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Highly active antiretroviral therapy: Incidence of adverse drug reactions
Corresponding Author(s) : Languluri Reddenna
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013): 2013 Volume 1- Issue -1
Abstract
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981, in theUnitedStates of America in young homosexual men who had Kaposi sarcoma and serious infections. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, transfusion ofcontaminated blood, sharing of contaminated needles and between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. In India, an estimated 0.1 percent of adults aged 15-49 are living with HIV, which seems low when compared to HIV prevalence in some parts of sub- Saharan Africa.The HIV prevalence at antenatal clinics was 1% in 2007. This number is smaller than the reported 1.26% in 2006, but remains the highest out of all states. HIV prevalence at STD clinics was very high at 17% in 2007.Although adverse reactions are common and often predictable, their management must be individualized.In addition, the patient's report of severity can be inconsistent with the clinical interpretation and this must be considered when determining the management of adverse reactions.Antiretroviral therapy is effective for HIV treatment but also increasingly complex. The many adverse effects of therapy may cause symptoms affecting a variety of organ systems. Patient nonadherence is the reason for the treatment failure to antiretroviral therapy. To optimize adherence treating physicians must focus on early detection and prevention of ADRs, when possible and distinguishing those that are self-limited from those that are potentially serious. Pharmacist should be able to detect ADRs and the culture of reporting ADRs should be instructed. All ART centers should have pharmacovigilance cell. All ADRs reported should be analyzed as per WHO guidelines of causal assessment.Our study concluded that there is a need of active Pharmacovigilance centre with intensive monitoring for ADRs by the Pharmacist in Indian HIV positive patients.
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1. Averting HIV and AIDS [home page on the internet. 2011 May 12 [cited 2009 January 5] Available from: http://www.avert.org/.
2. "Public Health Agency of Canada". Phac-aspc.gc.ca. 2004-12-01. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/epiu-aepi/epi_update_may_04/13-eng.php. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
3. Library think quest home [home page on internet] 2009 Available from: http://library.thinkquest.org/10631/allabout/history.htm
4. Averting HIV and AIDS [home page on the internet]. 2008 November 26 [cited 2009 January5]. Available from: URL: http://www.avert.org/.
5. Adverse Drug Reactions: Types and Treatment Option MARC A. RIEDL, M.D., and ADRIAN M. CASILLAS, M.D., University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. 2003 Nov 1;68(9):1781-1791.
6. Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs July 2010, Ian McNicholl, PharmD, BCPS, University of California San Francisco.
7. Adverse Reactions to HIV Medications Guide for HIV/AIDS Clinical Care, HRSA HIV/AIDS Bureau July 2006; updated July 2007.
8. WHO- Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV infections in Adults and adolescents, Recommendations for a public health approach 2010 revision, Benefits and risks page no- 33.
9. Jain, M. K., John, T. J. and Keusch, G. T., A review of human immunodeficiency virus infection in India. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 1994, 7, 1185–1194.
10. Rajesh R, Vidyasagar S, Nandakumar K. Highly active antiretroviral therapy induced adverse drug reactions in Indian human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. Pharmacy Practice (Internet) 2011 Jan Mar;9(1):48-55.
11. Khalili. D-ashti-Khavidaki S, MohtazM, Etaghani A, Almasi F, Antiretroviral induced adverse drug reactions in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. Pharmacoepidemeology Drug Saf. 2009; 18(9): 848-857.
12. Dr. Marfatia Y.S, Makrandi Smita, Adverse drug reactions (ADR) due to Antiretrovirals (ARV):Issues and challenges.INDIAN J SEX TRANSM DIS 2005; Vol . 26, No. 1, 2.
13. FoisyMM, Gough K, QuanCM, HarrisK, IbanezD, Phillips A. Hospitalization due to adverse drug reactions and drug interactions before and after HAART. Can J Infect Dis 2000;11(4):193-201.
14. Michael Carter, the Journal of Acquired Immune HAART patients at greater risk of severe side effects than AIDS.02 December 2003.
15. Harminder Singh, Navin Dulhani, Pawan Tiwari, Prabhakar Singh, Tiku Sinha,Indian journal of pharmacology October 2009 : Vol 4 :Issue 5,224-226.
16. Valentina Montessori, Natasha Press, Marianne Harris, Linda Akagi, Julio S.G.Montaner, Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection.CMAJ • JAN. 20, 2004;17(2).
