Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of different fractions from Leucas cephalotes
Corresponding Author(s) : Babu Rao B
babupharma79@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 2 No. 1 (2014): 2014 Volume 2- Issue -1
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of various fractions of toluene, ethyl acetate, butan-2-one and n-butyl alcohol of Leucas cephalotes. The fractions of the plant material were evaluated for the analgesic activity by acetic acid-induced writhing test, Eddy’s Hot plate test in mice and formalin-induced test and anti-inflammatory activity was screened by Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma formation in rat models. The test fractions were showed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect in dose dependent manner and ethyl-acetate fraction was found to be most potent among the test fractions. At 150mg/Kg b.w.p.o dose Ethyl-acetate fraction significantly inhibited 68.98% writhing response and 73.52, 76.03% Formalin induced analgesic in mice. The fraction with same dose showed significant 65.35% inhibition of Carrageenan induced rat paw edema and 43.87, 40.64% anti-proliferative effect of cotton pellet in rats and also different fractions of Leucas cephalotes showed prompt analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity due to dual inhibition properties on COX-2 and 5-LOX.
Keywords
Acetic acid-induced writhing
Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema
Cotton pellet induced granuloma
Leucas cephalotes
1.
Babu Rao B. Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of different fractions from Leucas cephalotes. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Jul. 30 [cited 2026 Jan. 17];2(1):17-31. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/47
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References
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Brito ARMS, Antmio MA 1998. Oral anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities of a hydroalcoholic extract and partitioned fractions of Turnera ulmifolia (Turneraceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61: 215-228.
Bentley GA, Newton SH, Starr J 1983. Studies on the antinociceptive action of agonist drugs and their interaction with opioid mechanisms. British Journal of Pharmacology 32: 295-310.
Deraedt R, Jouquey S, Dealevalle E, Flahaut M 1980. Release of prostaglandins E and F in an algogenic reaction and its inhibition. European Journal of Pharmacology 61: 17-24.
Dominguez XA, Hinojosa M. 1976. Isolation of 5-hydroxy-7,3’,4’-trimethoxy-flavone from Turnera diffusa. Planta Medica 30: 68-71.
Eddy NB, Leimback D 1953. Synthetic analgesics: II. Dithyienylbutenylamines and dithienylbutylamines. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 107: 544-547.
Fujii M, Miyaichi Y, Tomimori T 1995. Flavonoid, phenylethanoid and iridoid constituents of the whole plant of Pedicularis longifloravar. tubiformis. Planta Medica 61: 584-586.
Gautam R, Srivastava A, Sanjay MJ, Arvind S, 2010. Anti-inflammatory, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, COX-1 inhibitory and antioxidant effects of Dysophylla stellata Benth. Fitoterapia 81: 45-49.
Ghosh NC 1988. Compartive material medica. Kolkata, India: Hanneman publ. Co. Private Ltd.
Gene RM, Segura L, Adzet T, Marin E, Inglesias J 1998. Heterotheca inuloides: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 60: 157-162.
Garcia MD, Puerta R, Martine Saenz MT 1997. Analgesic, antipyretic and antinflammatory effects of Achillea ageratum. Phytotherapy Research 11: 376-379.
Greca MD, MONACO P, PREVITERA L 1990. Stigmasterol from Typha latifólia. J. Nat. Prod 53: 1430-1435.
Grosser T, Friea S, Fitzgerald GA 2006. Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. Journal of Clinical investigations 116: 4-15.
Hiruma-Lima CA, Gracioso JS, Bighetti EJB, Germonsen RL, Souza BARM 2000. The juice of fresh leaves of Boerhaaria diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) markedly reduces pain in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71: 267-274.
Hunskaar S, Hole K 1987. The Formalin test in mice: Dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain. Pain 30: 103-114.
Iwamoto C, Riesen R, Schmidt JM, Doubek DL, Goswami A 2000. Isolation and structures of Schleicherastatins 1-7 and Schleicheols 1&2 from the teak forest medicinal tree Schleichera oleosa. J. Nat. Prod 63: 72-78.
