International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research (IJAMSCR) is a peer-reviewed, open-access international journal dedicated to the publication of high-quality research and review articles in all branches of medical, allied health sciences, and clinical research. The journal aims to provide a platform for academicians, researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals to disseminate knowledge that contributes to advancements in the medical and clinical fields. IJAMSCR encourages submissions in areas including but not limited to pharmacology, nursing, physiotherapy, biomedical sciences, clinical trials, diagnostics, and public health. The journal is published quarterly and welcomes original research papers, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, short communications, and case reports.
Development and Evaluation of Herbal Ointment Formulation from the Plant Calotropis Gigantea Linn
This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal wound healing ointment using the leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea, a medicinal plant widely used in traditional systems of medicine. The increasing interest in herbal therapeutics due to their affordability, accessibility, and minimal side effects has encouraged the development of plant-based formulations for wound management. The leaves of Calotropis gigantea were collected, authenticated, shade-dried, and powdered, followed by extraction using the cold maceration method with methanol as the solvent. The obtained extract, rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides, was incorporated into an ointment base prepared using ingredients like wool fat, cetostearyl alcohol, hard paraffin, and white soft paraffin through the trituration method. The pH (6.7) was found to be compatible with skin, and the formulation exhibited good spreadability and antimicrobial activity without any signs of microbial contamination. The findings suggest that the Calotropis gigantea herbal ointment possesses significant wound healing potential and meets the required evaluation standards. Therefore, it can be considered a safe, effective, and economical alternative for wound care. Further studies, including in vivo evaluations, are recommended to validate its therapeutic efficacy and support its large-scale application.
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Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Hair Serum for Hair Strengthening and Antidandruff
Hair problems such as dandruff, hair fall, and scalp infections are common issues affecting people of all age groups. Herbal formulations are increasingly preferred due to their safety, effectiveness, and minimal side effects compared to synthetic products. The present study aims to formulate and evaluate an herbal hair serum using natural plant ingredients known for their beneficial effects on hair health. The serum was prepared using extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Murraya koenigii, Rosmarinus officinalis, Eclipta prostrata, and Nigella sativa. These herbal ingredients are traditionally used to promote hair growth, reduce dandruff, and strengthen hair follicles. The formulation was prepared using suitable emulsifying agents and evaluated for various physicochemical parameters such as pH, viscosity, appearance, stability, and antimicrobial activity. The results indicated that the prepared herbal hair serum possessed acceptable physical properties and showed potential anti-dandruff activity. The study concludes that herbal hair serum can be considered a safe and effective alternative to synthetic hair care products.
An Investigation in to Dental Graduates Views on Problem– Based Learning: A Knowledge and Perception Study
Background: Problem-based learning (PBL) is a learner-centered educational strategy widely adopted in medical and dental education to enhance critical thinking, integration of knowledge, and clinical reasoning. Aim: To assess the knowledge and perception of dental graduates regarding PBL and to compare responses based on gender and year of study. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and perception of dental graduates regarding problem-based learning (PBL) To compare knowledge levels regarding PBL among dental graduates based on gender. To compare perception toward PBL across different academic years (I BDS, II BDS, III BDS, IV BDS, and Interns). To evaluate students’ views regarding the strengths and limitations of PBL in dental education. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 201 dental graduates. A structured, self-administered questionnaire consisting of 15 items was distributed online. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic characteristics. Chi-square test was applied to determine the association between responses and demographic variables. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Correlation of FMS and LESS scores in predicting lower limb injury risk among university-level male players
To explore the relationship between Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) scores in predicting lower limb injury risk among university-level male athletes. This study specifically focused on five lower limb–dominant components of the FMS, excluding push-up and shoulder mobility assessments, to align with the needs of lower limb–dominant athletes. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Sports Science Department, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. Forty-eight physically active male university athletes (aged 18–25 years) were selected through well-defined inclusion criteria, all of whom were regularly physically active. FMS scores from five lower limb–dominant components and LESS total scores were analyzed using Pearson correlation to understand their relationship. The analysis showed a significant moderate negative correlation (r = -0.363, 95% CI [-0.512, -0.168], p = 0.01), indicating that better lower limb movement quality (higher FMS scores) correlates with safer landing mechanics (lower LESS scores). The combined use of five lower limb–dominant FMS components and LESS assessment can provide a clearer picture of lower limb injury risk in university-level male players. The study highlights how these tools can be adapted for diverse athletic populations focusing on lower limb functionality.