17. Le Beller C, Thomas L, Weiss L, Gonzalez Canali G, Le Louet H; Self-reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) by HIV-1-Infected patients: A 6 months experience of apilot study. Antivir Ther. 2003; 8 (Suppl.1): abstract no. 873.
18. MinziO.M.S, Irunde H and MoshiroC, HIV patients presenting common adverse drug events caused by highlyactive antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania, Tanzania Journal of Health Research, Vol.11, No. 1, January 2009.
19. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infections by Valentina Montessori, Natasha Press, Marianne Harris, Linda Akagi, S.G. Montaner, Canadian Medical Association Journal Jan 20,2004:170(2).
20. Murdoch DM, Venter WD, Feldman C, van RieA, Incidence and risk factor for the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patient in South Africa: a prospective study,AIDS. 2008;22(5):601-610.
21. Gerard Y, Maulin L, Yazadanpanah Y, et al. Emerging complications of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2000; 14: 2323-2730.
References
2. "Public Health Agency of Canada". Phac-aspc.gc.ca. 2004-12-01. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/epiu-aepi/epi_update_may_04/13-eng.php. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
3. Library think quest home [home page on internet] 2009 Available from: http://library.thinkquest.org/10631/allabout/history.htm
4. Averting HIV and AIDS [home page on the internet]. 2008 November 26 [cited 2009 January5]. Available from: URL: http://www.avert.org/.
5. Adverse Drug Reactions: Types and Treatment Option MARC A. RIEDL, M.D., and ADRIAN M. CASILLAS, M.D., University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. 2003 Nov 1;68(9):1781-1791.
6. Adverse Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs July 2010, Ian McNicholl, PharmD, BCPS, University of California San Francisco.
7. Adverse Reactions to HIV Medications Guide for HIV/AIDS Clinical Care, HRSA HIV/AIDS Bureau July 2006; updated July 2007.
8. WHO- Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV infections in Adults and adolescents, Recommendations for a public health approach 2010 revision, Benefits and risks page no- 33.
9. Jain, M. K., John, T. J. and Keusch, G. T., A review of human immunodeficiency virus infection in India. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 1994, 7, 1185–1194.
10. Rajesh R, Vidyasagar S, Nandakumar K. Highly active antiretroviral therapy induced adverse drug reactions in Indian human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. Pharmacy Practice (Internet) 2011 Jan Mar;9(1):48-55.
11. Khalili. D-ashti-Khavidaki S, MohtazM, Etaghani A, Almasi F, Antiretroviral induced adverse drug reactions in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. Pharmacoepidemeology Drug Saf. 2009; 18(9): 848-857.
12. Dr. Marfatia Y.S, Makrandi Smita, Adverse drug reactions (ADR) due to Antiretrovirals (ARV):Issues and challenges.INDIAN J SEX TRANSM DIS 2005; Vol . 26, No. 1, 2.
13. FoisyMM, Gough K, QuanCM, HarrisK, IbanezD, Phillips A. Hospitalization due to adverse drug reactions and drug interactions before and after HAART. Can J Infect Dis 2000;11(4):193-201.
14. Michael Carter, the Journal of Acquired Immune HAART patients at greater risk of severe side effects than AIDS.02 December 2003.
15. Harminder Singh, Navin Dulhani, Pawan Tiwari, Prabhakar Singh, Tiku Sinha,Indian journal of pharmacology October 2009 : Vol 4 :Issue 5,224-226.
16. Valentina Montessori, Natasha Press, Marianne Harris, Linda Akagi, Julio S.G.Montaner, Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection.CMAJ • JAN. 20, 2004;17(2).
17. Le Beller C, Thomas L, Weiss L, Gonzalez Canali G, Le Louet H; Self-reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) by HIV-1-Infected patients: A 6 months experience of apilot study. Antivir Ther. 2003; 8 (Suppl.1): abstract no. 873.
18. MinziO.M.S, Irunde H and MoshiroC, HIV patients presenting common adverse drug events caused by highlyactive antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania, Tanzania Journal of Health Research, Vol.11, No. 1, January 2009.
19. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infections by Valentina Montessori, Natasha Press, Marianne Harris, Linda Akagi, S.G. Montaner, Canadian Medical Association Journal Jan 20,2004:170(2).
20. Murdoch DM, Venter WD, Feldman C, van RieA, Incidence and risk factor for the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patient in South Africa: a prospective study,AIDS. 2008;22(5):601-610.
21. Gerard Y, Maulin L, Yazadanpanah Y, et al. Emerging complications of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2000; 14: 2323-2730.