Itokawa H, Suto K, Takeya K 1981. Studies on a novel p-coumaroyl glucoside of Apigenin and on other flavonoids isolated from Patchouli (Labiatae). Chem. Pharm. Bull 29: 254-256.
Just MJ, Recio MC, Giner RM, Cullar MJ, Manez S, Bilia AR 1998. Anti-inflammatory activity of unusual Lupane saponins from Bupleurum fructicescens. Planta Medica 64: 404-407.
Katsui N, Matsue H, Hirata T, Masamune T 1972. Phytosterols and triterpenes in the roots of the “kidney bean” (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn 45: 223-226.
Kolak U, Gulaçti T, Seher B, Gülten O, Ayhan U 2005. Terpenoids and steroids from the roots of Salvia blepharochlaena. Turk. J. Chem 29: 177-186.
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD 1988. Indain Medicinal Plants,second edition,International Book Distributors, Deharadun, 3: 2017-18.
Khare CP 2007. Indian medicinal plants .springer (India) private limited, 372.
Whittle BA 1964. The use of changes in capillary permeability in mice to distinguish between narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics. British Journal of Pharmacology 22: 246-253.
Koster R, Anderson M, De Beer EJ 1959. Acetic acid for analgesic screening. Fed. Proceedings 18: 412-416.
Kulmacz RJ, Lands WEM 1983. Prostaglandins 25: 531-540.
Mahgoub AA 2002. Grape fruit juice potentiates the anti-inflammatory effects of diclofenac on the carrageenan-induced rat’s paw edema. Pharmacology Research 45, 1-4.
Martel-Pelletier J, Lajeunesse D, Reboul P, Pelletier JP 2003. Therapeutic role of dual inhibitors of 5-LOX and COX, selective and non-selective non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Annals of the Rheumatoid Diseases 62: 501-509.
Miyaichi Y, Segawa A, Tomimori T 2006. Studies on nepalese crude drugs. XXIX. Chemical constituents of Dronapuspi, the whole herb of Leucas cephalotesSpreng. Chem. Pharm. Bull 54: 1370-1379.
Murray CW, Porreca F, Cowan A 1988. Methodogical refinements to the mouse paw formalin test. An animal model of tonic pain. Journal of Pharmacology Methods 20: 175-186.
Okoli CO, Akash PA, Egbuniwe ON 2006. Analgesic activity of leaf extracts of Culcasia scandens P.Beauv. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 44: 422-424.
Olajide OA, Makindo JM, Awe SO 1999. Effects of the aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea stem bark on carrageenan-induced edema and granuloma tissue formation in rats and mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66: 113-117.
Paech K, Tracey MV 1979a. Modern methods of plant analysis, 3:p 64 and 159.
Palanichamy S, Nagaranjan, 1990. Fitoterpia, LXI(1): 44-46.
Pettit GR, Numata A, Cragg GM, Herald DL, Takada T, Iwamoto C, Riesen R, Schmidt JM, Doubek DL, Goswami A 2000. Isolation and structures of Schleicherastatins 1-7 and Schleicheols 1&2 from the teak forest medicinal tree Schleichera oleosa. J. Nat. Prod 63: 72-78.
Reddenna P, Whelan J, Maddipati MR, Reddy CC 1990. Purification of arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase from potato tubers. Methods Enzymol 187: 268-277.
Selvam C, Jachak SM, Bhutani KK 2004. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory Flavonoids from the stem bark of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. Phytotherapy Research 18; 582-584
Sharma US, Sharma UK, Sutar N, Singh Shukla DK 2010. Anti inflammatory activity of Cordia dichotoma forst f. seeds extracts. Int. J. Pharm. Analysis 21: 1-4.
Singh N, Nath R, Gupta ML, Kohli RP 1978. An experimental evaluation of protective effects of some indigenous drugs on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and rats. Q. J. Crude Drug Res 16: 8-16.
Skoutakis VA, Carter CA, Mickle TR, Smith VH, Arkin CR, Alisandratos J, Petty DE 1988. Review of diclofenac and evaluation of its place in therapy as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 22: 850- 859.
Taesotiaul T, Panthong A, Kanjanatothi D, Vertoorte R, Scheffer JJC 2003. Anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and antinociceptive activities of Thebernaunonmontana pandacaqui poir. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84: 31-35.