Antimicrobial Evaluation of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Aerva Lanata: A Phytopharmacological Study
Medicinal plants have long been recognized as valuable sources of therapeutic agents, particularly in the management of microbial infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of the aqueous leaf extract of Aerva lanata, a traditionally used medicinal plant belonging to the family Amaranthaceae. The plant leaves were collected, authenticated, shade-dried, and subjected to aqueous extraction using the Soxhlet method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive constituents such as carbohydrates, tannins, proteins, and resins. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was assessed against selected Gram-negative bacterial strains, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, as well as fungal strains such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, using the agar well diffusion method. The results demonstrated that the aqueous extract exhibited moderate to significant antimicrobial activity, with zones of inhibition varying depending on concentration and microbial strain. The highest activity was observed at 500 µg/mL concentration, showing comparable effects to standard drugs such as gentamicin. The findings suggest that Aerva lanata possesses promising antimicrobial properties, which may be attributed to its phytochemical constituents. This study supports the traditional use of the plant and highlights its potential as a natural source for the development of antimicrobial agents.
Knowledge, Awareness, Perception and Attitude Regarding Micro-Robotic Tools in Targeted Biofilm Detection and Treatment
Biofilm-associated infections represent a significant challenge in dentistry due to their resistance to conventional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Recent advances in nanotechnology and biomedical engineering have introduced micro-robotic tools capable of targeted biofilm detection and treatment. Objective: To assess the knowledge, awareness, perception, and attitude regarding micro-robotic tools in targeted biofilm detection and treatment among undergraduate dental students. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 213 undergraduate dental students including III BDS, IV BDS students and interns. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of 15 multiple-choice questions. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for analysis. Results: Most participants demonstrated limited knowledge and awareness regarding micro-robotic tools in targeted biofilm detection and treatment, reflecting the emerging nature of this technology in dentistry. However, the majority exhibited a positive attitude and strong interest in learning about micro-robotic applications as a future treatment modality. Students perceived micro-robotic tools as a potential advancement in precision dentistry, though concerns were expressed regarding cost, safety, technical complexity, and lack of clinical exposure. Conclusion: Undergraduate dental students exhibited low knowledge but positive attitudes toward micro-robotic tools in targeted biofilm detection and treatment. Strengthening the inclusion of emerging technologies such as micro-robotics and nanotechnology within the dental curriculum, along with workshops, seminars, and hands-on training programs, can enhance preparedness for future clinical integration.
Formulation and Evaluation of Poly Herbal Anti-Dandruff Liquid Shampoo
Herbal cosmetics have gained significant attention due to their safety, efficacy, and minimal side effects compared to synthetic formulations. The present study aims to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal anti-dandruff liquid shampoo using natural plant extracts. The formulation includes Clitoria ternatea, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Murraya koenigii, and Sapindus trifoliatus, which possess antifungal, cleansing, and hair-strengthening properties. The extracts were prepared using maceration and decoction methods. The shampoo was formulated using Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a thickening agent along with suitable preservatives. Evaluation parameters such as pH, viscosity, foaming ability, dirt dispersion, and antifungal activity were performed. The formulated shampoo showed satisfactory physicochemical properties and effective antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The results indicate that the developed polyherbal shampoo can be a safe and effective alternative to synthetic shampoos.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Oroxylum Indicum Bark Extracts against Chemically-Induced Hepatic Damage In Rats
Liver diseases remain a significant global health challenge, with limited effective therapeutic options available in modern medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic bark extracts of Oroxylum indicum against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatic damage in Wistar albino rats. The plant extract was prepared using a percolation method and subjected to phytochemical screening, which revealed the presence of bioactive constituents such as alkaloids, steroids, and saponins. Experimental animals were divided into six groups, including normal control, toxic control, standard (silymarin-treated), and three test groups receiving different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of Oroxylum indicum extract. Hepatotoxicity was induced using CCl₄, and the protective effects of the extract were assessed through biochemical parameters including serum AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, and bilirubin levels, along with histopathological examination of liver tissues.Results demonstrated that CCl₄ administration significantly elevated liver enzyme levels and caused severe hepatic damage. Treatment with Oroxylum indicum extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in serum biomarkers and improvement in liver histoarchitecture. Notably, the highest dose (400 mg/kg) exhibited hepatoprotective effects comparable to the standard drug silymarin. The findings suggest that Oroxylum indicum bark extract possesses significant hepatoprotective activity, likely attributed to its phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties. This study supports the traditional use of the plant and highlights its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for the management of liver disorders.
