Jason. "SA will get 1 million doses of Covid-19 vaccine from India this month". News24.com. Retrieved 2021.
[94]. "Myanmar will get doses for 15 million people this February". 7day.news. Retrieved 2021.
[95]. https://www.bharatbiotech.com/intranasal-vaccine.html.
[2]. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 395(10223), 2020, 507– 513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140?6736.
[3]. Zhou P, Yang X?L, Wang X?G, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 579, 2020, 270– 273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586?020?2012?7
[4]. Backer J, Klinkenberg D, Wallinga J. Incubation period of novel coronavirus (2019?nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, Euro Surveill, 2020, 25:2000062. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560?7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062
[5]. Desselberger U. Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. In: van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB, eds. International Union of Microbiological Societies. San Diego: Virus Research, 2002, 1162.
[6]. AlNajjar N, Attar L, Farahat F, et al. Psycho behavioral responses to the 2014 Middle East respiratory syndrome?novel corona virus (MERS CoV) among adults in two shopping malls in Jeddah, western Saudi Arabia. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 22, 2016, 817– 823.
[7]. Li J, Li JJ, Xie X, et al. Game consumption and the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Infect Dis. 20, 2020, 275– 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473?3099(20)30063?3
[8]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/?ccov/types, 2020.
[9]. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID?19) situation reports. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel?coronavirus?2019, 2020.
[10]. World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019?nCoV) in suspected human cases. Interim guidance. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665?331501. Accessed, 2020.
[11]. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID?19) pandemic.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel?coronavirus, 2019.
[12]. https://www.bharatbiotech.com/covaxin.html
[13]. https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/vaccine-updates/story/covaxin-approval-row-how-india-approves-vaccines-explained-1756049-2021-01-05.]
[14]. ICMR teams up with Bharat Biotech to develop Covid-19 vaccine". Livemint, 2020.
[15]. Chakrabarti A. "India to develop 'fully indigenous' Covid vaccine as ICMR partners with Bharat Biotech". ThePrint, 2020.
[16]. "India's First COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Approved for Human Trials". The New York Times, 2020.
[17]. "Human clinical trials of potential Covid-19 vaccine 'COVAXIN' started at AIIMS". DD News. PrasarBharati, Ministry of I & B, Government of India, 2020.
[18]. Press, Associated. "Asia Today: Amid new surge, India tests potential vaccine". Washington Post. Retrieved, 2020.
[19]. "Delhi: 30-year-old is first to get dose of trial drug Covaxin". The Indian Express, 2020.
[20]. Ella, Raches; Mohan, Krishna; Jogdand, Harsh; Prasad, Sai; Reddy, Siddharth; Sarangi, Vamshi Krishna; Ganneru, Brunda; Sapkal, Gajanan; Yadav, Pragya; Panda, Samiran; Gupta, Nivedita; Reddy, Prabhakar; Verma, Savita; Rai, Sanjay; Singh, Chandramani; Redkar, Sagar; Gillurkar, Chandra Sekhar; Kushwaha, Jitendra Singh; Rao, Venkat; Mohapatra, Satyajit; Guleria, Randeep; Ella, Krishna; Bhargava, Balram"Safety and immunogenicity trial of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-BBV152: a phase 1, double-blind, randomised control trial". medRxiv, 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.12.11.20210419.
[21]. Perappadan, BinduShajan. "Coronavirus | Covaxin phase-1 trial results show promising results". The Hindu. Retrieved, 2020.
[22]. Sabarwal, Harshit. "Covaxin's phase 1 trial result shows robust immune response, mild adverse events". Hindustan Times. Retrieved, 2020.
[23]. "Coronavirus | Covaxin Phase III trial from November". The Hindu, 2020.
[24]. Ganneru B, Jogdand H, Daram VK, Molugu NR, Prasad SD, Kannappa SV, "Evaluation of Safety and Immunogenicity of an Adjuvanted, TH-1 Skewed, Whole Virion InactivatedSARS-CoV-2 Vaccine - BBV152", 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.285445.
[25]. "An Efficacy and Safety Clinical Trial of an Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine (BBV152) in Adult Volunteers". clinicaltrials.gov (Registry). United States National Library of Medicine. NCT04641481. Retrieved, 2020.
[26]. "Bharat Biotech begins Covaxin Phase III trials". The Indian Express, 2020.
[27]. Sen M. "List of states that have started phase 3 trials of India's first Covid vaccine". Mint, 2020.
[28]. "70%-80% Drop In Participation For Phase 3 Trials Of Covaxin: Official". NDTV, 2020.
[29]. "Bharat Biotech's Covaxin given conditional nod based on incomplete Phase 3 trial results data". The Print. 2021.
