Review of Global Strategies for Emerging Infectious Threats and Disease X

N. Sriram; N. Elavarasan; S. Kameshwaran; S. Deepanchakkaravarthi; DS. Asok Kumar; N. Sriram; N. Elavarasan; S. Kameshwaran; S. Deepanchakkaravarthi; DS. Asok Kumar

doi:10.61096/ijamscr.v11.iss4.2023.371-378

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Vol. 11 No. 4 (2023): 2023 Volume -11 - Issue 4

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October 4, 2023

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Review of Global Strategies for Emerging Infectious Threats and Disease X

https://doi.org/10.61096/ijamscr.v11.iss4.2023.371-378

N. Sriram

Department of Pharmaceutics, Holy Mary Institute of Technology & Science (College of Pharmacy), Bogaram, Ghatkesar, Hydereabad, India.

N. Elavarasan

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, S.A. Raja Pharmacy College, Raja Nagar, Vadakangulam, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Kameshwaran

Department of Pharmacology, SSM College of Pharmacy, Erode, Tamilnadu-638 312.

S. Deepanchakkaravarthi

Department of Pharmacology, SSM College of Pharmacy, Erode, Tamilnadu-638 312.

DS. Asok Kumar

Department of Pharmmaceutical Chemistry, Excel College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu.

Corresponding Author(s) : N. Elavarasan

elavarasanmpharm@gmail.com

International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research, Vol. 11 No. 4 (2023): 2023 Volume -11 - Issue 4
Article Published : October 4, 2023

Abstract

This review synthesizes current knowledge and preparedness strategies regarding Disease X, a placeholder for an unforeseen global health threat posed by an unknown pathogenic entity. Drawing from an exhaustive analysis of literature from 1990 to 2023, the review illuminates multifaceted preparedness and response frameworks worldwide for emergent infectious diseases. The analysis discerns notable disparities in readiness, with developed nations showcasing advanced preparedness models characterized by vigilant surveillance, resilient health systems, skilled workforce, community engagement, and collaborative international stances. However, an evident global preparedness gap is underscored, necessitating intensified, cohesive international efforts to preemptively address and counteract Disease X effectively. The review culminates in a call for bolstered global solidarity, emphasizing equity, collaboration, and adaptability as cornerstone principles for fortifying global defenses against the imminent and unpredictable threat of Disease X.

Keywords

Disease X Pandemic Preparedness Emerging Infectious Diseases Global Health Security Zoonotic Diseases

N. Sriram, N. Elavarasan, S. Kameshwaran, S. Deepanchakkaravarthi, DS. Asok Kumar. Review of Global Strategies for Emerging Infectious Threats and Disease X. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2023 Oct. 4 [cited 2025 Sep. 26];11(4):371-8. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/1409

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References

Prioritizing diseases for research and development in emergency contexts. World Health Organization website [cited May 30, 2021]. Available from: https://www.who.int/activities/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts.
Disease X: Science fiction or a very real and frightening threat? The Telegraph [website] [cited Jun 1, 2021]. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/must-work-together-prevent-disease-x/.
Honigsbaum M. Disease X and other unknowns. Lancet. 2019;393(10180):1496-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30803-7, PMID 30983581.
Jiang S, Shi ZL. The first Disease X is caused by a highly transmissible acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Virol Sin. 2020;35(3):263-5. doi: 10.1007/s12250-020-00206-5, PMID 32060789.
Barrett ADT. Developing Zika vaccines: the lessons for Disease X. Genome Med. 2018;10(1):47. doi: 10.1186/s13073-018-0561-2, PMID 29945653.
Simpson S, Kaufmann MC, Glozman V, Chakrabarti A. Disease X: accelerating the development of medical countermeasures for the next pandemic. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):e108-15. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30123-7, PMID 32197097.
Kamradt-Scott A. WHO’s to blame? The World Health Organization and the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Third World Qtrly. 2016;37(3):401-18. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1112232.
Iserson KV. The next pandemic: prepare for ”Disease X.” West J Emerg Med. 2020;21(4):756-8. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2020.5.48215, PMID 32726236.
Armitage R, Nellums LB. Disease X: availability bias, biotechnology, and seeing beyond zoonotic risk. Public Health. 2021;190:e25. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.11.012, PMID 33349433.
Bostrom N, Cirkovic MM, editors. Global catastrophic risks. Cambridge, UK: Oxford University Press; 2011.
Chatterjee P, Nair P, Chersich M, Terefe Y, Chauhan AS, Quesada F, et al. One health, “Disease X” & the challenge of “Unknown” Unknowns. Indian J Med Res. 2021;153(3):264-71. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_601_21, PMID 33906988.

References

Prioritizing diseases for research and development in emergency contexts. World Health Organization website [cited May 30, 2021]. Available from: https://www.who.int/activities/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts.

Disease X: Science fiction or a very real and frightening threat? The Telegraph [website] [cited Jun 1, 2021]. Available from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/must-work-together-prevent-disease-x/.

Honigsbaum M. Disease X and other unknowns. Lancet. 2019;393(10180):1496-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30803-7, PMID 30983581.

Jiang S, Shi ZL. The first Disease X is caused by a highly transmissible acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Virol Sin. 2020;35(3):263-5. doi: 10.1007/s12250-020-00206-5, PMID 32060789.

Barrett ADT. Developing Zika vaccines: the lessons for Disease X. Genome Med. 2018;10(1):47. doi: 10.1186/s13073-018-0561-2, PMID 29945653.

Simpson S, Kaufmann MC, Glozman V, Chakrabarti A. Disease X: accelerating the development of medical countermeasures for the next pandemic. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):e108-15. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30123-7, PMID 32197097.

Kamradt-Scott A. WHO’s to blame? The World Health Organization and the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Third World Qtrly. 2016;37(3):401-18. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1112232.

Iserson KV. The next pandemic: prepare for ”Disease X.” West J Emerg Med. 2020;21(4):756-8. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2020.5.48215, PMID 32726236.

Armitage R, Nellums LB. Disease X: availability bias, biotechnology, and seeing beyond zoonotic risk. Public Health. 2021;190:e25. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.11.012, PMID 33349433.

Bostrom N, Cirkovic MM, editors. Global catastrophic risks. Cambridge, UK: Oxford University Press; 2011.

Chatterjee P, Nair P, Chersich M, Terefe Y, Chauhan AS, Quesada F, et al. One health, “Disease X” & the challenge of “Unknown” Unknowns. Indian J Med Res. 2021;153(3):264-71. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_601_21, PMID 33906988.

Author biographies is not available.