Wilms Tumour-an Overview
Corresponding Author(s) : Mounica Bollu
nvramarao009@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 2 No. 3 (2014): 2014 Volume 2- Issue -3
Abstract
Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma), an embryonal malignancy of the kidney, is the most common renal tumor of childhood. Wilms tumor usually presents as an abdominal mass in an otherwise apparently healthy child. Wilms tumor has the potential for both local and distant spread. Approximately 5%-10% of children with Wilms tumor have bilateral or multicentric tumors. The average age at presentation is 42-47 months for children with unilateral Wilms tumor and 30-33 months for those with bilateral Wilms tumor.Treatment options include surgery,chemotherapy and radiation therapy.wilm’s tumour is almost curable by the Multidisciplinary approach with a good team work of surgeon,oncologist and radiotherapist.
Keywords
wilms
tumour
children
curable
1.
Mounica Bollu. Wilms Tumour-an Overview. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 1 [cited 2026 Apr. 16];2(3):238-4. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/83
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References
-
[1] EBSCO database verified by URAC; accessed from Mount Sinai Hospital, New York
[2] WhoNamedIt.com: Max Wilms
[3] Crist W M, Kun L E. Common solid tumors of childhood. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:461–471.
[4] Glick, R. D., M. J. Hicks, J. G. Nuchtern, et al. "Renal Tumors in Infants Less Than 6 Months of Age." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 39 (April 2004): 522-525.
[5] Neville, Holly L., and Michael L. Ritchey. "Wilms' Tumor." Urologic Clinics of North America 27 (August 2000).
[6] Kaatsch P; Epidemiology of childhood cancer;Cancer Treat Rev 2010;36:277–85.
[7] Little J; Epidemiology of childhood cancer; IARC Scientific Publications No. 149. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1999.
[8] Breslow N, Olshan A, Beckwith J B, Green D M. Epidemiology of Wilms’ tumor. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:172–181.
[9] Breslow N E, Beckwith J B. Epidemiological features of Wilms’ tumor: results of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1982;68:429–436.
[10] Asha A, Madanat F, Haddadin I, et al; Incidence of childhood cancer in Jordan; Am Academy Pediatr 1995;95:4.
[11] Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL;Modern epidemiology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
[12] Miller R W, Fraumeni J F, Manning M D. Association of Wilms’ tumor with aniridia, hemihypertrophy and other congenital anomalies. N Engl J Med. 1964;270:922–927.
[13] Wiley FM, Ruccione K, Moore IM, et al. Parents’ perceptions of randomization in pediatric clinical trials. Children Cancer Group. Cancer Pract 1999;7:248–56.
[14] Choyke PL, Siegel JM, Craft AW, Green DM, DeBaun MR. Screening for Wilms tumor in children with Beckwithe Wiedemann syndrome or idiopathic hemihypertrophy. Med Pediatr Oncol 1999;32:196e200.
[15] Greenley RN, Drotar D, Zyzanski SJ, et al. Stability of parental understanding of random assignment in childhood leukemia trials: an empirical examination of informed consent. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:891–7
[16] Vincent T.devita jr,samuel hellman,steven A.rosenberg;cancer:principle & practice of oncology 7th edition.
[17] Skodol AE, Shrout PE. Use of DSM-III axis IV in clinical practice: rating etiologically significant stressors. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:61–6.
[18] Coppes MJ, Arnold M, Beckwith JB, Ritchey ML, D’Angio GJ, Green DM, et al;Factors affecting the risk of contralateral Wilms tumor development: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Cancer 1999;85:1616e25
[19] Olshan A F, Breslow N E, Falletta J M. et al. Risk factors for Wilms’ tumor. Report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study.Cancer. 1993;72:938–944.
[20] Huff V (1998). "Wilms tumor genetics". Am J Med Genet 79 (4): 260–7.
