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A review on liver disorders and screening models of hepatoprotective agents
Corresponding Author(s) : Eswar Kumar .A
ijamscr@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 2 No. 2 (2014): 2014 Volume 2- Issue -2
Abstract
The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of bio chemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used short term.
Keywords
liver
1.
Eswar Kumar .A, K. Susmitha, B. Swathy, E. Ramu, B. Venkatesh. A review on liver disorders and screening models of hepatoprotective agents. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Jul. 31 [cited 2025 Nov. 28];2(2):136-50. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/68
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References
-
[1] Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, MaryannaQuon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. OCLC 32308337
[2] Extraintestinal Complications: Liver Disease Crohn's& Colitis Foundation of America. Retrieved on 2010-01-22
[3] Liver Information Health Line. Retrieved on 2010-01-22
[4] Friedman, Scott E.; Grendell, James H.; Mc Quaid, Kenneth R. (2003). Current diagnosis & treatment in gastroenterology. New York: Lang Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. pp. 664–679. ISBN 0-8385-1551-7.
[5] McNally, Peter F. (2006). GI/Liver Secrets: with STUDENT CONSULT Access. Saint Louis: C.V. Mosby. ISBN 1-56053-618-7.
[6] Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, et al. (2002). "Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States". Ann. Intern. Med. 137 (12): 947–54. PMID 12484709.
[7] Hyman J Zimmerman. Hepatotoxicity: The Adverse Effect of Drug and other chemicals on the Liver. New York, Springer verlag 1978: 3-10.
[8] Ishak K G, Riddell R H. Pathology of Drug-Induced and Toxic Diseases. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1982.
[9] Alfred Goodman Gilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill ; 2001.
[10] Nell Kaplowitz. Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Current Hepatology 1986; 6: 242-43
[11] Mumoli N, Cei M, Cosimi A (2006). "Drug-related hepatotoxicity". N. Engl. J. Med.354 (20): 2191–3; author reply 2191–3. doi:10.1056/NEJMc060733 PMID 16710915.
[12] Subramoniam A, Pushpangadan P. Development of Phytomedicines for liver diseases. Ind JPharmacol. 1999; 31: 166-75.
[13] Mitchell JR, Jollow DJ, Potter WZ, Gillette JR, and Brodie BB (1973) Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. IV. Protective role of glutathione. J PharmacolExpTher 187: 211-217.
[14] Coles B, Wilson I, Wardman P, Hinson JA, Nelson SD, and Ketterer B (1988) The spontaneous and enzymatic reaction of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinonimine with glutathione: a stopped-flow kinetic study. Arch BiochemBiophys264:253-260.
[15] Nakamura W, Hosoda S, and Hayachi K (1974) Purification and properties of rat liver glutathione peroxidase. BiochimBiophysActa358:251-261.
[16] Dai Y and Cederbaum AI (1995) Cytotoxicity of acetaminophen in human cytochrome P4502E1-transfected HepG2 cells. J PharmacolExpTher 273: 1497-1505.
[17] deVries J (1981) Hepatotoxic metabolic activation of paracetamol and its derivatives phenacetin and benorilate: oxygenation or electron transfer? BiochemPharmacol30:399-402.
[18] Potter DW, Pumford NR, Hinson JA, Benson RW, and Roberts DW (1989) Epitope characterization of acetaminophen bound to protein and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J PharmacolExpTher 248: 182-189.
[19] Sakaida I, Kayano K, Wasaki S, Nagatomi A, Matsumura Y, and Okita K (1995) Protection against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in vivo by an iron chelator, deferoxamine. Scand J Gastroenterol 30: 61-67.
[20] Schnellmann JG, Pumford NR, Kusewitt DF, Bucci TJ, and Hinson JA (1999) Deferoxamine delays the development of the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in mice. ToxicolLett 106: 79-88.
[21] Laskin DL, Gardner CR, Price VF, and Jollow DJ (1995) Modulation of macrophage functioning abrogates the acute hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. Hepatology 21: 1045-1050.
[22] Blazka ME, Elwell MR, Holladay SD, Wilson RE, and Luster MI (1996) Histopathology of acetaminophen-induced liver changes: role of interleukin 1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha. ToxicolPathol 24: 181-189.
[23] Goldin RD, Ratnayaka ID, Breach CS, Brown IN, and Wickramasinghe SN (1996) Role of macrophages in acetaminophen (paracetamol)-induced hepatotoxicity. J Pathol179:432-435.
[24] Michael SL, Pumford NR, Mayeux PR, Niesman MR, and Hinson JA (1999) Pretreatment of mice with macrophage inactivators decreases acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Hepatology 30: 186-195.
[25] Bhattacharyya D, Mukherjee R, Pandit S, Das N, Sur TK. Hepatoprotective effect of Himoliv®, a polyherbal formulation in rats. Indian J PhysiolPharmacol 2003;47:435-40.
[26] Mohamed Bastway Ahmed, Nabil Abdel-Salam Hasona* and Hanan Abdel-Hamid SelemainDepartment of Chemistry, Biochemistry Branch, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University Egypt.Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2008), 7 (3): 193-201
[27] Fitzhugh OG, Nelson AA. Liver tumors in rats fed thiourea or thioacetamide. Science 108:626-628 (1948).
[28] Gallagher CH, Gupta DN, Judah JD, Rees KR. Biochemical changes in liver in acute thioacetamide intoxication. J PatholBact 72:193-201 (1956)
[29] Gupta DN. Acute changes in the liver after administration of thioacetamide. J PatholBact 72:183-192 (1956).
[30] Trennery PN, Waring RH. Early changes in thioacetamide induced liver damage. ToxicolLett 19:299-307 (1983).
[31] Becker V, Walter S. Die wirking von thioacetylverbindungen auf das leberparenchymimTierexperiment. ActaHepato-Solenol 12:129-140 (1965).
[32] Ammon R, Berninger H, Haas HJ, Landsherg I. Thioacetamidesulfoxid, einstoffwechselprodukt des thioacetamids. ArzneimittelForschung 17:521-523 (1967).
[33] Vadi HV, Neal RA. Microsomal activation of thioacetamide-S-oxide to a metabolite(s) that covalently binds to calf thymus DNA and other polynucleotides. Chem-Biol Interact 35:25-38 (1981).
[34] Dyroff MC, Neal RA. Identification of the major protein adduct formed in rat liver after thioacetamide administration. Cancer Res 41:3430-3435 (1981).
[35] Marley CGD, Boyer JL. Stimulation of hepatocellular proliferation by a serum factor from thioacetamide treated rats. BiochimBiophysActa 477:165-176 (1977).
[36] Diaz-Gil JJ, Sanchez G, Santamaria L, Trilla C, Esteban P, Escartin P, Gea T. A liver DNA synthesis promoter induced in rat plasma by injection of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) or thioacetamide. Br J Cancer 55:599-604 (1987).
[37] Bucher NLR, Malt RA. Regeneration of liver and kidney, 1st ed. Boston:Little, Brown and Co., 1973;55-72.
[38] Reddy J, Chiga M, Svoboda D. Initiation of division cycle of rat hepatocytes following a single injection of thioacetamide. Lab Invest 20:405-411 (1969).
[39] Roy PD, Majumder M, Roy B. Pharmacogenomics of anti-TB drugs-related hepatotoxicity. Pharmacogenomics. Mar 2008;9(3):311-21. [Medline]
[40] Walubo, A., Smith, P., Folb, P.I.Methods Find ExpClinPharmacol 1998, 20(8):649ISSN03790355Copyright1998ProusScienceCCC:03790355DOI:10.1358/mf.1998.20.8.487491
References
[1] Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, MaryannaQuon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. OCLC 32308337
[2] Extraintestinal Complications: Liver Disease Crohn's& Colitis Foundation of America. Retrieved on 2010-01-22
[3] Liver Information Health Line. Retrieved on 2010-01-22
[4] Friedman, Scott E.; Grendell, James H.; Mc Quaid, Kenneth R. (2003). Current diagnosis & treatment in gastroenterology. New York: Lang Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. pp. 664–679. ISBN 0-8385-1551-7.
[5] McNally, Peter F. (2006). GI/Liver Secrets: with STUDENT CONSULT Access. Saint Louis: C.V. Mosby. ISBN 1-56053-618-7.
[6] Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, et al. (2002). "Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States". Ann. Intern. Med. 137 (12): 947–54. PMID 12484709.
[7] Hyman J Zimmerman. Hepatotoxicity: The Adverse Effect of Drug and other chemicals on the Liver. New York, Springer verlag 1978: 3-10.
[8] Ishak K G, Riddell R H. Pathology of Drug-Induced and Toxic Diseases. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1982.