Tjolsen A, Berge O G, Hunskaar S, Rosland JH, Hole K 1992. The formalin test: an evaluation method. Pain 51: 5-17.
Turner RA 1965. In: Analgesics screening methods in Pharmacology. Academic Press, New Yark, p 100.
Ulusu NN, Ercil D, Sakar MK, Tezcan EF 2002. Abietic acid inhibits lipoxygenase activity. Phytotherapy Research 16: 88-90. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.983.
Vasudevan M, Kishore Kumar G, Milind Parle P 2006. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Daucus carota seeds extract. Journal of Health Science 52(5): 598-606.
*Correspondence
Dr. B.BABU RAO
M.Pharm., Ph.D.
Principal
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,
Pathfinder Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research,
Beside Mamnoor Camp,
Warangal-506166.
Email Id: babupharma79@gmail.com
Institutional web address: www.piperedu.com
Tel. 0870-2420288
References
Brito ARMS, Antmio MA 1998. Oral anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities of a hydroalcoholic extract and partitioned fractions of Turnera ulmifolia (Turneraceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61: 215-228.
Bentley GA, Newton SH, Starr J 1983. Studies on the antinociceptive action of agonist drugs and their interaction with opioid mechanisms. British Journal of Pharmacology 32: 295-310.
Deraedt R, Jouquey S, Dealevalle E, Flahaut M 1980. Release of prostaglandins E and F in an algogenic reaction and its inhibition. European Journal of Pharmacology 61: 17-24.
Dominguez XA, Hinojosa M. 1976. Isolation of 5-hydroxy-7,3’,4’-trimethoxy-flavone from Turnera diffusa. Planta Medica 30: 68-71.
Eddy NB, Leimback D 1953. Synthetic analgesics: II. Dithyienylbutenylamines and dithienylbutylamines. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 107: 544-547.
Fujii M, Miyaichi Y, Tomimori T 1995. Flavonoid, phenylethanoid and iridoid constituents of the whole plant of Pedicularis longifloravar. tubiformis. Planta Medica 61: 584-586.
Gautam R, Srivastava A, Sanjay MJ, Arvind S, 2010. Anti-inflammatory, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, COX-1 inhibitory and antioxidant effects of Dysophylla stellata Benth. Fitoterapia 81: 45-49.
Ghosh NC 1988. Compartive material medica. Kolkata, India: Hanneman publ. Co. Private Ltd.
Gene RM, Segura L, Adzet T, Marin E, Inglesias J 1998. Heterotheca inuloides: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 60: 157-162.
Garcia MD, Puerta R, Martine Saenz MT 1997. Analgesic, antipyretic and antinflammatory effects of Achillea ageratum. Phytotherapy Research 11: 376-379.
Greca MD, MONACO P, PREVITERA L 1990. Stigmasterol from Typha latifólia. J. Nat. Prod 53: 1430-1435.
Grosser T, Friea S, Fitzgerald GA 2006. Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. Journal of Clinical investigations 116: 4-15.
Hiruma-Lima CA, Gracioso JS, Bighetti EJB, Germonsen RL, Souza BARM 2000. The juice of fresh leaves of Boerhaaria diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) markedly reduces pain in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71: 267-274.
Hunskaar S, Hole K 1987. The Formalin test in mice: Dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain. Pain 30: 103-114.
Iwamoto C, Riesen R, Schmidt JM, Doubek DL, Goswami A 2000. Isolation and structures of Schleicherastatins 1-7 and Schleicheols 1&2 from the teak forest medicinal tree Schleichera oleosa. J. Nat. Prod 63: 72-78.
Itokawa H, Suto K, Takeya K 1981. Studies on a novel p-coumaroyl glucoside of Apigenin and on other flavonoids isolated from Patchouli (Labiatae). Chem. Pharm. Bull 29: 254-256.
Just MJ, Recio MC, Giner RM, Cullar MJ, Manez S, Bilia AR 1998. Anti-inflammatory activity of unusual Lupane saponins from Bupleurum fructicescens. Planta Medica 64: 404-407.
Katsui N, Matsue H, Hirata T, Masamune T 1972. Phytosterols and triterpenes in the roots of the “kidney bean” (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn 45: 223-226.
Kolak U, Gulaçti T, Seher B, Gülten O, Ayhan U 2005. Terpenoids and steroids from the roots of Salvia blepharochlaena. Turk. J. Chem 29: 177-186.
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD 1988. Indain Medicinal Plants,second edition,International Book Distributors, Deharadun, 3: 2017-18.
Khare CP 2007. Indian medicinal plants .springer (India) private limited, 372.
Whittle BA 1964. The use of changes in capillary permeability in mice to distinguish between narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics. British Journal of Pharmacology 22: 246-253.
Koster R, Anderson M, De Beer EJ 1959. Acetic acid for analgesic screening. Fed. Proceedings 18: 412-416.
Kulmacz RJ, Lands WEM 1983. Prostaglandins 25: 531-540.
Mahgoub AA 2002. Grape fruit juice potentiates the anti-inflammatory effects of diclofenac on the carrageenan-induced rat’s paw edema. Pharmacology Research 45, 1-4.
Martel-Pelletier J, Lajeunesse D, Reboul P, Pelletier JP 2003. Therapeutic role of dual inhibitors of 5-LOX and COX, selective and non-selective non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Annals of the Rheumatoid Diseases 62: 501-509.
Miyaichi Y, Segawa A, Tomimori T 2006. Studies on nepalese crude drugs. XXIX. Chemical constituents of Dronapuspi, the whole herb of Leucas cephalotesSpreng. Chem. Pharm. Bull 54: 1370-1379.
Murray CW, Porreca F, Cowan A 1988. Methodogical refinements to the mouse paw formalin test. An animal model of tonic pain. Journal of Pharmacology Methods 20: 175-186.
Okoli CO, Akash PA, Egbuniwe ON 2006. Analgesic activity of leaf extracts of Culcasia scandens P.Beauv. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 44: 422-424.
Olajide OA, Makindo JM, Awe SO 1999. Effects of the aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea stem bark on carrageenan-induced edema and granuloma tissue formation in rats and mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66: 113-117.
Paech K, Tracey MV 1979a. Modern methods of plant analysis, 3:p 64 and 159.
Palanichamy S, Nagaranjan, 1990. Fitoterpia, LXI(1): 44-46.
Pettit GR, Numata A, Cragg GM, Herald DL, Takada T, Iwamoto C, Riesen R, Schmidt JM, Doubek DL, Goswami A 2000. Isolation and structures of Schleicherastatins 1-7 and Schleicheols 1&2 from the teak forest medicinal tree Schleichera oleosa. J. Nat. Prod 63: 72-78.
Reddenna P, Whelan J, Maddipati MR, Reddy CC 1990. Purification of arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase from potato tubers. Methods Enzymol 187: 268-277.
Selvam C, Jachak SM, Bhutani KK 2004. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory Flavonoids from the stem bark of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. Phytotherapy Research 18; 582-584
Sharma US, Sharma UK, Sutar N, Singh Shukla DK 2010. Anti inflammatory activity of Cordia dichotoma forst f. seeds extracts. Int. J. Pharm. Analysis 21: 1-4.
Singh N, Nath R, Gupta ML, Kohli RP 1978. An experimental evaluation of protective effects of some indigenous drugs on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and rats. Q. J. Crude Drug Res 16: 8-16.
Skoutakis VA, Carter CA, Mickle TR, Smith VH, Arkin CR, Alisandratos J, Petty DE 1988. Review of diclofenac and evaluation of its place in therapy as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 22: 850- 859.
Taesotiaul T, Panthong A, Kanjanatothi D, Vertoorte R, Scheffer JJC 2003. Anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and antinociceptive activities of Thebernaunonmontana pandacaqui poir. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84: 31-35.
Tjolsen A, Berge O G, Hunskaar S, Rosland JH, Hole K 1992. The formalin test: an evaluation method. Pain 51: 5-17.
Turner RA 1965. In: Analgesics screening methods in Pharmacology. Academic Press, New Yark, p 100.
Ulusu NN, Ercil D, Sakar MK, Tezcan EF 2002. Abietic acid inhibits lipoxygenase activity. Phytotherapy Research 16: 88-90. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.983.
Vasudevan M, Kishore Kumar G, Milind Parle P 2006. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Daucus carota seeds extract. Journal of Health Science 52(5): 598-606.
*Correspondence
Dr. B.BABU RAO
M.Pharm., Ph.D.
Principal
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,
Pathfinder Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research,
Beside Mamnoor Camp,
Warangal-506166.
Email Id: babupharma79@gmail.com
Institutional web address: www.piperedu.com
Tel. 0870-2420288
Bentley GA, Newton SH, Starr J 1983. Studies on the antinociceptive action of agonist drugs and their interaction with opioid mechanisms. British Journal of Pharmacology 32: 295-310.
Deraedt R, Jouquey S, Dealevalle E, Flahaut M 1980. Release of prostaglandins E and F in an algogenic reaction and its inhibition. European Journal of Pharmacology 61: 17-24.
Dominguez XA, Hinojosa M. 1976. Isolation of 5-hydroxy-7,3’,4’-trimethoxy-flavone from Turnera diffusa. Planta Medica 30: 68-71.
Eddy NB, Leimback D 1953. Synthetic analgesics: II. Dithyienylbutenylamines and dithienylbutylamines. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 107: 544-547.
Fujii M, Miyaichi Y, Tomimori T 1995. Flavonoid, phenylethanoid and iridoid constituents of the whole plant of Pedicularis longifloravar. tubiformis. Planta Medica 61: 584-586.
Gautam R, Srivastava A, Sanjay MJ, Arvind S, 2010. Anti-inflammatory, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, COX-1 inhibitory and antioxidant effects of Dysophylla stellata Benth. Fitoterapia 81: 45-49.
Ghosh NC 1988. Compartive material medica. Kolkata, India: Hanneman publ. Co. Private Ltd.
Gene RM, Segura L, Adzet T, Marin E, Inglesias J 1998. Heterotheca inuloides: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 60: 157-162.
Garcia MD, Puerta R, Martine Saenz MT 1997. Analgesic, antipyretic and antinflammatory effects of Achillea ageratum. Phytotherapy Research 11: 376-379.
Greca MD, MONACO P, PREVITERA L 1990. Stigmasterol from Typha latifólia. J. Nat. Prod 53: 1430-1435.
Grosser T, Friea S, Fitzgerald GA 2006. Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. Journal of Clinical investigations 116: 4-15.
Hiruma-Lima CA, Gracioso JS, Bighetti EJB, Germonsen RL, Souza BARM 2000. The juice of fresh leaves of Boerhaaria diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) markedly reduces pain in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71: 267-274.
Hunskaar S, Hole K 1987. The Formalin test in mice: Dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain. Pain 30: 103-114.
Iwamoto C, Riesen R, Schmidt JM, Doubek DL, Goswami A 2000. Isolation and structures of Schleicherastatins 1-7 and Schleicheols 1&2 from the teak forest medicinal tree Schleichera oleosa. J. Nat. Prod 63: 72-78.
Itokawa H, Suto K, Takeya K 1981. Studies on a novel p-coumaroyl glucoside of Apigenin and on other flavonoids isolated from Patchouli (Labiatae). Chem. Pharm. Bull 29: 254-256.
Just MJ, Recio MC, Giner RM, Cullar MJ, Manez S, Bilia AR 1998. Anti-inflammatory activity of unusual Lupane saponins from Bupleurum fructicescens. Planta Medica 64: 404-407.
Katsui N, Matsue H, Hirata T, Masamune T 1972. Phytosterols and triterpenes in the roots of the “kidney bean” (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn 45: 223-226.
Kolak U, Gulaçti T, Seher B, Gülten O, Ayhan U 2005. Terpenoids and steroids from the roots of Salvia blepharochlaena. Turk. J. Chem 29: 177-186.
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD 1988. Indain Medicinal Plants,second edition,International Book Distributors, Deharadun, 3: 2017-18.
Khare CP 2007. Indian medicinal plants .springer (India) private limited, 372.
Whittle BA 1964. The use of changes in capillary permeability in mice to distinguish between narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics. British Journal of Pharmacology 22: 246-253.
Koster R, Anderson M, De Beer EJ 1959. Acetic acid for analgesic screening. Fed. Proceedings 18: 412-416.
Kulmacz RJ, Lands WEM 1983. Prostaglandins 25: 531-540.
Mahgoub AA 2002. Grape fruit juice potentiates the anti-inflammatory effects of diclofenac on the carrageenan-induced rat’s paw edema. Pharmacology Research 45, 1-4.
Martel-Pelletier J, Lajeunesse D, Reboul P, Pelletier JP 2003. Therapeutic role of dual inhibitors of 5-LOX and COX, selective and non-selective non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Annals of the Rheumatoid Diseases 62: 501-509.
Miyaichi Y, Segawa A, Tomimori T 2006. Studies on nepalese crude drugs. XXIX. Chemical constituents of Dronapuspi, the whole herb of Leucas cephalotesSpreng. Chem. Pharm. Bull 54: 1370-1379.
Murray CW, Porreca F, Cowan A 1988. Methodogical refinements to the mouse paw formalin test. An animal model of tonic pain. Journal of Pharmacology Methods 20: 175-186.
Okoli CO, Akash PA, Egbuniwe ON 2006. Analgesic activity of leaf extracts of Culcasia scandens P.Beauv. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 44: 422-424.
Olajide OA, Makindo JM, Awe SO 1999. Effects of the aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea stem bark on carrageenan-induced edema and granuloma tissue formation in rats and mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66: 113-117.
Paech K, Tracey MV 1979a. Modern methods of plant analysis, 3:p 64 and 159.
Palanichamy S, Nagaranjan, 1990. Fitoterpia, LXI(1): 44-46.
Pettit GR, Numata A, Cragg GM, Herald DL, Takada T, Iwamoto C, Riesen R, Schmidt JM, Doubek DL, Goswami A 2000. Isolation and structures of Schleicherastatins 1-7 and Schleicheols 1&2 from the teak forest medicinal tree Schleichera oleosa. J. Nat. Prod 63: 72-78.
Reddenna P, Whelan J, Maddipati MR, Reddy CC 1990. Purification of arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase from potato tubers. Methods Enzymol 187: 268-277.
Selvam C, Jachak SM, Bhutani KK 2004. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory Flavonoids from the stem bark of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. Phytotherapy Research 18; 582-584
Sharma US, Sharma UK, Sutar N, Singh Shukla DK 2010. Anti inflammatory activity of Cordia dichotoma forst f. seeds extracts. Int. J. Pharm. Analysis 21: 1-4.
Singh N, Nath R, Gupta ML, Kohli RP 1978. An experimental evaluation of protective effects of some indigenous drugs on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and rats. Q. J. Crude Drug Res 16: 8-16.
Skoutakis VA, Carter CA, Mickle TR, Smith VH, Arkin CR, Alisandratos J, Petty DE 1988. Review of diclofenac and evaluation of its place in therapy as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 22: 850- 859.
Taesotiaul T, Panthong A, Kanjanatothi D, Vertoorte R, Scheffer JJC 2003. Anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and antinociceptive activities of Thebernaunonmontana pandacaqui poir. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84: 31-35.
Tjolsen A, Berge O G, Hunskaar S, Rosland JH, Hole K 1992. The formalin test: an evaluation method. Pain 51: 5-17.
Turner RA 1965. In: Analgesics screening methods in Pharmacology. Academic Press, New Yark, p 100.
Ulusu NN, Ercil D, Sakar MK, Tezcan EF 2002. Abietic acid inhibits lipoxygenase activity. Phytotherapy Research 16: 88-90. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.983.
Vasudevan M, Kishore Kumar G, Milind Parle P 2006. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Daucus carota seeds extract. Journal of Health Science 52(5): 598-606.
*Correspondence
Dr. B.BABU RAO
M.Pharm., Ph.D.
Principal
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,
Pathfinder Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research,
Beside Mamnoor Camp,
Warangal-506166.
Email Id: babupharma79@gmail.com
Institutional web address: www.piperedu.com
Tel. 0870-2420288