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Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Potential of Sceletium Tortuosum Aerial Parts Against Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on Wistar Rats
Corresponding Author(s) : P. Hemadharsni
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 12 No. 3 (2024): 2024 Volume -12 - Issue 3
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus, the metabolic syndrome where the body either fails to produce or effectively utilize insulin, is associated with chronic morbidity. While a definitive cure for the disease is lacking, with the modern medicine offering mainly the means to control the extent of the disease, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAMs) offers additional/alternate means to tackle the disease. On the other hand, the lack of evidenced medical practices is a lacuna in most of the traditional medical applications. Sceletium tortuosum (Aizoaceae family), a perennial shrub found in the tropics, has been known for its numerous pharmacological properties and is found as a constituent in many Ayurvedic and Siddha drugs. Any evidence based evaluations have not been conducted on the anti-hyperglycemic effect of the plant. In the current study, the ethanolic extract of S.tortuosum, was scientifically assessed for its effect on In-vitro α-amylase inhibition assay, In-vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay, In vitro anti-glycation assay and In-vivo anti-diabetic activity by streptozotocin induced diabetes in Wistar albino rats. The diabetic rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each. For testing the efficacy of extracts, two groups were intra-orally provided with dosages of 100 mg/Kg and 200 mg/ Kg of body weight of animals, respectively, ofEthanolic extract of S.tortuosum. Control groups were maintained for evaluation, which included vehicle control as well as with Glibenclamide, a standard anti-diabetic drug. The extracts at a dose of 400 mg/Kg body weight was found to be associated with significant amelioration of many of the diabetes induced conditions, suggesting that the plant extract could be a strong potential CAM candidate for therapeutic management of diabetes.
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- World Health Organization. Diabetes [online]; [cited 1 Aug 2018]. Available at http://www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
- American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Sec. 2. In Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2017. Diabetes Care; 40 (Suppl. 1):S11–S24; 2017. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-S005
- Chaudhury A, Duvoor C, Reddy DVS, Kraleti S, Chada A, Ravilla R, Marco A, Shekhawat NS, Montales MT, Kuriakose K, Sasapu A, Beebe A, Patil N, Musham CK, Lohani GP, Mirza W. Clinical Review of Antidiabetic Drugs: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8: 6. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffendo.2017.00006.
- Hanefeld M, Schaper F. The role of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose). InPharmacotherapy of Diabetes: New Developments: Improving Life and Prognosis for Diabetic Patients 2007 Oct 23 (pp. 143-152). Boston, MA: Springer US.
- Biswas TK. Drug discovery from Ayurveda: mode of approach and applications. InNatural Products and Drug Discovery 2018 Jan 1 (pp. 3-28). Elsevier.
- Bitwell C, Indra SS, Luke C, Kakoma MK. A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and their applications for extracting phytochemicals from plants. Scientific African. 2023 Mar 1;19:e01585.
- OECD (2002), Test No. 423: Acute Oral toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4, OECD Publishing,
- De Sales PM, de Souza PM, Dartora M, Resck IS, Simeoni LA, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, de Oliveira Magalhães P, Silveira D. Pouteria torta epicarp as a useful source of α-amylase inhibitor in the control of type 2 diabetes. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017;109(2):962-969.
- Lordan S, Smyth TJ, Soler-Vila A, Stanton C, Ross RP. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of Irish seaweed extracts. Food chemistry. 2013;141(3):2170-2176.
- Meenatchi P, Purushothaman A, Maneemegalai S. Antioxidant, antiglycation and insulinotrophic properties of Coccinia grandis (L.) in vitro: Possible role in prevention of diabetic complications. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine. 2017 Jan 1;7(1):54-64.
- Venkatesan Natarajan, Anton Smith Arul Gnana Dhas. Effect of an active fraction isolated from the leaf extract of Leptadenia reticulata on plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines. 2104; 12(6): 0455-0460.
- Petchi RR, Parasuraman S, Vijaya C. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of an ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Tridax procumbens (Linn.) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of basic and clinical pharmacy. 2013 Sep;4(4):88.
- Bhat M, Zinjarde SS, Bhargava SY. Antidiabetic Indian plants: a good source of potent amylase inhibitors. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011.
- Yin Z, Zhang W, Feng F, Zhang Y, Kang W. α-Glucosidase inhibitors isolated from medicinal plants. Food science and human wellness. 2014 Sep 1;3(3-4):136-74.
- Park MS, Zhu YX, Pae HO, Park SH. In vitro and in vivo α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase inhibitory effects of the water extract of leaves of pepper (Capcicum Annuum L. Cultivar Dangjo) and the active constituent luteolin 7‐O‐glucoside. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2016 Oct;40(5):696-703.
- Kalita D, Holm DG, LaBarbera DV, Petrash JM, Jayanty SS. Inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and aldose reductase by potato polyphenolic compounds. PloS one. 2018 Jan 25;13(1):e0191025.
- Nwanna EE, Ibukun EO, Oboh G. Inhibitory effects of methanolic extracts of two eggplant species from South-western Nigeria on starch hydrolysing enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2013 Jul 24;7(23):1575-84.