[21] Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Perlman EJ, Reeve AE; Age distributions, birth weights, nephrogenic rests, and heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of Wilms tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;47:260e7.
[22] Beckwith JB;Nephrogenic rests and the pathogenesis of Wilms tumor;developmental and clinical considerations. Am J Med Genet 1998;79:268e73.
[23] Beckwith J B, Kiviat N B, Bonadio J F. Nephrogenic rests, nephroblastomatosis, and the pathogenesis of Wilms’ tumor.Pediatr Pathol. 1990;10:1–36.
[24] Kreidberg J A, Sariola H, Loring J M. et al. WT-1 is required for early kidney development. Cell. 1993;74:679–691.
[25] Coppes MJ, Pritchard-Jones K. Principles of Wilms' tumor biology. Urol Clin North Am. Aug 2000;27(3):423-33, viii.
[26] Bodian, M., and Rigby, C. C.: The pathology of nephroblastoma, In Tumors of the Kidney and Ureter. Vol 5 of Neoplastic Disease at Various Sites. Riches, E. (Ed.), Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1964, pp. 219–234
[27] Currie, D. P., Daly, J. T., Grimes, J. H., and Anderson, E. E.: Wilms' tumor: A clinical pathological correlation. J. Urol. 109: 495–550,1973.
[28] Clericuzio CL; Clinical phenotypes and Wilms tumor; Med Pediatr Oncol 1993;21:182e7.
[29] Weese DL, Applebaum H, Taber P; Mapping intravascular extension of Wilms’ tumor with magnetic resonance imaging. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26:64e7.
[30] Hennigar RA, O’Shea PA, Grattan-Smith JD; Clinicopathologic features of nephrogenic rests and nephroblastomatosis. Adv Anat Pathol 2001;8:276e89.
[31] Paulino AC. Current issues in the diagnosis and management of Wilms’ tumor. Oncoloy Huntingt 1996;l0:1553-71.
[32] D’Angio GJ, Rosenberg H, Sharples K, Kelalis P, Breslow N, Green DM. Position paper; imaging methods for primary renal tumors of childhood: cost versus benefits; Med Pediatr Oncol 1993;21:205e12.
[33] Green D M, D’Angio G J, Beckwith J B. et al. Wilms’ tumor. CA Cancer J Clin. 1996;46:46–63.
[34] Clericuzio CL. Screening for Wilms tumor in high-risk individuals. Dial Pediatr Urol 1996;19:1e8.
[35] Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD., editors. "Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)." In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004.
[36] Green DM. Diagnosis and management of malignant solid tumors in infants and children. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff; 1985.
[37] N.T. Fear*, T.J. Vincent,J.C. King,A. MacCarthy,K.J. Bunch, and M.F.G. Murphy.Wilms Tumour and Paternal Occupation: An Analysis of Data From the National Registry of Childhood Tumours. Pediatric Blood and Cancer: Volume 53 Issue Pages 28 – 32.
[38] Metzgar ML, Dome JS; Current therapy for Wilms’ tumor;Oncologist 2005;10:815e26.
[39] Green D M, Breslow N E, D’Angio G J. The treatment of children with unilateral Wilms’ tumor. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1009–1010.
[40] Ritchey ML. Renal sparing surgery for Wilms’ tumor. J Urol 2005;174:1172e3.
[41] Shamberger RC, Guthrie KA, Ritchey ML, Haase GM, Takashima J, Beckwith JB, et al. Surgery-related factors and local recurrence of Wilms tumor in National Wilms Tumor Study 4) Ann Surg 1999;229:292e7.
[42] Davidoff AM, Giel DW, Jones DP, Jenkins JJ, Krasin MJ, Hoffer FA, et al. The feasibility and outcome of nephronsparing surgery for children with bilateral Wilms tumor: the St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital experience: 1999e2006. Cancer 2008;112:2060e70.
[43] Ehrlich PF, Hamilton TE, Grundy P, Ritchey M, Haase G, Shamberger RC. The value of surgery in directing therapy for patients with Wilms’ tumor with pulmonary disease. A report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group (National Wilms’ Tumor Study 5). J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:162e7.
[44] Leape L, Breslow N, Bishop H C. The surgical treatment of Wilms’ tumor: results of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Ann Surg. 1978;187:351–356.
[45] McLorie GA, McKenna PH, Greenberg M, Babyn P, Thorner P, Churchill BM, et al. Reduction in tumor burden allowing partial nephrectomy following preoperative chemotherapy in biopsy proved Wilms tumor. J Urol 1991;146:509e13.
[46] Ora I, van Tinteren H, Bergeron C, de Kraker J. Progression of localised Wilms’ tumour during preoperative chemotherapy is an independent prognostic factor: a report from the SIOP 93-01 nephroblastoma trial and study. Eur J Cancer 2007;43:131e6.
[47] de Kraker J, Lemerle J, Voute PA, et al. Wilm’s tumor with pulmonary metastases at diagnosis: the significance of primary chemotherapy. International Society of Pediatric Oncology Nephroblastoma Trial and Study Committee. J Clin Oncol l990;8(7):1187-90.
[48] Nussbaum Blask AR, Nicholson HS, Markle BM, Wechsler- Jentzch K, O’Donnell R, Byrne J. Sonographic detection of uterine and ovarian abnormalities in female survivors of Wilms’ tumor treated with radiotherapy. Am J Roentgenol 1999;172:759e63
[49] D’Angio GJ, Evans AE, Breslow N, Beckwith B, Bishop H, Feigl P, et al. The treatment of Wilms’ tumor: results of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Cancer 1976;38:633e46.
[50] Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Holland-Frei ;Cancer Medicine; 6th edition.
[51] Ritchey ML, Pringle KC, Breslow NE, Takashima J, Moksness J, Zuppan CW, et al. Management and outcome of inoperable Wilms tumor. A report of National Wilms Tumor Study. Ann Surg 1994;220:683e90.
[52] Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, Breslow NE, Kalapurakal JA, Ritchey ML, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms’ tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2352e8.
[53] Green DM, Beckwith JB, Breslow NE, Faria P, Moksness J, Rinklestein JZ, et al. The treatment of children with stage II to IV anaplastic Wilms’ tumor: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:2126e31.
[54] D’Angio G J, Evans A E, Breslow N. et al. The treatment of Wilms’ tumor. Cancer. 1976;38:633–646.
[55] Green D M, Breslow N E, Beckwith J B. et al. Treatment of children with clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2132–2137.
[56] D’Angio G J, Breslow N, Beckwith B. et al. Treatment of Wilms’ Tumor. Results of the Third National Wilms’ Tumor Study.Cancer. 1989;64:349–360.
[57] Breslow, N. E., Palmer, N. F., Hill, L. R., Buring, J., and D'Angio, G. J.: Wilms' Tumor: Prognostic factors for patients without metastases at diagnosis. Results of the National Wilms' Tumor Study. Cancer 41: 326–332, 1978.
References
[1] EBSCO database verified by URAC; accessed from Mount Sinai Hospital, New York
[2] WhoNamedIt.com: Max Wilms
[3] Crist W M, Kun L E. Common solid tumors of childhood. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:461–471.
[4] Glick, R. D., M. J. Hicks, J. G. Nuchtern, et al. "Renal Tumors in Infants Less Than 6 Months of Age." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 39 (April 2004): 522-525.
[5] Neville, Holly L., and Michael L. Ritchey. "Wilms' Tumor." Urologic Clinics of North America 27 (August 2000).
[6] Kaatsch P; Epidemiology of childhood cancer;Cancer Treat Rev 2010;36:277–85.
[7] Little J; Epidemiology of childhood cancer; IARC Scientific Publications No. 149. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1999.
[8] Breslow N, Olshan A, Beckwith J B, Green D M. Epidemiology of Wilms’ tumor. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:172–181.
[9] Breslow N E, Beckwith J B. Epidemiological features of Wilms’ tumor: results of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1982;68:429–436.
[10] Asha A, Madanat F, Haddadin I, et al; Incidence of childhood cancer in Jordan; Am Academy Pediatr 1995;95:4.
[11] Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL;Modern epidemiology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
[12] Miller R W, Fraumeni J F, Manning M D. Association of Wilms’ tumor with aniridia, hemihypertrophy and other congenital anomalies. N Engl J Med. 1964;270:922–927.
[13] Wiley FM, Ruccione K, Moore IM, et al. Parents’ perceptions of randomization in pediatric clinical trials. Children Cancer Group. Cancer Pract 1999;7:248–56.
[14] Choyke PL, Siegel JM, Craft AW, Green DM, DeBaun MR. Screening for Wilms tumor in children with Beckwithe Wiedemann syndrome or idiopathic hemihypertrophy. Med Pediatr Oncol 1999;32:196e200.
[15] Greenley RN, Drotar D, Zyzanski SJ, et al. Stability of parental understanding of random assignment in childhood leukemia trials: an empirical examination of informed consent. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:891–7
[16] Vincent T.devita jr,samuel hellman,steven A.rosenberg;cancer:principle & practice of oncology 7th edition.
[17] Skodol AE, Shrout PE. Use of DSM-III axis IV in clinical practice: rating etiologically significant stressors. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:61–6.
[18] Coppes MJ, Arnold M, Beckwith JB, Ritchey ML, D’Angio GJ, Green DM, et al;Factors affecting the risk of contralateral Wilms tumor development: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Cancer 1999;85:1616e25
[19] Olshan A F, Breslow N E, Falletta J M. et al. Risk factors for Wilms’ tumor. Report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study.Cancer. 1993;72:938–944.
[20] Huff V (1998). "Wilms tumor genetics". Am J Med Genet 79 (4): 260–7.
[21] Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Perlman EJ, Reeve AE; Age distributions, birth weights, nephrogenic rests, and heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of Wilms tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;47:260e7.
[22] Beckwith JB;Nephrogenic rests and the pathogenesis of Wilms tumor;developmental and clinical considerations. Am J Med Genet 1998;79:268e73.
[23] Beckwith J B, Kiviat N B, Bonadio J F. Nephrogenic rests, nephroblastomatosis, and the pathogenesis of Wilms’ tumor.Pediatr Pathol. 1990;10:1–36.
[24] Kreidberg J A, Sariola H, Loring J M. et al. WT-1 is required for early kidney development. Cell. 1993;74:679–691.
[25] Coppes MJ, Pritchard-Jones K. Principles of Wilms' tumor biology. Urol Clin North Am. Aug 2000;27(3):423-33, viii.
[26] Bodian, M., and Rigby, C. C.: The pathology of nephroblastoma, In Tumors of the Kidney and Ureter. Vol 5 of Neoplastic Disease at Various Sites. Riches, E. (Ed.), Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1964, pp. 219–234
[27] Currie, D. P., Daly, J. T., Grimes, J. H., and Anderson, E. E.: Wilms' tumor: A clinical pathological correlation. J. Urol. 109: 495–550,1973.
[28] Clericuzio CL; Clinical phenotypes and Wilms tumor; Med Pediatr Oncol 1993;21:182e7.
[29] Weese DL, Applebaum H, Taber P; Mapping intravascular extension of Wilms’ tumor with magnetic resonance imaging. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26:64e7.
[30] Hennigar RA, O’Shea PA, Grattan-Smith JD; Clinicopathologic features of nephrogenic rests and nephroblastomatosis. Adv Anat Pathol 2001;8:276e89.
[31] Paulino AC. Current issues in the diagnosis and management of Wilms’ tumor. Oncoloy Huntingt 1996;l0:1553-71.