Formulation and Evaluation of Oral Dissolving Film Using Phyllanthus Amarus
Jaundice is a clinical condition characterized by elevated bilirubin levels, leading to yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membranes. Herbal remedies have gained significant importance due to their safety and therapeutic efficacy. Phyllanthus amarus, a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine, possesses hepatoprotective, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. The present study aims to develop and evaluate a fast dissolving oral film (ODF) containing methanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus. Fast dissolving films are novel drug delivery systems that dissolve rapidly in the oral cavity without the need for water, improving patient compliance, especially in pediatric and geriatric populations. The films were prepared using the solvent casting method with suitable polymers such as HPMC, along with plasticizers, sweeteners, and flavoring agents. The formulated films were evaluated for parameters including thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, disintegration time, and drug content uniformity. The results demonstrated rapid disintegration, good mechanical strength, and uniform drug distribution. Thus, Phyllanthus amarus oral films offer a promising herbal drug delivery system with improved bioavailability and patient acceptability.
Emerging Technologies in Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Literature Review for Physiotherapy Practice.
Introduction (including objective): Pelvic Floor Dysfunction is a common issue seen in both men and women with a higher prevalence rate in women, which significantly affects quality of life. Pelvic floor dysfunction presents itself when the muscles of the pelvic floor become in-coordinated i.e. it might become too loose or too tight. The conventional pelvic floor muscle training plays a crucial role in physiotherapy practice however there is a gap in adherence, feedback accuracy and accessibility which requires integration of emerging technologies. The study aims to review and evaluate the current emerging technologies in pelvic floor rehabilitation in physiotherapy practice. Methods: This study is a literature-based synthesis of evidence on the emerging technologies utilized in pelvic floor rehabilitation within physiotherapy practice and its role in patient reported outcomes. The methodology follows a structured process, articles were sourced from peer-reviewed journals across various databases, published between 2015–2025, focusing on clinical trials, pilot studies and randomized trials. The inclusion criteria included studies that focused on technological interventions integrated into physiotherapy management of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, such as biofeedback devices, mobile health applications, wearable and wireless sensors and virtual reality applications. Studies that were not related to technological interventions in pelvic floor rehabilitation were excluded. Results: According to the results obtained the articles reviewed in this study suggest that technology assisted pelvic floor rehabilitation significantly improves muscles strength, adherence and patient-reported outcomes. Conclusion: This study concludes that emerging technologies are reshaping pelvic floor rehabilitation by improving precision, adherence and accessibility.
Impact of Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization Combined With Conventional Therapy On Calf Muscle Pain And Tightness Among Teachers.
Teachers frequently engage in prolonged standing and repetitive lower-limb loading throughout their workday, placing continuous stress on the calf musculature. Over time, this strain can contribute to the development of myofascial trigger points, which are characterized by localized tenderness, increased muscle tightness, and referred pain. These symptoms may impair mobility, reduce occupational efficiency, and predispose individuals to chronic musculoskeletal conditions. Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM) has emerged as a specialized manual therapy technique aimed at improving soft-tissue extensibility, reducing fascial adhesions, and enhancing tissue healing. Although IASTM has shown promising results in athletic and clinical populations, limited evidence exists regarding its effectiveness among teaching professionals, who represent a high-risk occupational group for lower-limb overuse injuries. Objective: The present study aimed to examine the therapeutic impact of integrating IASTM with conventional physiotherapy approaches on reducing pain and muscle tightness in teachers diagnosed with calf myofascial trigger points. The study further sought to compare the outcomes between IASTM-assisted treatment and traditional physiotherapy alone. Methods: A experimental study was conducted on 40 teachers aged 25–50 years who were clinically diagnosed with calf trigger points. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups: Group A (Experimental): Received IASTM along with stretching, myofascial release, and strengthening exercises. Group B (Control): Received only traditional physiotherapy interventions. Pain levels were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and muscle tightness was assessed through active ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM). The intervention lasted for 2 weeks with five sessions per week. Pre- and post-treatment values were analyzed using paired and unpaired t-tests. Results: Both groups demonstrated meaningful improvements following the intervention period; however, significantly superior outcomes were observed in Group A. Participants receiving IASTM exhibited a greater reduction in pain scores and a larger increase in ankle dorsiflexion ROM compared to the control group. The statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference (p < 0.001) in favor of the IASTM group, indicating that the technique effectively enhances soft-tissue mobility and reduces myofascial sensitivity. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the enhanced therapeutic value of incorporating IASTM into routine physiotherapy for the management of calf myofascial trigger points among teachers. By providing greater reductions in pain and muscle tightness, IASTM serves as an effective clinical adjunct capable of improving lower-limb function and addressing occupational musculoskeletal demands. Its application may help prevent chronic discomfort and improve overall physical well-being in teaching professionals
Beyond Despensing: Pharmacists As Pillars in Chronic Disease Management
Chronic diseases represent a sustained and evolving burden on global healthcare systems, requiring long-term, coordinated, and patient-centered management strategies. In this context, the role of the pharmacist has progressed far beyond traditional dispensing functions toward a more dynamic, clinical, and integrative model of care. This review explores the emerging and multifaceted contributions of pharmacists in chronic disease management, emphasizing their involvement in optimizing therapeutic outcomes through pharmacist-led deprescribing, management of therapeutic inertia, and polypharmacy optimization.The integration of precision pharmacotherapy, including pharmacogenomic-guided therapy, emphasizes the pharmacist's role in individualizing treatment plans. Furthermore, the incorporation of digital therapeutics, telepharmacy services, and clinical decision support systems has expanded the reach and efficiency of pharmaceutical care, particularly in resource-limited and remote settings. Patient-centered approaches, such as motivational interviewing and patient activation. This review also looks at the growing role of real-world evidence in evaluating pharmacist-led interventions and promoting value-based care models. Pharmacists are uniquely qualified to address the complexities of chronic disease management because they combine clinical expertise with technological advancements and behavioral insights. The findings emphasize the importance of recognizing pharmacists as essential healthcare providers in multidisciplinary teams who can transform chronic care delivery and improve long-term patient outcomes.
