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August 6, 2020
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Pregnancy with urinary tract infection and foetal outcome in selected health care facilities in sebha, libya.
Corresponding Author(s) : Darling .B.
jijinjijin2000@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 5 No. 1 (2017): 2017 Volume 5- Issue -1
Abstract
Aim of the study
Infections of the urinary tract (UTI) are the second most common type of infection in the body. The common problem during pregnancy was urinary tract infection. Pregnancy is one of the factors which increase the risk of UTI partly due to the pressure of gravid uterus on the ureters causing stasis of urine flow and is also attributed to the humoral and immunological changes during normal pregnancy. The aim of the study were to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women and find out the maternal and the foetal outcome among pregnancy with urinary tract infection and pregnancy without urinary tract infection women in selected hospital of Sebha , Libya.
Materials and Methods
Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to obtain pregnancy with urinary tract infection women and pregnancy without urinary tract infection women. A sample of 100 pregnancy with urinary tract infection women and 100 pregnancy with urinary tract infection women were selected. Data was collected using structured interview schedule.
Results
Findings of the study showed that 32% UTI gravid women had pre-term delivery; 35% UTI gravid women had postpartum haemorrhage and 34% UTI gravid women had delayed episiotomy wound healing. Regarding the foetal outcome 36% babies had asphyxia neonatorum; 40% babies had low birth weight; 35% prematurity and 38% babies had intra-uterine growth retardation [IUGR]. There was significant association (at p <0.05) in maternal and foetal outcome among pregnancy with urinary tract infection women and pregnancy without urinary tract infection women.
Conclusion
Findings of the study indicated the need to conduct frequent assessment of knowledge and risk factors of urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Awareness programmes should be conducted among the pregnant women for their promotion of health. One of the most important function of antenatal care (ANC) is to detect high risk pregnancies and to give them the necessary care. Early detection of urinary tract infection among pregnant women is important in reducing the maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Considering the importance of UTI in pregnant women which is responsible for several complications, its diagnosis and treatment are essential to maintain the health of mother and baby.
Keywords
Pregnant women
Pregnancy with urinary tract infection
Pregnancy without urinary tract infection
Maternal outcome,
Foetal outcome
UTI-urinary tract infection
1.
Darling .B. Pregnancy with urinary tract infection and foetal outcome in selected health care facilities in sebha, libya. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 6 [cited 2025 Nov. 14];5(1):71-9. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/345
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References
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Parveen K, Momen A, Begum AA, Begum M , Prevalence of urinary tract infection during pregnancy. J Dhaka National Med College Hospital: 17(2), 2011, 8-12. [2]. Koffuor GA, Boye A, Siakwa PM, Boampong JN, Ephraim RKD, et al. Asymptomatic urinary tract infections in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Cape Coast, Ghana. E3 Journal of Medical Research 1(6), 2012, 74-83. [3]. Kolawole AS, Kolawole OM, Kandaki-Olukemi YT, Babatunde SK, Durowade KA, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTI) among patients attending Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences1(5), 2009, 163-167 [4]. Hooton TM, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: International clinical practice guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50(5), 2010, 625–663. [5]. Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Cotran RS, Rubin RH. Urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, and reflux nephropathy. In: Brenner BM, ed. Brenner & Rector's The Kidney. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2(8), 2008, 1203–1238. [6]. Schaeffer AJ. Infections of the urinary tract. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ, eds. Campbell's Urology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 8(1), 2002, 515–602. [7]. Anderson GG, Palermo JJ, Schilling JD, et al. Intracellular bacterial biofilm-like pods in urinary tract infections. Science. 301, 2003, 105–107. [8]. Stapleton AE, Nudelman E, Clausen H, Hakomori S, Stamm WE. Binding of uropathogenic Escherichia coli R45 to glycolipids extracted from vaginal epithelial cells is dependent on histo-blood group secretor status. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 90, 1992, 965–972. [9]. Sharma JB, Aggarwal S, Singhal S, Kumar S, Roy KK. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and other urological problems during pregnancy: a questionnaire based study. Archives of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 279(6), 2009, 845–851. [10]. Awonuga DO, Fawole AO, Dada-Adegbola HO, Olola FA, Awonuga OM Predictors of asymptomatic bacteriuria among obstetric population in Ibadan. Niger J Med 19(3), 2010, 339. [11]. Hooton TM, Scholes D, Stapleton AE, et al. A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women. N Eng J Med 343(14), 2000, 1037–1039. [12]. Masinde A, Gumodoka B, Kilonzo A, Mshana SE , Prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 11(3), 2009, 154–9.
