Copyright (c) 2020 Atta Abbas
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The Association Between Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension: a Case Report
Corresponding Author(s) : Atta Abbas
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 2 No. 3 (2014): 2014 Volume 2- Issue -3
Abstract
Introduction
It is well documented that there is an association between the levels of plasma glucose concentration previous cardiac complications and blood pressure of non-diabetic individuals. However no study has reported an actual relationship between both these factors in a typical clinical setting. The following case study is based on a patient with a history of IHD and hypertension, being diagnosed with uncontrolled DM type II.
Case presentation
This case study is based on a 53 year old female patient with a previous history of IHD and HTN, for which she was being treated with the required regime. She presented to the ER with clinical symptoms of hyperglycemia. RBS revealed that she had elevated plasma glucose levels and hence was diagnosed with type II DM.
Conclusion
The case study presents a clinical relationship between type II DM and HTN. The management of such patient requires adequate drug therapy and any errors in the pharmacotherapy can be rectified by inclusion of a clinical pharmacist in the health care team.
Keywords
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Ischemic heart disease
References
-
[1] Epstein M, Sowers JR. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension. 1992. Hypertension. 19: 403-418 P.
[2] The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group. [report]. Working Group report on hypertension in diabetes. 1994. Hypertension. 23: 145-158 P.
[3] Kumar and Clark. Clinical Medicine. 7th edition. [book review]. Hypertension. 1032-1033 P.
[4] Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group 38. UKPDS 38. [online]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC28659/pdf/703.pdf
[5] Glucose control. Chapter 9. Global guideline for type II DM. [report]. International diabetes federation. 2005. 1-38 P. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: https://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/GGT2D%2009%20Oral%20therapy.pdf
[6] WHO model list of essential medicines 16th edition. [report]. 16th update. World Health Organization. WHO. 2010. 1-39 P. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/Updated_sixteenth_adult_list_en.pdf
[7] Management of hyperglycemia in type II DM: a patient centered approach. EASD guidelines. 2012.
[8] Treatment and management of primary hypertension. NICE guidelines. 2011. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: http://publications.nice.org.uk/hypertension-cg127/guidance
[9] Vasotec® Tablet (Enalapril), NDA 018998. FDA regulations. Reference ID: 3089266. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/018998s076lbl.pdf
[10] Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000. 321(7258).
[11] G. Manica. The association of hypertension and diabetes: prevalence, cardiovascular risk and protection by blood pressure reduction. Acta Diabetologica. 2005. 42(1): s17-s25 P.
[12] Todd W. Gress, Javier Nieto, Eyal Shahar, Marion R. Wofford, Frederick L. Brancati. Hypertension and Antihypertensive Therapy as Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 2000. N Engl J Med. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200003303421301
[13] DC. Shen, SM. Shieh. Resistance to Insulin-Stimulated-Glucose Uptake in Patients with Hypertension. JCEM. 66(3).
[14] Ralph A DeFronzo and Eleuterio Ferrannini. Insulin Resistance: A Multifaceted Syndrome Responsible for NIDDM, Obesity, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. 1991. Diabetes Care. 14.
[15] Atta Abbas. Hypertriglyceridemia: What is it and how it is managed – A review. 2013. International Journal of Pharmacotherapy. 4(1); 32-35 P.
[16] Sundus Kirmani, Rohma Hashmi, Atta Abbas. The flaws in health practice in post-operative management of a patient in tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. 2014. International Journal of Allied Medical Science and Clinical Research. 2(2): 112-115 P.
[17] Omar Qadeer and Atta Abbas. The need of intervention by pharmacists in a post surgical scenario of appendectomy. 2014. Journal of Pharma Creations. 1(2): 32-35 P.
References
[1] Epstein M, Sowers JR. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension. 1992. Hypertension. 19: 403-418 P.
[2] The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group. [report]. Working Group report on hypertension in diabetes. 1994. Hypertension. 23: 145-158 P.
[3] Kumar and Clark. Clinical Medicine. 7th edition. [book review]. Hypertension. 1032-1033 P.
[4] Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group 38. UKPDS 38. [online]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC28659/pdf/703.pdf
[5] Glucose control. Chapter 9. Global guideline for type II DM. [report]. International diabetes federation. 2005. 1-38 P. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: https://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/GGT2D%2009%20Oral%20therapy.pdf
[6] WHO model list of essential medicines 16th edition. [report]. 16th update. World Health Organization. WHO. 2010. 1-39 P. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/Updated_sixteenth_adult_list_en.pdf
[7] Management of hyperglycemia in type II DM: a patient centered approach. EASD guidelines. 2012.