[9] Alfred Goodman Gilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill ; 2001.
[10] Nell Kaplowitz. Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Current Hepatology 1986; 6: 242-43
[11] Mumoli N, Cei M, Cosimi A (2006). "Drug-related hepatotoxicity". N. Engl. J. Med.354 (20): 2191–3; author reply 2191–3. doi:10.1056/NEJMc060733 PMID 16710915.
[12] Subramoniam A, Pushpangadan P. Development of Phytomedicines for liver diseases. Ind JPharmacol. 1999; 31: 166-75.
[13] Mitchell JR, Jollow DJ, Potter WZ, Gillette JR, and Brodie BB (1973) Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. IV. Protective role of glutathione. J PharmacolExpTher 187: 211-217.
[14] Coles B, Wilson I, Wardman P, Hinson JA, Nelson SD, and Ketterer B (1988) The spontaneous and enzymatic reaction of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinonimine with glutathione: a stopped-flow kinetic study. Arch BiochemBiophys264:253-260.
[15] Nakamura W, Hosoda S, and Hayachi K (1974) Purification and properties of rat liver glutathione peroxidase. BiochimBiophysActa358:251-261.
[16] Dai Y and Cederbaum AI (1995) Cytotoxicity of acetaminophen in human cytochrome P4502E1-transfected HepG2 cells. J PharmacolExpTher 273: 1497-1505.
[17] deVries J (1981) Hepatotoxic metabolic activation of paracetamol and its derivatives phenacetin and benorilate: oxygenation or electron transfer? BiochemPharmacol30:399-402.
[18] Potter DW, Pumford NR, Hinson JA, Benson RW, and Roberts DW (1989) Epitope characterization of acetaminophen bound to protein and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J PharmacolExpTher 248: 182-189.
[19] Sakaida I, Kayano K, Wasaki S, Nagatomi A, Matsumura Y, and Okita K (1995) Protection against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in vivo by an iron chelator, deferoxamine. Scand J Gastroenterol 30: 61-67.
[20] Schnellmann JG, Pumford NR, Kusewitt DF, Bucci TJ, and Hinson JA (1999) Deferoxamine delays the development of the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in mice. ToxicolLett 106: 79-88.
[21] Laskin DL, Gardner CR, Price VF, and Jollow DJ (1995) Modulation of macrophage functioning abrogates the acute hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. Hepatology 21: 1045-1050.
[22] Blazka ME, Elwell MR, Holladay SD, Wilson RE, and Luster MI (1996) Histopathology of acetaminophen-induced liver changes: role of interleukin 1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha. ToxicolPathol 24: 181-189.
[23] Goldin RD, Ratnayaka ID, Breach CS, Brown IN, and Wickramasinghe SN (1996) Role of macrophages in acetaminophen (paracetamol)-induced hepatotoxicity. J Pathol179:432-435.
[24] Michael SL, Pumford NR, Mayeux PR, Niesman MR, and Hinson JA (1999) Pretreatment of mice with macrophage inactivators decreases acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Hepatology 30: 186-195.
[25] Bhattacharyya D, Mukherjee R, Pandit S, Das N, Sur TK. Hepatoprotective effect of Himoliv®, a polyherbal formulation in rats. Indian J PhysiolPharmacol 2003;47:435-40.
[26] Mohamed Bastway Ahmed, Nabil Abdel-Salam Hasona* and Hanan Abdel-Hamid SelemainDepartment of Chemistry, Biochemistry Branch, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University Egypt.Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2008), 7 (3): 193-201
[27] Fitzhugh OG, Nelson AA. Liver tumors in rats fed thiourea or thioacetamide. Science 108:626-628 (1948).
[28] Gallagher CH, Gupta DN, Judah JD, Rees KR. Biochemical changes in liver in acute thioacetamide intoxication. J PatholBact 72:193-201 (1956)
[29] Gupta DN. Acute changes in the liver after administration of thioacetamide. J PatholBact 72:183-192 (1956).
[30] Trennery PN, Waring RH. Early changes in thioacetamide induced liver damage. ToxicolLett 19:299-307 (1983).
[31] Becker V, Walter S. Die wirking von thioacetylverbindungen auf das leberparenchymimTierexperiment. ActaHepato-Solenol 12:129-140 (1965).
[32] Ammon R, Berninger H, Haas HJ, Landsherg I. Thioacetamidesulfoxid, einstoffwechselprodukt des thioacetamids. ArzneimittelForschung 17:521-523 (1967).
