Phytochemical Based Therapies for Varicose Veins: Mechanisms and Their Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Varicose veins are a common manifestation of chronic venous disease (CVD), characterized by dilated, tortuous veins resulting from venous valve dysfunction, venous hypertension, and impaired blood flow. The condition is associated with symptoms such as pain, swelling, heaviness, skin changes, and in severe cases, ulceration and thrombosis. Conventional treatments often provide limited relief and may involve invasive procedures. As a result, growing attention has been directed toward plant-based therapies rich in bioactive phytochemicals. This review highlights the role of phytochemicals—particularly flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and polyphenols—in the management of varicose veins. Medicinal plants such as Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) and Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) demonstrate venotonic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and microcirculatory-enhancing properties. These natural compounds act by strengthening venous walls, reducing capillary permeability, improving blood rheology, and inhibiting inflammatory mediators. The integration of phytochemicals into varicose vein management offers a promising, safer, and supportive approach for improving venous health and alleviating symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency.