A Rationalized Review on Eradication of Covid-19 - Targeted Herbal Products
Corresponding Author(s) : Dr. S. K. Devipriya
devifeb14siddha@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): 2020 Volume - 8 Issue-4
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recurrent, quickly evolving disease outbreak caused by Coronavirus - 2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV2). As of now (December 23, 2020), the cumulative number of known positive cases has been registered to be 78,481,916 in all affected countries around the world and the death toll is 1,726,632. There is no clear therapy to heal COVID-19 at present. No medicines have been developed so far, but people are making tremendous efforts to produce new therapies to disrupt COVID-19. Natural products have been playing an important role in the occurrence of diseases since ancient times. These products can be used as models for developing novel antimicrobial agents with diverse modes of action, as well as opening the door for the study of successful anti-COVID-19 antiviral drugs. The fundamental structure, infection and pathogenesis of the human SARS-CoV2 virus are identified with a focus on this. Due to the structure of these viruses, different natural products or plant extracts/bioactive compounds tested against SARS and MERS coronaviruses are also identified, and SARS-CoV2 may be used to design fresh anti-virus drugs. The antiviral activity against SARS-CoV2 viruses in natural products with the ability to combat SARS, MERS and other viruses illustrated in this article can be specifically used for more preclinical research. Therefore, to save the lives of many people around the world, all efforts should be focused on addressing this serious issue.
Keywords
Coronovirus
COVID-19
Herbal products
SARS-CoV-2
anti-viral
pathogenesis
1.
Dr. V. Sathyanathan, Dr. S. K. Devipriya. A Rationalized Review on Eradication of Covid-19 - Targeted Herbal Products. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Dec. 24 [cited 2026 May 2];8(4):740-4. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/944
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References
-
1. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):470-473.
2. Bedford J, Enria D, Giesecke J, Heymann DL, Ihekweazu C, Kobinger G, Lane HC, Memish Z, Oh MD, Sall AA, Schuchat A, Ungchusak K, Wieler LH. for the WHO Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Infectious Hazards. COVID-19: Towards controlling of a pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1015-1018.
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45. Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye, Edward Ntim Gasu, Gilbert Boadu Ampomah, Lois Kwane Kyei, Margaret Amerley Amarh, Caleb Nketia Mensah, Daniel Nartey, Michael Commodore, Abigail Kusiwaa Adomako, Philipina Acheampong, Jehoshaphat Oppong Mensah, David Batsa Mormor, Caleb Impraim Aboagye, "Alkaloids from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Proteins: An In Silico Study", BioMed Research International, vol. 2020, Article ID 5324560, 14 pages, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5324560.
46. Rajesh Ghosh, Ayon Chakraborty, Ashis Biswas & Snehasis Chowdhuri (2020) Identification of polyphenols from Broussonetia papyrifera as SARS CoV-2 main protease inhibitors using in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1802347.
47. Kamaz, Z., Jassani, M. J. A.-, & Haruna, U. (2020). Screening of Common Herbal Medicines as Promising Direct Inhibitors of Sars-Cov-2 in Silico. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 35(8), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i830260.
48. Gideon A. Gyebi, Olalekan B. Ogunro, Adegbenro P. Adegunloye, Oludare M. Ogunyemi & Saheed O. Afolabi (2020) Potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro): an in silico screening of alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1764868
49. MERS-CoV spike protein. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018;52:730e2.
References
1. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):470-473.
2. Bedford J, Enria D, Giesecke J, Heymann DL, Ihekweazu C, Kobinger G, Lane HC, Memish Z, Oh MD, Sall AA, Schuchat A, Ungchusak K, Wieler LH. for the WHO Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Infectious Hazards. COVID-19: Towards controlling of a pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1015-1018.
3. Di Gennaro F, Pizzol D, Marotta C, Antunes M, Racalbuto V, Veronese N, Smith L. Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) current status and future perspectives: a narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8).
4. Lim YX, Ng YL, Tam JP, Liu DX. Human coronaviruses: a review of virus-host interactions. Diseases 2016;4:26.
5. Zumla A, Chan JF, Azhar EI, Hui DS, Yuen KY. Coronaviruses-drug discovery and therapeutic options. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15: 327e47.
6. Li F. Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus Spike proteins. Annu Rev Virol 2016;3:237e61.
7. Song ZQ, Xu YF, Bao LL, Zhang L, Yu P, Qu YJ, et al. From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses Basel 2019;11:59.
8. Wu C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang P, Zhong W, Wang Y, et al. Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020;10:766e88.
9. Wang H, Wang Z, Dong Y, Chang R, Xu C, Yu X, et al. Phaseadjusted estimation of the number of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in Wuhan, China. Cell Discov 2020;6:10.
10. Coronaviridae study group of the international committee on taxonomy of V. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020;5:536e44.
11. Liu Y, Gayle AA, Wilder-Smith A, Rocklov J. The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. J Trav Med 2020;27. taaa021.
12. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395:497e506.
13. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreakdan update on the status. Mil Med Res 2020;7:11.
14. Kim Y, Liu H, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC,Weerasekara S, Hua DH, Groutas WC, et al. Reversal of the progression of fatal coronavirus infection in cats by a broad-spectrum coronavirus protease inhibitor. PLoS Pathog 2016;12. e1005531.
15. Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Feng JY, Porter DP, Gotte M. The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Biol Chem 2020;295:4773e9. Lin LT, Hsu WC, Lin CC. Antiviral natural products and herbal medicines. J Tradit Complement Med 2014;4:24e35.
16. Paraskevis D, Kostaki EG, Magiorkinis G, Panayiotakopoulos G, Sourvinos G, Tsiodras S (2020) Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event. Infect Genet Evol 79:104212.
17. Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH et al (2005b) Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310(5748):676–679.
18. Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS (2020) Coronavirus infectionsmore than just the common cold. JAMA. https ://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.2020.0757.
19. Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W (2020c) Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends 14(1):64–68. https ://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01030.
20. Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, Fang C, Huang D, Huang LQ, Huang Q, Han Y (2020) A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Military Med Res 7(1):4.
21. Zhang H, Kang Z, Gong H, Xu D, Wang J, Li Z, et al (2020) The digestive system is a potential route of 2019-nCov infection: a bioinformatics analysis based on single-cell transcriptomes. bioRxiv, https ://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.30.92780 6.
22. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y et al (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395:497–506. https ://doi.org/10.1016/S0140 -6736(20)30183 -5.
23. Li T, Wei C, Li W, Hongwei F, Shi J (2020) Beijing union medical college hospital on "pneumonia of novel coronavirus infection" diagnosis and treatment proposal (V2.0). Med J Peking Union Med Coll Hosp. https ://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detai l/11.5882.r.20200 130.1430.002.html. Accessed 2 Feb 2020.
24. Arti MK, Bhatnagar K (2020) Modeling and predictions for Covid 19 Spread in India. Preprint https ://doi.org/10.13140 /RG.2.2.11427 .81444.
25. R.K. Ganjhu, P.P. Mudgal, H. Maity, D. Dowarha, S. Devadiga, S. Nag, G. Arunkumar, Virusdisease 26, 225 (2015).
26. P. Katona, J. Katona-Apte, Clin. Infect. Dis. 46, 1582 (2008).
27. G. Pinn, Aust. Fam. Physician 30, 681 (2001)
28. Medicinal plants and primary health care: part 2. Essent Drugs Monit, WHO (11):15–17 (1991).
29. G.B. Mahady, J. Nutr. 131, 1120S (1120S).
30. J. Zhang, I.J. Onakpoya, P. Posadzki, M. Eddouks, Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2015, 316706 (2015).
31. B. Vellingiri, K. Jayaramayya, M. Iyer, A. Narayanasamy, V. Govindasamy, B. Giridharan, S. Ganesan, A. Venugopal, D. Venkatesan, H. Ganesan, K. Rajagopalan, P.K.S.M. Rahman, S.G. Cho, N.S. Kumar, M.D. Subramaniam, Sci. Total Environ. 725, 138277 (2020).
32. R.R. Narkhede, R.S. Cheke, J.P. Ambhore, S.D. Shinde, Eurasian J Med. Oncol. 4, 185 (2020).
33. Q. Zhang, M. Ye, J. Chromatogr. A 1216, 1954 (2009).
34. X. Qiao, W. Song, S. Ji, Q. Wang, D. Guo, M. Ye, J. Chromatogr. A 1402, 36 (2015).
35. C. Fiore, M. Eisenhut, R. Krausse, E. Ragazzi, D. Pellati, D. Armanini, J. Bielenberg, Phytother. Res. 22, 141 (2008).
36. M.S. Ghannad, A. Mohammadi, S. Safallahy, J. Faradmal, M. Azizi, Z. Ahmadvand, Jundishapur J. Microbiol. 7, e11616 (2014).
37. K. Hirabayashi, S. Iwata, H. Matsumoto, T. Mori, S. Shibata, M. Baba, M. Ito, S. Shigeta, H. Nakashima, N. Yamamoto, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 39, 112 (1991).
38. T.G. Santos, J. Laemmle, R.A. Rebelo, E.M. Dalmarco, A.B. Cruz, A.P. Schmit, R.C. Cruz, A.L. Zeni, J. Essent. Oil Res. 27, 125–130 (2015).
39. J. Montanha, P. Moellerke, S. Bordignon, E. Schenkel, P. Roehe, Acta Farm. Bonaer. 23, 183 (2004).
40. A.M. Madureira, J.R. Ascenso, L. Valdeira, A. Duarte, J.P. Frade, G. Freitas, M.J.U. Ferreira, Nat. Prod. Res. 17, 375 (2003).
41. L. Chen, T. Lin, H. Zhang, Y. Su, Intervirology 48, 207 (2005).
42. W. Dong, X. Wei, F. Zhang, J. Hao, F. Huang, C. Zhang, W. Liang, Sci. Rep. 4, 7237 (2014).
43. H. Wang, K. Li, L. Ma, S. Wu, J. Hu, H. Yan, J. Jiang, Y. Li, Virol. J. 14, 2 (2017).
44. M. Dkhil, S. Al-Quraishy, J. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 8, 155 (2014).
45. Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye, Edward Ntim Gasu, Gilbert Boadu Ampomah, Lois Kwane Kyei, Margaret Amerley Amarh, Caleb Nketia Mensah, Daniel Nartey, Michael Commodore, Abigail Kusiwaa Adomako, Philipina Acheampong, Jehoshaphat Oppong Mensah, David Batsa Mormor, Caleb Impraim Aboagye, "Alkaloids from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Proteins: An In Silico Study", BioMed Research International, vol. 2020, Article ID 5324560, 14 pages, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5324560.
46. Rajesh Ghosh, Ayon Chakraborty, Ashis Biswas & Snehasis Chowdhuri (2020) Identification of polyphenols from Broussonetia papyrifera as SARS CoV-2 main protease inhibitors using in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1802347.
47. Kamaz, Z., Jassani, M. J. A.-, & Haruna, U. (2020). Screening of Common Herbal Medicines as Promising Direct Inhibitors of Sars-Cov-2 in Silico. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 35(8), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i830260.
48. Gideon A. Gyebi, Olalekan B. Ogunro, Adegbenro P. Adegunloye, Oludare M. Ogunyemi & Saheed O. Afolabi (2020) Potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro): an in silico screening of alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1764868
49. MERS-CoV spike protein. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018;52:730e2.
2. Bedford J, Enria D, Giesecke J, Heymann DL, Ihekweazu C, Kobinger G, Lane HC, Memish Z, Oh MD, Sall AA, Schuchat A, Ungchusak K, Wieler LH. for the WHO Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Infectious Hazards. COVID-19: Towards controlling of a pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1015-1018.
3. Di Gennaro F, Pizzol D, Marotta C, Antunes M, Racalbuto V, Veronese N, Smith L. Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) current status and future perspectives: a narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8).
4. Lim YX, Ng YL, Tam JP, Liu DX. Human coronaviruses: a review of virus-host interactions. Diseases 2016;4:26.
5. Zumla A, Chan JF, Azhar EI, Hui DS, Yuen KY. Coronaviruses-drug discovery and therapeutic options. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016;15: 327e47.
6. Li F. Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus Spike proteins. Annu Rev Virol 2016;3:237e61.
7. Song ZQ, Xu YF, Bao LL, Zhang L, Yu P, Qu YJ, et al. From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses Basel 2019;11:59.
8. Wu C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang P, Zhong W, Wang Y, et al. Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020;10:766e88.
9. Wang H, Wang Z, Dong Y, Chang R, Xu C, Yu X, et al. Phaseadjusted estimation of the number of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in Wuhan, China. Cell Discov 2020;6:10.
10. Coronaviridae study group of the international committee on taxonomy of V. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020;5:536e44.
11. Liu Y, Gayle AA, Wilder-Smith A, Rocklov J. The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. J Trav Med 2020;27. taaa021.
12. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395:497e506.
13. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreakdan update on the status. Mil Med Res 2020;7:11.
14. Kim Y, Liu H, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC,Weerasekara S, Hua DH, Groutas WC, et al. Reversal of the progression of fatal coronavirus infection in cats by a broad-spectrum coronavirus protease inhibitor. PLoS Pathog 2016;12. e1005531.
15. Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Feng JY, Porter DP, Gotte M. The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Biol Chem 2020;295:4773e9. Lin LT, Hsu WC, Lin CC. Antiviral natural products and herbal medicines. J Tradit Complement Med 2014;4:24e35.
16. Paraskevis D, Kostaki EG, Magiorkinis G, Panayiotakopoulos G, Sourvinos G, Tsiodras S (2020) Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event. Infect Genet Evol 79:104212.
17. Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH et al (2005b) Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310(5748):676–679.
18. Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS (2020) Coronavirus infectionsmore than just the common cold. JAMA. https ://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.2020.0757.
19. Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W (2020c) Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends 14(1):64–68. https ://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01030.
20. Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, Fang C, Huang D, Huang LQ, Huang Q, Han Y (2020) A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Military Med Res 7(1):4.
21. Zhang H, Kang Z, Gong H, Xu D, Wang J, Li Z, et al (2020) The digestive system is a potential route of 2019-nCov infection: a bioinformatics analysis based on single-cell transcriptomes. bioRxiv, https ://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.30.92780 6.
22. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y et al (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395:497–506. https ://doi.org/10.1016/S0140 -6736(20)30183 -5.
23. Li T, Wei C, Li W, Hongwei F, Shi J (2020) Beijing union medical college hospital on "pneumonia of novel coronavirus infection" diagnosis and treatment proposal (V2.0). Med J Peking Union Med Coll Hosp. https ://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detai l/11.5882.r.20200 130.1430.002.html. Accessed 2 Feb 2020.
24. Arti MK, Bhatnagar K (2020) Modeling and predictions for Covid 19 Spread in India. Preprint https ://doi.org/10.13140 /RG.2.2.11427 .81444.
25. R.K. Ganjhu, P.P. Mudgal, H. Maity, D. Dowarha, S. Devadiga, S. Nag, G. Arunkumar, Virusdisease 26, 225 (2015).
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