Copyright (c) 2020 Saba Zubair
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Pneumonia and Respiratory Failure from Swine Origin Influenza H1N1
Corresponding Author(s) : Saba Zubair
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 2 No. 2 (2014): 2014 Volume 2- Issue -2
Abstract
Swine influenza (swine flu) became alarming health concern when World Health Organization declared as “public health emergency of international concern” on April 25, 2009. After documentation of human-to-human transmission of the virus in at least three countries of two WHO regions, the WHO raised the pandemic level to 6.1 During the 1918, flu pandemic infected one-third of the world's population (an estimated 500 million people) and caused approximately 50 million deaths.2 In 1976, an outbreak of swine influenza occurred in New Jersey, USA, which involved more than 200 cases, some of them severe, resulting in one death.3 In 1988, another fatality was reported as a complication of swine influenza.
Keywords
Pneumonia
Swine
References
-
[1] R Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S. Workshop summary. 1st ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; The story of influenza. The threat of pandemic influenza: Are we ready? 2005. 75 p.
[2] Bresee J. CDC Podcasts: Swine Flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [online] [cited 2014 March] Available from: http://www2a.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=11226
[3] Roan S. Swine flu ‘debacle’ of 1976 is recalled. LA Times. [cited 2014 march] Available from: http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-sci-swine-history27-2009apr27,0,967115.story
[4] World Health Organization. Influenza-like illness in the United States and Mexico. WHO epidemic and pandemic alert and response. [cited 2014 march]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_24/en/index.html
[5] Meghna R. Sebastian, Rakesh Lodha, S.K. Kabra., Swine origin influenza (swine flu). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 76(8): 833-841 p.
[6] CDC. Interim Guidance for Clinicians the Prevention and Treatment of Swine-Origin Influenza Virus Infection in Young Children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [cited 2014 march]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/childrentreatment.htm.
[7] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “CDC Health Update: Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Update: New Interim Recommendations and Guidance for Health Directors about Strategic National Stockpile Materiel” Health alert network. [cited 2014 march] Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/HAN/042609.htm
[8] Pneumonia and Respiratory Failure from Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico Rogelio Perez-Padilla, M.D., Daniela de la Rosa-Zamboni, M.D., Samuel Ponce de Leon, M.D., Mauricio Hernandez, M.D., Francisco Quiñones-Falconi, M.D., Edgar Bautista, M.D., Alejandra Ramirez-Venegas, M.D., Jorge Rojas-Serrano, M.D., Christopher E. Ormsby, M.Sc., Ariel Corrales, M.D., Anjarath Higuera, M.D., Edgar Mondragon, M.D., and Jose Angel Cordova-Villalobos, M.D. for for the INER Working Group on Influenza. N Engl J Med. 2009. 361: 680-689 p.
[9] Jordi Rello, Alejandro Rodríguez, Pedro Ibañez, Lorenzo Socias, Javier Cebrian, Asunción Marques, José Guerrero, Sergio Ruiz-Santana, Enrique Marquez :Intensive care adult patients with severe respiratory failure caused by Influenza A (H1N1) in Spain. 2009. Critical Care. 13(5). [cited 2014 march] Available from: http://ccforum.com/content/13/5/R148
[10] WHO [online]. [cited 2014 march]. Pandemic (H1N1). 2009. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_08_21/en/index.html
[11] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Hospitalized patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection - California, April-May, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009, 58:536-541 p.
[12] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Intensive-care patients with severe novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection - Michigan, June 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009. 58:749-752 p.
[13] Ng WF, To KF, Lam WW, Ng TK, Lee KC. The comparative pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza A subtype H5N1 -- a review. Hum Pathol. 2006. 37:381-39 p.
[14] Hui DS. Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection. Respirology. 2008. 13: Suppl 1:S1.
References
[1] R Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S. Workshop summary. 1st ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; The story of influenza. The threat of pandemic influenza: Are we ready? 2005. 75 p.
[2] Bresee J. CDC Podcasts: Swine Flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [online] [cited 2014 March] Available from: http://www2a.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=11226
[3] Roan S. Swine flu ‘debacle’ of 1976 is recalled. LA Times. [cited 2014 march] Available from: http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-sci-swine-history27-2009apr27,0,967115.story
[4] World Health Organization. Influenza-like illness in the United States and Mexico. WHO epidemic and pandemic alert and response. [cited 2014 march]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_24/en/index.html
[5] Meghna R. Sebastian, Rakesh Lodha, S.K. Kabra., Swine origin influenza (swine flu). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 76(8): 833-841 p.
[6] CDC. Interim Guidance for Clinicians the Prevention and Treatment of Swine-Origin Influenza Virus Infection in Young Children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [cited 2014 march]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/childrentreatment.htm.