A Literature-Based Framework for Neuromuscular Screening in Gymnasts
Background: Gymnastics exerts severe neuromuscular stress on athletes who start intensive training at an early age when the skeletal and neuromotor growth is the most active. Although there is a high prevalence of injuries, with up to 91% of elite Women’s Artistic Gymnastics (WAG) athletes sustaining at least one injury per season[2] —a figure that has been validated—, sport-specific neuromuscular screening frameworks have not been developed. Currently used instruments, including the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and Y-Balance Test (YBT), show poor predictive ability when individually used in gymnasts, and a multifactorial, gymnastics-specific instrument is necessary. Purpose: To review existing evidence on neuromuscular screening, injury risk factors, landing biomechanics, training load, and maturation-related risk in gymnasts and to suggest an evidence-based, practical neuromuscular screening framework with an assessment template to be used by clinicians, coaches and sports scientists. Methods: A systematic literature review based on narrative literature searches was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL with a restriction to peer-reviewed open-access articles published in January 2020 to December 2024. Keywords were a combination of gymnastics, neuromuscular screening, injury risk, landing biomechanics, FMS, Y-Balance Test, training load, proprioception, and maturation. Twenty high-quality studies were selected after independent dual screening. The study designs were systematic reviews, meta-analyses, prospective and retrospective cohorts and validation studies. Based on the synthesised evidence, a proposed Gymnastics Neuromuscular Screening Assessment Form was created. Findings: The prevalence of injury among competitive gymnasts is excessive; 60.5% of all injuries among youth gymnasts occur to the lower limbs[3], where the ankle, knee, lumbar spine, and wrist have the highest burden of injury[2,4]. Impaired proprioception, landing biomechanical dysfunction, limb strength asymmetries, and maturational neuromuscular disturbances during peak height velocity (PHV)[3,14] are examples of neuromuscular risk factors. FMS and YBT composite scores are not good stand-alone predictors of area under the curve (0.54–0.59) but multifactorial models including training load, injury history and growth status have shown better risk stratification[6,10]. The magnitude of ground reaction forces at gymnastics landings is 7.1–15.8 times body weight[7], making the evaluation of landing mechanics a vital part of the screening process. Conclusions: It is proposed that a six-domain gymnastics neuromuscular-screening framework, including movement quality, range of motion, lower limb strength, proprioception, landing mechanics, and training load, be operationalised in a systematic assessment template. The broad implementation of this framework in the gymnastics training context with interdisciplinary collaboration has a significant potential to decrease the burden of injuries and facilitate the health of athletes in the long term.
Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Facewash Tablet
The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a polyherbal facewash tablet as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional liquid cleansers. Herbal cosmetics have gained increasing attention due to their safety, minimal side effects, and therapeutic benefits. In this study, a facewash tablet was formulated using selected herbal ingredients such as Azadirachta indica (neem), Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Acorus calamus (vasambu), Santalum album (sandalwood), and Curcuma longa (turmeric), along with suitable excipients. The formulation was prepared by the wet granulation method to ensure uniformity, compressibility, and stability. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of bioactive constituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and phenolic compounds, which contribute to antimicrobial and skin-beneficial properties. Preformulation studies such as bulk density, tapped density, Hausner’s ratio, compressibility index, and angle of repose indicated good flow properties of the granules. Post-compression parameters including weight variation, hardness, thickness, and friability were found within acceptable limits. The formulated tablets were further evaluated for physical characteristics such as appearance, pH, foamability, foam stability, and washability, all of which showed satisfactory results. Biological evaluation demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Skin irritancy studies confirmed that the formulation was safe and non-irritant. In conclusion, the developed polyherbal facewash tablet offers a natural, cost-effective, travel-friendly, and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional facewash products, with effective cleansing and antimicrobial properties suitable for skincare applications.