[32] D’Angio GJ, Rosenberg H, Sharples K, Kelalis P, Breslow N, Green DM. Position paper; imaging methods for primary renal tumors of childhood: cost versus benefits; Med Pediatr Oncol 1993;21:205e12.
[33] Green D M, D’Angio G J, Beckwith J B. et al. Wilms’ tumor. CA Cancer J Clin. 1996;46:46–63.
[34] Clericuzio CL. Screening for Wilms tumor in high-risk individuals. Dial Pediatr Urol 1996;19:1e8.
[35] Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD., editors. "Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)." In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004.
[36] Green DM. Diagnosis and management of malignant solid tumors in infants and children. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff; 1985.
[37] N.T. Fear*, T.J. Vincent,J.C. King,A. MacCarthy,K.J. Bunch, and M.F.G. Murphy.Wilms Tumour and Paternal Occupation: An Analysis of Data From the National Registry of Childhood Tumours. Pediatric Blood and Cancer: Volume 53 Issue Pages 28 – 32.
[38] Metzgar ML, Dome JS; Current therapy for Wilms’ tumor;Oncologist 2005;10:815e26.
[39] Green D M, Breslow N E, D’Angio G J. The treatment of children with unilateral Wilms’ tumor. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1009–1010.
[40] Ritchey ML. Renal sparing surgery for Wilms’ tumor. J Urol 2005;174:1172e3.
[41] Shamberger RC, Guthrie KA, Ritchey ML, Haase GM, Takashima J, Beckwith JB, et al. Surgery-related factors and local recurrence of Wilms tumor in National Wilms Tumor Study 4) Ann Surg 1999;229:292e7.
[42] Davidoff AM, Giel DW, Jones DP, Jenkins JJ, Krasin MJ, Hoffer FA, et al. The feasibility and outcome of nephronsparing surgery for children with bilateral Wilms tumor: the St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital experience: 1999e2006. Cancer 2008;112:2060e70.
[43] Ehrlich PF, Hamilton TE, Grundy P, Ritchey M, Haase G, Shamberger RC. The value of surgery in directing therapy for patients with Wilms’ tumor with pulmonary disease. A report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group (National Wilms’ Tumor Study 5). J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:162e7.
[44] Leape L, Breslow N, Bishop H C. The surgical treatment of Wilms’ tumor: results of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Ann Surg. 1978;187:351–356.
[45] McLorie GA, McKenna PH, Greenberg M, Babyn P, Thorner P, Churchill BM, et al. Reduction in tumor burden allowing partial nephrectomy following preoperative chemotherapy in biopsy proved Wilms tumor. J Urol 1991;146:509e13.
[46] Ora I, van Tinteren H, Bergeron C, de Kraker J. Progression of localised Wilms’ tumour during preoperative chemotherapy is an independent prognostic factor: a report from the SIOP 93-01 nephroblastoma trial and study. Eur J Cancer 2007;43:131e6.
[47] de Kraker J, Lemerle J, Voute PA, et al. Wilm’s tumor with pulmonary metastases at diagnosis: the significance of primary chemotherapy. International Society of Pediatric Oncology Nephroblastoma Trial and Study Committee. J Clin Oncol l990;8(7):1187-90.
[48] Nussbaum Blask AR, Nicholson HS, Markle BM, Wechsler- Jentzch K, O’Donnell R, Byrne J. Sonographic detection of uterine and ovarian abnormalities in female survivors of Wilms’ tumor treated with radiotherapy. Am J Roentgenol 1999;172:759e63
[49] D’Angio GJ, Evans AE, Breslow N, Beckwith B, Bishop H, Feigl P, et al. The treatment of Wilms’ tumor: results of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. Cancer 1976;38:633e46.
[50] Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Holland-Frei ;Cancer Medicine; 6th edition.