[30]. "Covaxin phase-3 trials to end today, average efficacy 60-70%". Deccan Herald, 2021.
[31]. Hoeksema F, Karpilow J, Luitjens A, Lagerwerf F, Havenga M, Groothuizen M, “Enhancing viral vaccine production using engineered knockout vero cell lines - A second look". Vaccine. 36 (16), 2018, 2093–2103. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.010. PMID 29555218.
[32]. "Coronavirus vaccine update: Bharat Biotech's Covaxin launch likely in Q2, no word on pricing yet". www.businesstoday.in. India Today Group. Retrieved, 2020.
[33]. "Odisha fast tracks coronavirus vaccine manufacturing unit". The New Indian Express, 2020.
[34]. Raghavan P. "Bharat Biotech exploring global tie-ups for Covaxin manufacturing". The Indian Express, 2020.
[35]. Reuters Staff. "Ocugen to co-develop Bharat Biotech's COVID-19 vaccine candidate for U.S." Reuters. Retrieved 2021.
[36]. "Bharat Biotech, Ocugen to co-develop Covaxin for US market". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2021.
[37]. "Bharat Biotech inks pact with Precisa Med to supply Covaxin to Brazil". mint. 2021.
[38]. Ghosh N. "Bharat Biotech seeks emergency use authorization for Covid-19 vaccine". Hindustan Times, 2020.
[39]. "Coronavirus | After SII, Bharat Biotech seeks DCGI approval for Covaxin". The Hindu. 2020.
[40]. "Expert panel recommends granting approval for restricted emergency use of Bharat Biotech's Covaxin". The Indian Express, 2021.
[41]. "Coronavirus: India approves vaccines from Bharat Biotech and Oxford/AstraZeneca". BBC News. Retrieved 2021.
[42]. "Disputes Mount, but Heedless Govt Intent on Rolling Vaccine Candidates Out". The Wire, 2021.
[43]. https://www.livemint.com/ Retrieved, 2021.
[44]. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/covid-vaccine-back-up-bharat-biotech-aiims-icmr-7131586/.
[45]. O'Reilly P, "A Phase III study to investigate a vaccine against COVID-19". ISRCTN (Registry), 2020. Doi: 10.1186/ISRCTN89951424. ISRCTN89951424.
[46]. "COVID-19 Vaccine Trials | COVID-19". covid19 vaccinetrial.co.uk., 2020.
[47]. "Oxford team to begin novel coronavirus vaccine research". University of Oxford. Retrieved 2020.
[48]. Callaway E. "Why Oxford's positive COVID vaccine results are puzzling scientists". Nature. 588 (7836), 2020, 16–18. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03326-w. PMID 33230278. S2CID 227156970.
[49]. "Covid-19: Oxford-AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine approved for use in UK". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 2020.
[50]. "Covid: Brian Pinker, 82, first to get Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine". BBC News. BBC, Retrieved 2021.
[51]. Arashkia A, Jalilvand S, Mohajel N, Afchangi A, Azadmanesh K, Salehi-Vaziri M, "Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike (S) protein based vaccine candidates: State of the art and future prospects". Reviews in Medical Virology. n/a (n/a): e2183, 202. doi:10.1002/rmv.2183. PMC 7646037.
[52]. "Exeter Fellow Dr Catherine Green leads the production of a potential COVID-19 vaccine in Oxford". Exeter College, 2020. Retrieved 2020.
[53]. Wang H, Yang P, Liu K, Guo F, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Jiang C "SARS coronavirus entry into host cells through a novel clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytic pathway". Cell Research. 18(2), 2008, 290–301. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.15. PMC 7091891. PMID 18227861.
[54]. "AZD1222 vaccine met primary efficacy endpoint in preventing COVID-19". AstraZeneca (Press release). Retrieved 2020.
[55]. "Oxford team to begin novel coronavirus vaccine research". University of Oxford. Retrieved 2021.
[56]. Coleman J (10 June 2020). "Final testing stage for potential coronavirus vaccine set to begin in July". TheHill. Retrieved 2020.
[57]. "AZN, IQV Team Up To Accelerate COVID-19 Vaccine Work, RIGL's ITP Drug Repurposed, IMV On Watch". RTTNews. Retrieved 2020.
[58]. "Phase 3 Clinical Testing in the US of AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Begins". National Institutes of Health (NIH). Retrieved 2020.
[59]. Wu KJ, Thomas K. "AstraZeneca Pauses Vaccine Trial for Safety Review". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020.
[60]. Loftus P. "AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine Trials Resume in U.K." Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020.