[33] Vadi HV, Neal RA. Microsomal activation of thioacetamide-S-oxide to a metabolite(s) that covalently binds to calf thymus DNA and other polynucleotides. Chem-Biol Interact 35:25-38 (1981).
[34] Dyroff MC, Neal RA. Identification of the major protein adduct formed in rat liver after thioacetamide administration. Cancer Res 41:3430-3435 (1981).
[35] Marley CGD, Boyer JL. Stimulation of hepatocellular proliferation by a serum factor from thioacetamide treated rats. BiochimBiophysActa 477:165-176 (1977).
[36] Diaz-Gil JJ, Sanchez G, Santamaria L, Trilla C, Esteban P, Escartin P, Gea T. A liver DNA synthesis promoter induced in rat plasma by injection of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) or thioacetamide. Br J Cancer 55:599-604 (1987).
[37] Bucher NLR, Malt RA. Regeneration of liver and kidney, 1st ed. Boston:Little, Brown and Co., 1973;55-72.
[38] Reddy J, Chiga M, Svoboda D. Initiation of division cycle of rat hepatocytes following a single injection of thioacetamide. Lab Invest 20:405-411 (1969).
[39] Roy PD, Majumder M, Roy B. Pharmacogenomics of anti-TB drugs-related hepatotoxicity. Pharmacogenomics. Mar 2008;9(3):311-21. [Medline]
[40] Walubo, A., Smith, P., Folb, P.I.Methods Find ExpClinPharmacol 1998, 20(8):649ISSN03790355Copyright1998ProusScienceCCC:03790355DOI:10.1358/mf.1998.20.8.487491
[2] Extraintestinal Complications: Liver Disease Crohn's& Colitis Foundation of America. Retrieved on 2010-01-22
[3] Liver Information Health Line. Retrieved on 2010-01-22
[4] Friedman, Scott E.; Grendell, James H.; Mc Quaid, Kenneth R. (2003). Current diagnosis & treatment in gastroenterology. New York: Lang Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. pp. 664–679. ISBN 0-8385-1551-7.
[5] McNally, Peter F. (2006). GI/Liver Secrets: with STUDENT CONSULT Access. Saint Louis: C.V. Mosby. ISBN 1-56053-618-7.
[6] Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, et al. (2002). "Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States". Ann. Intern. Med. 137 (12): 947–54. PMID 12484709.
[7] Hyman J Zimmerman. Hepatotoxicity: The Adverse Effect of Drug and other chemicals on the Liver. New York, Springer verlag 1978: 3-10.
[8] Ishak K G, Riddell R H. Pathology of Drug-Induced and Toxic Diseases. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1982.
[9] Alfred Goodman Gilman. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill ; 2001.
[10] Nell Kaplowitz. Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Current Hepatology 1986; 6: 242-43
[11] Mumoli N, Cei M, Cosimi A (2006). "Drug-related hepatotoxicity". N. Engl. J. Med.354 (20): 2191–3; author reply 2191–3. doi:10.1056/NEJMc060733 PMID 16710915.
[12] Subramoniam A, Pushpangadan P. Development of Phytomedicines for liver diseases. Ind JPharmacol. 1999; 31: 166-75.
[13] Mitchell JR, Jollow DJ, Potter WZ, Gillette JR, and Brodie BB (1973) Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. IV. Protective role of glutathione. J PharmacolExpTher 187: 211-217.
[14] Coles B, Wilson I, Wardman P, Hinson JA, Nelson SD, and Ketterer B (1988) The spontaneous and enzymatic reaction of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinonimine with glutathione: a stopped-flow kinetic study. Arch BiochemBiophys264:253-260.
[15] Nakamura W, Hosoda S, and Hayachi K (1974) Purification and properties of rat liver glutathione peroxidase. BiochimBiophysActa358:251-261.
[16] Dai Y and Cederbaum AI (1995) Cytotoxicity of acetaminophen in human cytochrome P4502E1-transfected HepG2 cells. J PharmacolExpTher 273: 1497-1505.
[17] deVries J (1981) Hepatotoxic metabolic activation of paracetamol and its derivatives phenacetin and benorilate: oxygenation or electron transfer? BiochemPharmacol30:399-402.
[18] Potter DW, Pumford NR, Hinson JA, Benson RW, and Roberts DW (1989) Epitope characterization of acetaminophen bound to protein and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J PharmacolExpTher 248: 182-189.