[51] Ritchey ML, Pringle KC, Breslow NE, Takashima J, Moksness J, Zuppan CW, et al. Management and outcome of inoperable Wilms tumor. A report of National Wilms Tumor Study. Ann Surg 1994;220:683e90.
[52] Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, Breslow NE, Kalapurakal JA, Ritchey ML, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms’ tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2352e8.
[53] Green DM, Beckwith JB, Breslow NE, Faria P, Moksness J, Rinklestein JZ, et al. The treatment of children with stage II to IV anaplastic Wilms’ tumor: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:2126e31.
[54] D’Angio G J, Evans A E, Breslow N. et al. The treatment of Wilms’ tumor. Cancer. 1976;38:633–646.
[55] Green D M, Breslow N E, Beckwith J B. et al. Treatment of children with clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2132–2137.
[56] D’Angio G J, Breslow N, Beckwith B. et al. Treatment of Wilms’ Tumor. Results of the Third National Wilms’ Tumor Study.Cancer. 1989;64:349–360.
[57] Breslow, N. E., Palmer, N. F., Hill, L. R., Buring, J., and D'Angio, G. J.: Wilms' Tumor: Prognostic factors for patients without metastases at diagnosis. Results of the National Wilms' Tumor Study. Cancer 41: 326–332, 1978.
[2] WhoNamedIt.com: Max Wilms
[3] Crist W M, Kun L E. Common solid tumors of childhood. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:461–471.
[4] Glick, R. D., M. J. Hicks, J. G. Nuchtern, et al. "Renal Tumors in Infants Less Than 6 Months of Age." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 39 (April 2004): 522-525.
[5] Neville, Holly L., and Michael L. Ritchey. "Wilms' Tumor." Urologic Clinics of North America 27 (August 2000).
[6] Kaatsch P; Epidemiology of childhood cancer;Cancer Treat Rev 2010;36:277–85.
[7] Little J; Epidemiology of childhood cancer; IARC Scientific Publications No. 149. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1999.
[8] Breslow N, Olshan A, Beckwith J B, Green D M. Epidemiology of Wilms’ tumor. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:172–181.
[9] Breslow N E, Beckwith J B. Epidemiological features of Wilms’ tumor: results of the National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1982;68:429–436.
[10] Asha A, Madanat F, Haddadin I, et al; Incidence of childhood cancer in Jordan; Am Academy Pediatr 1995;95:4.
[11] Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL;Modern epidemiology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
[12] Miller R W, Fraumeni J F, Manning M D. Association of Wilms’ tumor with aniridia, hemihypertrophy and other congenital anomalies. N Engl J Med. 1964;270:922–927.
[13] Wiley FM, Ruccione K, Moore IM, et al. Parents’ perceptions of randomization in pediatric clinical trials. Children Cancer Group. Cancer Pract 1999;7:248–56.
[14] Choyke PL, Siegel JM, Craft AW, Green DM, DeBaun MR. Screening for Wilms tumor in children with Beckwithe Wiedemann syndrome or idiopathic hemihypertrophy. Med Pediatr Oncol 1999;32:196e200.
[15] Greenley RN, Drotar D, Zyzanski SJ, et al. Stability of parental understanding of random assignment in childhood leukemia trials: an empirical examination of informed consent. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:891–7
[16] Vincent T.devita jr,samuel hellman,steven A.rosenberg;cancer:principle & practice of oncology 7th edition.
[17] Skodol AE, Shrout PE. Use of DSM-III axis IV in clinical practice: rating etiologically significant stressors. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:61–6.
[18] Coppes MJ, Arnold M, Beckwith JB, Ritchey ML, D’Angio GJ, Green DM, et al;Factors affecting the risk of contralateral Wilms tumor development: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Cancer 1999;85:1616e25
[19] Olshan A F, Breslow N E, Falletta J M. et al. Risk factors for Wilms’ tumor. Report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study.Cancer. 1993;72:938–944.
[20] Huff V (1998). "Wilms tumor genetics". Am J Med Genet 79 (4): 260–7.