[61]. Grady D, Wu KJ, LaFraniere S (19 September 2020). "AstraZeneca, Under Fire for Vaccine Safety, Releases Trial Blueprints". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020.
[62]. "AstraZeneca resumes vaccine trial in talks with US". Japan Today, 2020.
[63]. "FDA authorises restart of the COVID-19 AZD1222 vaccine US Phase III trial". AstraZeneca (Press release). Retrieved, 2020.
[64]. Reuters Staff. "U.S. health secretary says AstraZeneca trial in United States remains on hold: CNBC". Reuters. Retrieved 2020.
[65]. Voluntáriobrasileiroqueparticipava dos testes da vacina de Oxford e morreu com a Covid era médico e ex-aluno da UFRJ, Globo
[66]. Simões E, Burger L. "AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine trial Brazil volunteer dies, trial to continue". Reuters. Retrieved 2020.
[67]. "Oxford University breakthrough on global COVID-19 vaccine". University of Oxford, 2021.
[68]. Robbins, Rebecca; Mueller, Benjamin, "After Admitting Mistake, AstraZeneca Faces Difficult Questions about Its Vaccine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020.
[69]. Boseley, Sarah "Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine to undergo new global trial". the Guardian. Retrieved 2020.
[70]. "Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomized controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK - The Lancet". Retrieved 2020. This article incorporates text by Voysey. available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
[71]. "Covid: Trials to test combination of Oxford and Sputnik vaccines". BBC News. Retrieved 2020.
[72]. "Oxford vaccine researchers have found 'winning formula', AstraZeneca chief says". The Independent. Retrieved 2020.
[73]. "Government asks regulator to approve supply of Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine". GOV.UK. Department of Health and Social Care. Retrieved 2020.
[74]. "Oxford University/AstraZeneca vaccine authorized by UK medicines regulator". Gov.uk. Department of Health and Social Care. Retrieved 2020.
[75]. "AstraZeneca vaccine not ready for quick European approval, watchdog official says". www.reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 2020.
[76]. Belluz J. "Why the AstraZeneca-Oxford Covid-19 vaccine is different". Vox. Retrieved 2020.
[77]. Stevis-Gridneff, Matina; Sanger-Katz, Margot; Weiland, Noah."A European Official Reveals a Secret: The U.S. Is Paying More for Coronavirus Vaccines". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020.
[78]. "AstraZeneca to begin making vaccine". BBC. Retrieved 2020.
[79]. "AstraZeneca, Emergent BioSolutions sign $87M deal to produce U.S. supply of COVID-19 vaccine". FiercePharma. Retrieved 2020.
[80]. "AstraZeneca taps Catalent for COVID-19 vaccine finishing, packaging at Italian plant". FiercePharma. Retrieved 2020.
[81]. So, Anthony D; Woo, Joshua, "Reserving coronavirus disease, vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis". BMJ: 3. doi:10.1136/bmj.m4750. ISSN 1756-1833. cited"Agreements with CEPI and Gavi and the Serum Institute of India will bring vaccine to low and middle-income countries and beyond". AstraZeneca 2020.
[82]. Rajagopal, Divya, "AstraZeneca & Serum Institute of India sign licensing deal for 1 billion doses of Oxford vaccine". The Economic Times, 2020.
[83]. So & Woo (2020), p. 3 cited "New collaboration makes further 100 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine available to low- and middle- income countries". Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, 2020.
[84]. "Covid-19: France, Italy, Germany and Netherlands sign vaccine deal for Europe". France 24, Retrieved 2020.
[85]. Roland D, "U.S. to Invest $1.2 Billion to Secure Potential Coronavirus Vaccine From AstraZeneca, Oxford University". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020.
[86]. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-briefing-trudeau-tam-1.5738503
[87]. Swiss sign next vaccine agreement with AstraZeneca". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2020.
[88]. "??????????????????????????-19 ??????????????". BBC ??? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[89]. "??????????????????????-?????????????????????????????". ???????????? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[90]. "???.?????????????????????????????35??????????????????66????". ??????????? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[91]. "?????????????????????????????.10 ??????"???????????????"?????????????????-19". BBC ??? (in Thai). Retrieved 2021.
[92]. Shin, Hyonhee (3 December 2020). "South Korea reaches deal to buy AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine candidate: media". Reuters. Retrieved 2021.
[93]. Felix, Jason. "SA will get 1 million doses of Covid-19 vaccine from India this month". News24.com. Retrieved 2021.
[94]. "Myanmar will get doses for 15 million people this February". 7day.news. Retrieved 2021.
[95]. https://www.bharatbiotech.com/intranasal-vaccine.html.