Effectiveness of Thumb’s Spica in Gamers Thumb – A Pilot Study
Background: Gamer’s Thumb, clinically known as De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis, is a repetitive strain injury involving inflammation and entrapment of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) tendons within the first dorsal compartment. With the rise of prolonged mobile and console gaming, the incidence of this condition has increased among young adults. Conservative physiotherapy management, including splinting and exercise, plays a vital role in pain relief and functional restoration. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of a forearm-based thumb spica splint combined with a graded home exercise program in reducing pain and improving hand function in individuals with Gamer’s Thumb. Methodology: A total of 20 participants were screened, out of which 16 met the inclusion criteria, and 14 completed the study. Participants aged 18–25 years with positive Finkelstein’s test and VAS ≥ 4 were recruited from GCU Physiocare. A thermoplastic thumb spica splint was applied for 2 weeks, followed by graded thumb and forearm exercises for 1 week. Outcome measures included the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, QuickDASH for function, and Finkelstein’s test for diagnostic confirmation. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The results showed significant improvement post-intervention, with mean VAS scores reducing from 6.8 ± 1.0 to 2.4 ± 0.9 (p < 0.001) and QuickDASH scores improving from 49.2 ± 10.5 to 18.6 ± 7.8 (p < 0.001). Positive Finkelstein’s test occurrences decreased from 100% to 21%. No adverse effects were reported, and compliance was high. Conclusion: The study concludes that a short-term forearm-based thumb spica splint combined with a structured graded home exercise program is an effective, safe, and economical conservative management strategy for Gamer’s Thumb. This intervention significantly reduces pain, improves hand function, and can be recommended as a first-line treatment in physiotherapy practice.
Green and Sustainable Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Current Trends and Future Prospects
The pharmaceutical industry faces growing pressure to minimize its environmental footprint while maintaining high standards of quality and efficiency. Green and sustainable manufacturing has emerged as a comprehensive approach that integrates the principles of green chemistry, continuous manufacturing, solvent reduction, and energy-efficient practices to reduce waste, conserve resources, and promote safer chemical processes. This review outlines the core principles driving sustainable pharmaceutical production, including the use of safer solvents, renewable feedstocks, catalysis, biocatalysis, and green analytical techniques. It also explores the adoption of continuous manufacturing as a transformative strategy for real-time process control, scalability, and reduced environmental impact. Regulatory agencies such as the U.S. FDA and EMA are actively supporting sustainability through initiatives like Quality by Design (QbD), Process Analytical Technology (PAT), and fast-track approvals for greener technologies. Industry leaders such as Pfizer, Merck, and GlaxoSmithKline have demonstrated significant progress through case studies involving biocatalysis and solvent optimization. Despite the promise, challenges such as high initial investments, regulatory uncertainties, and technological complexity persist. Future directions point toward the integration of artificial intelligence in process optimization, circular economy models, and the expansion of bio-based pharmaceutical components. Overall, green pharmaceutical manufacturing not only addresses environmental concerns but also offers strategic advantages in process efficiency, innovation, and regulatory compliance.
Recent Advances and Challenges in Rehabilitation of Osteitis Pubis in Athletes- A Systematic Review
Osteitis pubis is a common and often debilitating injury in athletes, characterized by chronic groin pain and inflammation of the pubic symphysis. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate recent advances and ongoing challenges in the rehabilitation of osteitis pubis among athletes. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane for articles published between 2015 and 2025. Studies were screened and selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria focusing on rehabilitation interventions for osteitis pubis in athletic populations. The review synthesizes findings on new therapeutic strategies, rehabilitation protocols, multimodal approaches, and their clinical outcomes. Challenges identified include diagnostic difficulties, variability in treatment adherence, and recurrence rates. Recent advances such as targeted physiotherapy techniques, use of shockwave therapy, and tailored return-to-sport guidelines show promise in improving recovery times and functional outcomes. However, heterogeneity in study designs and protocols limits generalizability. This review highlights the need for standardized rehabilitation guidelines and further high-quality research to optimize management of osteitis pubis in athletes.