[7] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “CDC Health Update: Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Update: New Interim Recommendations and Guidance for Health Directors about Strategic National Stockpile Materiel” Health alert network. [cited 2014 march] Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/HAN/042609.htm
[8] Pneumonia and Respiratory Failure from Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico Rogelio Perez-Padilla, M.D., Daniela de la Rosa-Zamboni, M.D., Samuel Ponce de Leon, M.D., Mauricio Hernandez, M.D., Francisco Quiñones-Falconi, M.D., Edgar Bautista, M.D., Alejandra Ramirez-Venegas, M.D., Jorge Rojas-Serrano, M.D., Christopher E. Ormsby, M.Sc., Ariel Corrales, M.D., Anjarath Higuera, M.D., Edgar Mondragon, M.D., and Jose Angel Cordova-Villalobos, M.D. for for the INER Working Group on Influenza. N Engl J Med. 2009. 361: 680-689 p.
[9] Jordi Rello, Alejandro Rodríguez, Pedro Ibañez, Lorenzo Socias, Javier Cebrian, Asunción Marques, José Guerrero, Sergio Ruiz-Santana, Enrique Marquez :Intensive care adult patients with severe respiratory failure caused by Influenza A (H1N1) in Spain. 2009. Critical Care. 13(5). [cited 2014 march] Available from: http://ccforum.com/content/13/5/R148
[10] WHO [online]. [cited 2014 march]. Pandemic (H1N1). 2009. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_08_21/en/index.html
[11] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Hospitalized patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection - California, April-May, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009, 58:536-541 p.
[12] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Intensive-care patients with severe novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection - Michigan, June 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009. 58:749-752 p.
[13] Ng WF, To KF, Lam WW, Ng TK, Lee KC. The comparative pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza A subtype H5N1 -- a review. Hum Pathol. 2006. 37:381-39 p.
[14] Hui DS. Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection. Respirology. 2008. 13: Suppl 1:S1.
[2] Bresee J. CDC Podcasts: Swine Flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [online] [cited 2014 March] Available from: http://www2a.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=11226
[3] Roan S. Swine flu ‘debacle’ of 1976 is recalled. LA Times. [cited 2014 march] Available from: http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-sci-swine-history27-2009apr27,0,967115.story
[4] World Health Organization. Influenza-like illness in the United States and Mexico. WHO epidemic and pandemic alert and response. [cited 2014 march]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_24/en/index.html
[5] Meghna R. Sebastian, Rakesh Lodha, S.K. Kabra., Swine origin influenza (swine flu). The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 76(8): 833-841 p.
[6] CDC. Interim Guidance for Clinicians the Prevention and Treatment of Swine-Origin Influenza Virus Infection in Young Children. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [cited 2014 march]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/childrentreatment.htm.
[7] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “CDC Health Update: Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Update: New Interim Recommendations and Guidance for Health Directors about Strategic National Stockpile Materiel” Health alert network. [cited 2014 march] Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/HAN/042609.htm
[8] Pneumonia and Respiratory Failure from Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico Rogelio Perez-Padilla, M.D., Daniela de la Rosa-Zamboni, M.D., Samuel Ponce de Leon, M.D., Mauricio Hernandez, M.D., Francisco Quiñones-Falconi, M.D., Edgar Bautista, M.D., Alejandra Ramirez-Venegas, M.D., Jorge Rojas-Serrano, M.D., Christopher E. Ormsby, M.Sc., Ariel Corrales, M.D., Anjarath Higuera, M.D., Edgar Mondragon, M.D., and Jose Angel Cordova-Villalobos, M.D. for for the INER Working Group on Influenza. N Engl J Med. 2009. 361: 680-689 p.
[9] Jordi Rello, Alejandro Rodríguez, Pedro Ibañez, Lorenzo Socias, Javier Cebrian, Asunción Marques, José Guerrero, Sergio Ruiz-Santana, Enrique Marquez :Intensive care adult patients with severe respiratory failure caused by Influenza A (H1N1) in Spain. 2009. Critical Care. 13(5). [cited 2014 march] Available from: http://ccforum.com/content/13/5/R148
[10] WHO [online]. [cited 2014 march]. Pandemic (H1N1). 2009. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_08_21/en/index.html
[11] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Hospitalized patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection - California, April-May, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009, 58:536-541 p.
[12] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Intensive-care patients with severe novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection - Michigan, June 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009. 58:749-752 p.
[13] Ng WF, To KF, Lam WW, Ng TK, Lee KC. The comparative pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza A subtype H5N1 -- a review. Hum Pathol. 2006. 37:381-39 p.
[14] Hui DS. Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection. Respirology. 2008. 13: Suppl 1:S1.