- Matsui T, Ueda T, Oki T, Sugita K, Terahara N, Matsumoto K. α-Glucosidase inhibitory action of natural acylated anthocyanins. 1. Survey of natural pigments with potent inhibitory activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 Apr 16;49(4):1948-51.
- Podsedek A, Majewska I, Kucharska AZ. Inhibitory potential of red cabbage against digestive enzymes linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2017 Aug 23;65(33):7192-9.
- Baenas N, Piegholdt S, Schloesser A, Moreno DA, García-Viguera C, Rimbach G, Wagner AE. Metabolic activity of radish sprouts derived isothiocyanates in drosophila melanogaster. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016 Feb 18;17(2):251.
- Funke I, Melzig M. Traditionally used plants in diabetes therapy: phytotherapeutics as inhibitors of alpha-amylase activity. Rev bras Pharmacogn. 2006;16(1):1–5.
References
World Health Organization. Diabetes [online]; [cited 1 Aug 2018]. Available at http://www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Sec. 2. In Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2017. Diabetes Care; 40 (Suppl. 1):S11–S24; 2017. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-S005
Chaudhury A, Duvoor C, Reddy DVS, Kraleti S, Chada A, Ravilla R, Marco A, Shekhawat NS, Montales MT, Kuriakose K, Sasapu A, Beebe A, Patil N, Musham CK, Lohani GP, Mirza W. Clinical Review of Antidiabetic Drugs: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8: 6. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffendo.2017.00006.
Hanefeld M, Schaper F. The role of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose). InPharmacotherapy of Diabetes: New Developments: Improving Life and Prognosis for Diabetic Patients 2007 Oct 23 (pp. 143-152). Boston, MA: Springer US.
Biswas TK. Drug discovery from Ayurveda: mode of approach and applications. InNatural Products and Drug Discovery 2018 Jan 1 (pp. 3-28). Elsevier.
Bitwell C, Indra SS, Luke C, Kakoma MK. A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and their applications for extracting phytochemicals from plants. Scientific African. 2023 Mar 1;19:e01585.
OECD (2002), Test No. 423: Acute Oral toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4, OECD Publishing,
De Sales PM, de Souza PM, Dartora M, Resck IS, Simeoni LA, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, de Oliveira Magalhães P, Silveira D. Pouteria torta epicarp as a useful source of α-amylase inhibitor in the control of type 2 diabetes. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017;109(2):962-969.
Lordan S, Smyth TJ, Soler-Vila A, Stanton C, Ross RP. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of Irish seaweed extracts. Food chemistry. 2013;141(3):2170-2176.
Meenatchi P, Purushothaman A, Maneemegalai S. Antioxidant, antiglycation and insulinotrophic properties of Coccinia grandis (L.) in vitro: Possible role in prevention of diabetic complications. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine. 2017 Jan 1;7(1):54-64.
Venkatesan Natarajan, Anton Smith Arul Gnana Dhas. Effect of an active fraction isolated from the leaf extract of Leptadenia reticulata on plasma glucose concentration and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines. 2104; 12(6): 0455-0460.
Petchi RR, Parasuraman S, Vijaya C. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of an ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Tridax procumbens (Linn.) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of basic and clinical pharmacy. 2013 Sep;4(4):88.
Bhat M, Zinjarde SS, Bhargava SY. Antidiabetic Indian plants: a good source of potent amylase inhibitors. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011.
Yin Z, Zhang W, Feng F, Zhang Y, Kang W. α-Glucosidase inhibitors isolated from medicinal plants. Food science and human wellness. 2014 Sep 1;3(3-4):136-74.
Park MS, Zhu YX, Pae HO, Park SH. In vitro and in vivo α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase inhibitory effects of the water extract of leaves of pepper (Capcicum Annuum L. Cultivar Dangjo) and the active constituent luteolin 7‐O‐glucoside. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2016 Oct;40(5):696-703.
Kalita D, Holm DG, LaBarbera DV, Petrash JM, Jayanty SS. Inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and aldose reductase by potato polyphenolic compounds. PloS one. 2018 Jan 25;13(1):e0191025.
Nwanna EE, Ibukun EO, Oboh G. Inhibitory effects of methanolic extracts of two eggplant species from South-western Nigeria on starch hydrolysing enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2013 Jul 24;7(23):1575-84.
Matsui T, Ueda T, Oki T, Sugita K, Terahara N, Matsumoto K. α-Glucosidase inhibitory action of natural acylated anthocyanins. 1. Survey of natural pigments with potent inhibitory activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 Apr 16;49(4):1948-51.
Podsedek A, Majewska I, Kucharska AZ. Inhibitory potential of red cabbage against digestive enzymes linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2017 Aug 23;65(33):7192-9.
Baenas N, Piegholdt S, Schloesser A, Moreno DA, García-Viguera C, Rimbach G, Wagner AE. Metabolic activity of radish sprouts derived isothiocyanates in drosophila melanogaster. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016 Feb 18;17(2):251.
Funke I, Melzig M. Traditionally used plants in diabetes therapy: phytotherapeutics as inhibitors of alpha-amylase activity. Rev bras Pharmacogn. 2006;16(1):1–5.