A literature review on effectiveness of HIIT for improving aerobic performance in badminton players
Objective: To explore the effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on aerobic performance in badminton players. Methods: Searches were conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, and other scientific databases. A literature review was performed including only experimental and quasi-experimental studies that provided extractable data related to HIIT and aerobic performance. The search included all studies published from 2015 to 2025. Out of the identified articles, a total of six relevant studies were included. Results: After the segregation process, six eligible studies were identified and summarized in tabular form. The study selection process and criteria are outlined in the accompanying flowchart. The reviewed evidence consistently demonstrated that HIIT significantly improves VO₂max, endurance, agility, and overall aerobic capacity in badminton players. Conclusion: Based on the reviewed studies, HIIT-based conditioning—particularly badminton-specific HIIT formats such as multi-shuttle or footwork interval training—was found to be more effective in improving aerobic performance compared to conventional continuous training methods.
Efficacy of Physiotherapy Intervention Program in Improving Shoulder Instability in Volleyball Players: A Systematic Review
Shoulder instability is a common musculoskeletal issue affecting volleyball players, often impairing performance and increasing injury risk. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of physiotherapy interventions in improving shoulder instability, specifically in volleyball players. A comprehensive database search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library using keywords related to shoulder instability, physiotherapy, and volleyball athletes. From an initial yield of [insert number] articles, studies were filtered and screened rigorously according to inclusion criteria, focusing on clinical trials involving volleyball players with shoulder instability undergoing physiotherapy interventions compared to control or other treatment groups. Studies lacking full texts, non-English publications, or unrelated populations were excluded. The selected studies were analysed for intervention types, outcome measures related to shoulder stability, function, pain, and athletic performance. The review found that physiotherapy, including targeted exercise therapy, proprioceptive training, and manual therapy, demonstrates significant positive effects in improving shoulder stability and functional outcomes in volleyball athletes. Quality assessment of included studies supports the overall efficacy of physiotherapy in this context. However, variations in intervention protocols and outcome measures highlight the need for standardised approaches in future research.
Role of Scapular Dyskinesis in Shoulder Instability Among Volleyball Players: A Literature Review
Shoulder instability is a common concern among volleyball players due to the repetitive overhead movements involved in the sport. Scapular dyskinesis, characterized by abnormal scapular motion or positioning, has been proposed as a contributing factor to shoulder instability. Hence, the purpose of this systematic review is to determine the role of scapular dyskinesis in the development of shoulder instability among volleyball players. The database search for this systematic review included Google Scholar, PubMed, PEDro, Research Gate, and Cochrane Library. A total of 112 articles were identified using the selected keywords. The studies were screened and filtered according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 9 articles were selected for the final review. The review included clinical and observational studies conducted on volleyball players of various levels (professional, collegiate, and recreational) that assessed scapular dyskinesia through visual or kinematic evaluation methods and reported outcomes related to shoulder instability. Studies that did not include volleyball players, lacked instability outcomes, or were published in languages other than English were excluded. The analysis of the selected studies indicated that scapular dyskinesia is significantly associated with an increased risk of shoulder instability in volleyball players. Altered scapular kinematics, such as reduced upward rotation and posterior tilt, were consistently observed in athletes with instability. The findings suggest that early identification and correction of scapular dyskinesia through targeted rehabilitation and strengthening programs may play a crucial role in preventing shoulder instability and enhancing performance among volleyball players.
Dental Usage under Changing Economic Conditions
Economic fluctuations significantly influence healthcare utilization, including dental services. This study evaluates the relationship between changes in household financial status and dental care utilization among older adults. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the study examines how variations in income and wealth impact dental service usage. Findings indicate that dental utilization remains relatively stable despite moderate financial changes, with significant decline observed only in cases of substantial wealth loss. These results highlight the resilience of dental care usage and the role of economic stability in healthcare decision-making. Aim: To evaluate the impact of changing economic conditions, particularly variations in income and wealth, on dental care utilization among adults. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate dental service utilization under changing economic conditions. The study was carried out in dental undergraduate students. Result: A total of 200 students took part in this with females (78%) and male of (22%). Age of the participants ranging from 18-27 years. In this study Females were more likely to demonstrate perception in dissection room experiences than male. Conclusion: The study highlights that affordability remains a major barrier to accessing dental care, despite moderate awareness of oral health practices. This shift in healthcare-seeking behavior can negatively affect long-term oral health outcomes and increase the overall treatment burden.