[21] Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Perlman EJ, Reeve AE; Age distributions, birth weights, nephrogenic rests, and heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of Wilms tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;47:260e7.
[22] Beckwith JB;Nephrogenic rests and the pathogenesis of Wilms tumor;developmental and clinical considerations. Am J Med Genet 1998;79:268e73.
[23] Beckwith J B, Kiviat N B, Bonadio J F. Nephrogenic rests, nephroblastomatosis, and the pathogenesis of Wilms’ tumor.Pediatr Pathol. 1990;10:1–36.
[24] Kreidberg J A, Sariola H, Loring J M. et al. WT-1 is required for early kidney development. Cell. 1993;74:679–691.
[25] Coppes MJ, Pritchard-Jones K. Principles of Wilms' tumor biology. Urol Clin North Am. Aug 2000;27(3):423-33, viii.
[26] Bodian, M., and Rigby, C. C.: The pathology of nephroblastoma, In Tumors of the Kidney and Ureter. Vol 5 of Neoplastic Disease at Various Sites. Riches, E. (Ed.), Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1964, pp. 219–234
[27] Currie, D. P., Daly, J. T., Grimes, J. H., and Anderson, E. E.: Wilms' tumor: A clinical pathological correlation. J. Urol. 109: 495–550,1973.
[28] Clericuzio CL; Clinical phenotypes and Wilms tumor; Med Pediatr Oncol 1993;21:182e7.
[29] Weese DL, Applebaum H, Taber P; Mapping intravascular extension of Wilms’ tumor with magnetic resonance imaging. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26:64e7.
[30] Hennigar RA, O’Shea PA, Grattan-Smith JD; Clinicopathologic features of nephrogenic rests and nephroblastomatosis. Adv Anat Pathol 2001;8:276e89.
[31] Paulino AC. Current issues in the diagnosis and management of Wilms’ tumor. Oncoloy Huntingt 1996;l0:1553-71.
[32] D’Angio GJ, Rosenberg H, Sharples K, Kelalis P, Breslow N, Green DM. Position paper; imaging methods for primary renal tumors of childhood: cost versus benefits; Med Pediatr Oncol 1993;21:205e12.
[33] Green D M, D’Angio G J, Beckwith J B. et al. Wilms’ tumor. CA Cancer J Clin. 1996;46:46–63.
[34] Clericuzio CL. Screening for Wilms tumor in high-risk individuals. Dial Pediatr Urol 1996;19:1e8.
[35] Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD., editors. "Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)." In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004.
[36] Green DM. Diagnosis and management of malignant solid tumors in infants and children. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff; 1985.
[37] N.T. Fear*, T.J. Vincent,J.C. King,A. MacCarthy,K.J. Bunch, and M.F.G. Murphy.Wilms Tumour and Paternal Occupation: An Analysis of Data From the National Registry of Childhood Tumours. Pediatric Blood and Cancer: Volume 53 Issue Pages 28 – 32.
[38] Metzgar ML, Dome JS; Current therapy for Wilms’ tumor;Oncologist 2005;10:815e26.
[39] Green D M, Breslow N E, D’Angio G J. The treatment of children with unilateral Wilms’ tumor. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1009–1010.
[40] Ritchey ML. Renal sparing surgery for Wilms’ tumor. J Urol 2005;174:1172e3.
[41] Shamberger RC, Guthrie KA, Ritchey ML, Haase GM, Takashima J, Beckwith JB, et al. Surgery-related factors and local recurrence of Wilms tumor in National Wilms Tumor Study 4) Ann Surg 1999;229:292e7.
[42] Davidoff AM, Giel DW, Jones DP, Jenkins JJ, Krasin MJ, Hoffer FA, et al. The feasibility and outcome of nephronsparing surgery for children with bilateral Wilms tumor: the St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital experience: 1999e2006. Cancer 2008;112:2060e70.
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