[8] Treatment and management of primary hypertension. NICE guidelines. 2011. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: http://publications.nice.org.uk/hypertension-cg127/guidance
[9] Vasotec® Tablet (Enalapril), NDA 018998. FDA regulations. Reference ID: 3089266. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/018998s076lbl.pdf
[10] Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000. 321(7258).
[11] G. Manica. The association of hypertension and diabetes: prevalence, cardiovascular risk and protection by blood pressure reduction. Acta Diabetologica. 2005. 42(1): s17-s25 P.
[12] Todd W. Gress, Javier Nieto, Eyal Shahar, Marion R. Wofford, Frederick L. Brancati. Hypertension and Antihypertensive Therapy as Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 2000. N Engl J Med. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200003303421301
[13] DC. Shen, SM. Shieh. Resistance to Insulin-Stimulated-Glucose Uptake in Patients with Hypertension. JCEM. 66(3).
[14] Ralph A DeFronzo and Eleuterio Ferrannini. Insulin Resistance: A Multifaceted Syndrome Responsible for NIDDM, Obesity, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. 1991. Diabetes Care. 14.
[15] Atta Abbas. Hypertriglyceridemia: What is it and how it is managed – A review. 2013. International Journal of Pharmacotherapy. 4(1); 32-35 P.
[16] Sundus Kirmani, Rohma Hashmi, Atta Abbas. The flaws in health practice in post-operative management of a patient in tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. 2014. International Journal of Allied Medical Science and Clinical Research. 2(2): 112-115 P.
[17] Omar Qadeer and Atta Abbas. The need of intervention by pharmacists in a post surgical scenario of appendectomy. 2014. Journal of Pharma Creations. 1(2): 32-35 P.
[2] The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group. [report]. Working Group report on hypertension in diabetes. 1994. Hypertension. 23: 145-158 P.
[3] Kumar and Clark. Clinical Medicine. 7th edition. [book review]. Hypertension. 1032-1033 P.
[4] Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group 38. UKPDS 38. [online]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC28659/pdf/703.pdf
[5] Glucose control. Chapter 9. Global guideline for type II DM. [report]. International diabetes federation. 2005. 1-38 P. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: https://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/GGT2D%2009%20Oral%20therapy.pdf
[6] WHO model list of essential medicines 16th edition. [report]. 16th update. World Health Organization. WHO. 2010. 1-39 P. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/Updated_sixteenth_adult_list_en.pdf
[7] Management of hyperglycemia in type II DM: a patient centered approach. EASD guidelines. 2012.
[8] Treatment and management of primary hypertension. NICE guidelines. 2011. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: http://publications.nice.org.uk/hypertension-cg127/guidance
[9] Vasotec® Tablet (Enalapril), NDA 018998. FDA regulations. Reference ID: 3089266. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/018998s076lbl.pdf
[10] Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000. 321(7258).
[11] G. Manica. The association of hypertension and diabetes: prevalence, cardiovascular risk and protection by blood pressure reduction. Acta Diabetologica. 2005. 42(1): s17-s25 P.
[12] Todd W. Gress, Javier Nieto, Eyal Shahar, Marion R. Wofford, Frederick L. Brancati. Hypertension and Antihypertensive Therapy as Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. 2000. N Engl J Med. [online]. [cited 2014 May]. Available: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200003303421301
[13] DC. Shen, SM. Shieh. Resistance to Insulin-Stimulated-Glucose Uptake in Patients with Hypertension. JCEM. 66(3).
[14] Ralph A DeFronzo and Eleuterio Ferrannini. Insulin Resistance: A Multifaceted Syndrome Responsible for NIDDM, Obesity, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. 1991. Diabetes Care. 14.
[15] Atta Abbas. Hypertriglyceridemia: What is it and how it is managed – A review. 2013. International Journal of Pharmacotherapy. 4(1); 32-35 P.
[16] Sundus Kirmani, Rohma Hashmi, Atta Abbas. The flaws in health practice in post-operative management of a patient in tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. 2014. International Journal of Allied Medical Science and Clinical Research. 2(2): 112-115 P.
[17] Omar Qadeer and Atta Abbas. The need of intervention by pharmacists in a post surgical scenario of appendectomy. 2014. Journal of Pharma Creations. 1(2): 32-35 P.