Exploring The Antiproliferative Mechanisms Of Cosmos Caudatus leaf Extracts In Lung Cancer Cell Lines
To determine the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and anticancer activities of Cosmos caudatusleaf extracts on A549 and P 51 human lung cancer cell lines. Methods: Leaf sample was subjected to soxhlet extraction method and phytochemical screening was done using different biochemical tests. The antioxidant activity was tested using 2,2–diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric ion reducing power assay and 2,2–azino bis 3–ethyl benzothiazoline–b–sulfonic acid assay. In vitro anticancer activity on A549 and P 51 human lung cancer cell lines was evaluated by (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazole-2yl)-2,5–diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) MTT assay. Results: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phytoconstituents like tannins, flavanoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and reducing sugar. The antioxidant assays exhibited significant inhibiting activity. MTT cell proliferation assay of methanolic extract of plant drug produced a cytotoxic effect on lung cancer cell lines A549 and P 51 with an IC50 value of 197.10 µg/ml, while it had no cytotoxic effect on normal cell lines. Conclusion: It has been reported the effect of flavanoid characteristics in reducing the cancer. C.Caudatus contains a wide variety of secondary metabolites that hold strong antioxidant capacity. Their leaf have found to be potential source of antioxidants and anticancer activity.
The Effect Of Copenhagen Adduction Exercise On Groin pain in amateur football players: A randomized Controlled Trial
Groin strain is an injury to the muscle- tendon junction unit that produces pain on palpation of adductor tendons and on resistance testing of the adductor muscle group. Groin strain results from putting too much stress on muscles of groin. If these muscles are tensed forcefully they can get over-stretched or torn. Groin pull are common in people who play sports such as running and jumping where Sudden jumping or changing direction is a likely cause. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Copenhagen adduction exercise in amateur football players with longstanding groin pain. DESIGN: Randomized pre-test, post-test control group design. METHODS: 56 subjects with longstanding groin pain who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the study and 28 subjects were randomly assigned to each of the two groups. Group A received Copenhagen adduction exercise and group B received Conventional training along with Copenhagen adduction exercise the duration of the Treatment is for a period of 8 weeks. Pre-test and post- test evaluation included HAGOS, OSLO, McGill questionnaire and Dynamometer. RESULTS: HAGOS- when comparing between groups the post-test mean of HAGOS for Group A showed increment from 56.24 to 74.97 and group B was 48.23 to 52.16 which was statistically significant i.e. p<0.001.
A Comparative Study of Traditional vs. Triphasic Resistance Training on Speed and Explosive Power in Collegiate Football Players
Background: This study compared a six-week triphasic resistance training (TRT) programmed with a matched-volume traditional resistance training (TRAD) protocol to examine changes in speed and explosive lower-limb power among collegiate football players. Aim: To evaluate feasibility and performance outcomes between triphasic and traditional resistance training methods. Methods: Eight male athletes (18–25 years) were randomly assigned to either group. Performance was assessed using the 10 m sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ), and Modified Illinois Change-of-Direction (MI-COD) tests. Feasibility metrics were also recorded. Results: TRT showed greater improvements in CMJ (+5.4%), MI-COD (–3.9%), and sprint (–4.2%) compared with TRAD (<1%). Feasibility targets were fully achieved. Conclusion: Triphasic resistance training produced larger improvements in speed, vertical jump, and change-of-direction ability compared with traditional training. The programmed was feasible, well tolerated, and safe for collegiate football players. A larger randomized trial is recommended to confirm these findings.
A Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Myofascial Release with Aerobic Exercise Vs Kinesiotaping with Aerobic Exercise in Premenstrual Syndrome
Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is triggered by hormonal events ensuring after ovulation. kinesio taping is an elastic cotton strip and is used with the intent of treating pain. Myofascial release is a form of manual therapy that involves the application of low load and long duration stretch. Design: Two group experimental study designed with pre-test and post-test. Methods: Myofascial release (Group A) and Kinesio taping (Group B) with 10 women in each group Outcome measure: Visual analogue scale (VAS) is a subjective measure of pain and worst pain imaginable, during the visit. Results: Statistical analysis done by using paired‘t’ test and unpaired ‘t’ test showed that there was significant improvement in subjects who received kinesio taping. Conclusion: 20 subjects were included in the study and were randomly divided into two groups. The group A was treated with myofascial release with aerobic exercise and group B was treated with kinesio taping with aerobic exercise. From the result, it can conclude that significant difference in reduction of pain and in both groups but when comparing the mean value it is found out that group treated with kinesio taping shows better changes in pain with premenstrual syndrome.