[19] Sakaida I, Kayano K, Wasaki S, Nagatomi A, Matsumura Y, and Okita K (1995) Protection against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in vivo by an iron chelator, deferoxamine. Scand J Gastroenterol 30: 61-67.
[20] Schnellmann JG, Pumford NR, Kusewitt DF, Bucci TJ, and Hinson JA (1999) Deferoxamine delays the development of the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in mice. ToxicolLett 106: 79-88.
[21] Laskin DL, Gardner CR, Price VF, and Jollow DJ (1995) Modulation of macrophage functioning abrogates the acute hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. Hepatology 21: 1045-1050.
[22] Blazka ME, Elwell MR, Holladay SD, Wilson RE, and Luster MI (1996) Histopathology of acetaminophen-induced liver changes: role of interleukin 1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha. ToxicolPathol 24: 181-189.
[23] Goldin RD, Ratnayaka ID, Breach CS, Brown IN, and Wickramasinghe SN (1996) Role of macrophages in acetaminophen (paracetamol)-induced hepatotoxicity. J Pathol179:432-435.
[24] Michael SL, Pumford NR, Mayeux PR, Niesman MR, and Hinson JA (1999) Pretreatment of mice with macrophage inactivators decreases acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Hepatology 30: 186-195.
[25] Bhattacharyya D, Mukherjee R, Pandit S, Das N, Sur TK. Hepatoprotective effect of Himoliv®, a polyherbal formulation in rats. Indian J PhysiolPharmacol 2003;47:435-40.
[26] Mohamed Bastway Ahmed, Nabil Abdel-Salam Hasona* and Hanan Abdel-Hamid SelemainDepartment of Chemistry, Biochemistry Branch, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University Egypt.Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2008), 7 (3): 193-201
[27] Fitzhugh OG, Nelson AA. Liver tumors in rats fed thiourea or thioacetamide. Science 108:626-628 (1948).
[28] Gallagher CH, Gupta DN, Judah JD, Rees KR. Biochemical changes in liver in acute thioacetamide intoxication. J PatholBact 72:193-201 (1956)
[29] Gupta DN. Acute changes in the liver after administration of thioacetamide. J PatholBact 72:183-192 (1956).
[30] Trennery PN, Waring RH. Early changes in thioacetamide induced liver damage. ToxicolLett 19:299-307 (1983).
[31] Becker V, Walter S. Die wirking von thioacetylverbindungen auf das leberparenchymimTierexperiment. ActaHepato-Solenol 12:129-140 (1965).
[32] Ammon R, Berninger H, Haas HJ, Landsherg I. Thioacetamidesulfoxid, einstoffwechselprodukt des thioacetamids. ArzneimittelForschung 17:521-523 (1967).
[33] Vadi HV, Neal RA. Microsomal activation of thioacetamide-S-oxide to a metabolite(s) that covalently binds to calf thymus DNA and other polynucleotides. Chem-Biol Interact 35:25-38 (1981).
[34] Dyroff MC, Neal RA. Identification of the major protein adduct formed in rat liver after thioacetamide administration. Cancer Res 41:3430-3435 (1981).
[35] Marley CGD, Boyer JL. Stimulation of hepatocellular proliferation by a serum factor from thioacetamide treated rats. BiochimBiophysActa 477:165-176 (1977).
[36] Diaz-Gil JJ, Sanchez G, Santamaria L, Trilla C, Esteban P, Escartin P, Gea T. A liver DNA synthesis promoter induced in rat plasma by injection of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) or thioacetamide. Br J Cancer 55:599-604 (1987).
[37] Bucher NLR, Malt RA. Regeneration of liver and kidney, 1st ed. Boston:Little, Brown and Co., 1973;55-72.
[38] Reddy J, Chiga M, Svoboda D. Initiation of division cycle of rat hepatocytes following a single injection of thioacetamide. Lab Invest 20:405-411 (1969).
[39] Roy PD, Majumder M, Roy B. Pharmacogenomics of anti-TB drugs-related hepatotoxicity. Pharmacogenomics. Mar 2008;9(3):311-21. [Medline]
[40] Walubo, A., Smith, P., Folb, P.I.Methods Find ExpClinPharmacol 1998, 20(8):649ISSN03790355Copyright1998ProusScienceCCC:03790355DOI:10.1358/mf.1998.20.8.487491