A Survey on Prevalence of Prolonged Two-Wheeler Riding on Shoulder Pain in Young Adults
Background: Two-wheeler riding is one of the most common modes of transportation among young adults, especially in urban areas. Prolonged riding involves maintaining a static posture with the arms extended and shoulders elevated, which places continuous strain on the shoulder and upper back muscles. Over time, this posture, combined with vibration and repetitive movements, can lead to shoulder pain and functional limitations. Understanding the prevalence and contributing factors of shoulder discomfort among frequent two-wheeler riders is essential for developing preventive physiotherapy and ergonomic strategies. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Prolonged Two-Wheeler Riding on Shoulder Pain in Young Adults. Methods: An observational cross-sectional survey was conducted among young adults aged 18–35 years who regularly ride two-wheelers. Participants completed a structured Google Form that included demographic details, riding habits, and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) to assess pain intensity and functional limitations. Data were analysed descriptively to determine the prevalence of shoulder pain and its relationship with riding exposure. Results: This study included 104 two-wheeler riders aged 19–35 years, with more males (64.4%) than females (35.6%). Most were students or working professionals who rode frequently, with 41.3% riding 60–90 minutes daily. Scooters (44.2%) and motorbikes (38.5%) were the most used vehicles. About 73.5% carried backpacks while riding, and only 23.1% maintained an upright posture. Shoulder pain was reported by 85.6% of participants, mostly moderate to severe (NPRS 6–7). SPADI scores indicated moderate pain and disability, especially during sleeping on the painful side, lifting, and overhead activities. The study highlights a strong association between prolonged riding, poor posture, and shoulder pain, emphasizing the need for ergonomic awareness and preventive physiotherapy. Conclusion: The study concludes that prolonged two-wheeler riding is associated with increased risk of shoulder pain and functional limitations in young adults. Promoting ergonomic awareness, maintaining proper riding posture, and performing regular shoulder and upper back exercises can help prevent musculoskeletal strain and improve comfort and performance during riding.
A Literature Review on Various Physiotherapy Intervention in Osgood- Schlatter Disease
Background: Osgood–Schlatter disease is a common cause of anterior knee pain in adolescents, particularly during periods of rapid growth. Leading to inflammation, pain, and activity limitation. It is frequently observed in physically active individuals and is associated with repetitive stress at the patellar tendon insertion. The condition develops due to repeated strain on the tibial tuberosity during activities such as running and jumping. Objective: This review aimed to assess the effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions in reducing pain, improving knee function, and preventing recurrence in individuals with Osgood–Schlatter disease. Methods: Relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025 were identified using electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Clinical trials, case reports, and review articles focusing on conservative physiotherapy management in adolescents with clinically diagnosed OSD were included. Results: The reviewed studies demonstrated that exercise-based interventions, including strengthening, stretching, and activity modification, were effective in reducing pain and improving functional outcomes. Additional modalities such as cryotherapy, ultrasound, electrotherapy, and kinesiology taping were found to provide supportive benefits in pain relief and flexibility. Recent studies also highlight the importance of self-management strategies, including patient education and adherence to exercise programs. A total of eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in this review. Conclusion: Physiotherapy plays an important role in managing symptoms and improving knee function in adolescents with OSD. A combined approach involving exercise therapy, activity modification, and patient education appears to provide the most effective outcomes and reduce the risk of recurrence.
A Pilot Study on the Comparative Effect of Electrical Dry Needling and Dry Needling Combined with Laser Acupuncture in Patients with Plantar Fasciitis
Background: Plantar fasciitis is one of the prevalent etiology of heel pain, that is preceded by plantar fascia inflammation and micro tears. Its management has been conducted though different physiotherapeutic techniques like use of dry needling and laser therapy. The objective of the pilot study will be to provide a comparison of the Electrical Dry Needling, Dry Needling, and Laser Acupuncture on pain and functioning on the patients with the plantar fasciitis. Methodology: The 20 respondents who were randomly selected with a clinically diagnosed plantar fasciitis were divided into two groups, viz. Group a Electrical Dry Needling and Group B Dry Needling Laser Acupuncture. The measures of outcomes (NPRS and Function Foot Index or FFI) were assessed before and after the intervention. Paired and independent t-test was used as the statistical analysis. Findings: The within-group differences in both of the groups were significant in the changes of pain and functioning (p < 0.001). The difference in the improvement was that in both the NPRS and FFI, the improvement was more pronounced in Group B but improvement in FFI is the one that was being reported as the nearest to statistical significance(p=0.05) as possible. Conclusion: The two interventions were appropriate in the management of the pain and enhancement of the functioning in the plantar fasciitis. Nonetheless, Laser Acupuncture with Dry Needling did not generate significant improvement, implying that there is some value of synergy. More extensive studies at large scale are required to prove these results.