Darling B J et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-5(1) 2017 [71-79]
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[13]. Akinloye O, Ogbolu DO, Akinloye OM, Terry Alli OA, Asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnancy in Ibadan, Nigeria: a re-assessment. Br J Biomed Sci 63(3), 2006, 109–12. [14]. Liao Y, Yang C, Kao C, Dougherty M, Lai Y, et al. Prevalence and impact on quality of life of lower urinary tract symptoms among a sample of employed women in Taipei: A questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud 46, 2009, 633–644. [15]. Dielubanza EJ, Urinary tract infections in women. Med Clin North Am 95(1), 2011, 27–41. [16]. Demilie T, Beyene G, Melaku S, Tsegaye W, Urinary bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among pregnant women in North West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 22(2), 2012, 121-128. [17]. Rajaratnam A, Baby NM, Kuruvilla TS, Machado S. Diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated risk factors among pregnant women in mangalore, karnataka, India. J Clin Diagn Res. 8(9), 2014, 23–5. [18]. Yasemi M, Peyman H, Asadollahi K, Feizi A, Soroush S, Hematian A, et al. Frequency of bacteria causing urinary tract infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among pediatric patients in Western Iran from 2007-2009. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 28(3), 2014, 443–8. [19]. Masinde A, Gumodoka B, Kilonzo A, Mshana SE. Prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 11(3), 2009, 154–9. [20]. Litza JA, Brill JR. Urinary tract infections. Prim Care. 37(3), 2010, 491–507. [21]. Al-Haddad AM. Urinary tract infection among pregnant women in Al-Mukalla district, Yemen. East Mediterr Health J. 11(3), 2005, 505–10. [22]. Totsika M, Moriel DG, Idris A, Rogers BA, Wurpel DJ, et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infection. Curr Drug Targets. 13(11), 2012, 1386–99. [23]. Mittal P, Wing DA. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol. 32(3), 2005, 749–64. [24]. Schnarr J, Smaill F. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Eur J Clin Invest. 38(2), 2008, 50–7. [25]. Davidson R. Michele, London L. Maricia. OLDS Maternal Newborn Nursing and Women’s Health Across the lifespan. New Jersey; Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. [26]. Wong Donna L, Perry Shannon E. Maternal and child nursing care. United States of America: Mosby; 1, 1998, 58, 79. [27]. Mc Laughlin. P Sean, Carson C. Culley. Urinary Tract Infections in Women. The medical clinics of North America 88, 2004, 417. [28]. Mazor Dray, Lew A, Schlaeffer F, Sheiner E. Maternal Urinary Tract infection: is it independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcome? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 22(2), 2009, 124-8. [29]. Gulfareen hyder, Shazia rani, Saima gaffar, “Frequency of bacteriuria during pregnancy”, nursing research, 5, 17-20. [30]. A.Mahendra, A.Krishne gowda, “Prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI in pregnancy”, journal of health research, 11(3), 2009, 56-58. [31]. Haider G, Zehra N, Munir A A, Haider A. Risk factors of urinary tract infection in pregnancy. J Pak Med Assoc. 60(3), 2010, 213-6. [32]. Nworie, Eze. U.A., “Prevalence and etiologic agents of urinary tract infection”, journal of medical science, Riyadh. 21(4), 2009, 16-8. [33]. Al-Haddad A M. Urinary tract infection among pregnant women. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 11(3), 2005, 505-10. [34]. Dhital A D, Badhu B P, Paudel R K, Uprety D K. Effectiveness of structured teaching program in improving knowledge and attitude of Primi parous mothers regarding prevention of Urinary Tract Infection. University Medical Journal. 3(4), 2005, 380-3.
References
Parveen K, Momen A, Begum AA, Begum M , Prevalence of urinary tract infection during pregnancy. J Dhaka National Med College Hospital: 17(2), 2011, 8-12. [2]. Koffuor GA, Boye A, Siakwa PM, Boampong JN, Ephraim RKD, et al. Asymptomatic urinary tract infections in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Cape Coast, Ghana. E3 Journal of Medical Research 1(6), 2012, 74-83. [3]. Kolawole AS, Kolawole OM, Kandaki-Olukemi YT, Babatunde SK, Durowade KA, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTI) among patients attending Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences1(5), 2009, 163-167 [4]. Hooton TM, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: International clinical practice guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50(5), 2010, 625–663. [5]. Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Cotran RS, Rubin RH. Urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, and reflux nephropathy. In: Brenner BM, ed. Brenner & Rector's The Kidney. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2(8), 2008, 1203–1238. [6]. Schaeffer AJ. Infections of the urinary tract. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ, eds. Campbell's Urology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 8(1), 2002, 515–602. [7]. Anderson GG, Palermo JJ, Schilling JD, et al. Intracellular bacterial biofilm-like pods in urinary tract infections. Science. 301, 2003, 105–107. [8]. Stapleton AE, Nudelman E, Clausen H, Hakomori S, Stamm WE. Binding of uropathogenic Escherichia coli R45 to glycolipids extracted from vaginal epithelial cells is dependent on histo-blood group secretor status. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 90, 1992, 965–972. [9]. Sharma JB, Aggarwal S, Singhal S, Kumar S, Roy KK. Prevalence of urinary incontinence and other urological problems during pregnancy: a questionnaire based study. Archives of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 279(6), 2009, 845–851. [10]. Awonuga DO, Fawole AO, Dada-Adegbola HO, Olola FA, Awonuga OM Predictors of asymptomatic bacteriuria among obstetric population in Ibadan. Niger J Med 19(3), 2010, 339. [11]. Hooton TM, Scholes D, Stapleton AE, et al. A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women. N Eng J Med 343(14), 2000, 1037–1039. [12]. Masinde A, Gumodoka B, Kilonzo A, Mshana SE , Prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 11(3), 2009, 154–9.
Darling B J et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-5(1) 2017 [71-79]
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[13]. Akinloye O, Ogbolu DO, Akinloye OM, Terry Alli OA, Asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnancy in Ibadan, Nigeria: a re-assessment. Br J Biomed Sci 63(3), 2006, 109–12. [14]. Liao Y, Yang C, Kao C, Dougherty M, Lai Y, et al. Prevalence and impact on quality of life of lower urinary tract symptoms among a sample of employed women in Taipei: A questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud 46, 2009, 633–644. [15]. Dielubanza EJ, Urinary tract infections in women. Med Clin North Am 95(1), 2011, 27–41. [16]. Demilie T, Beyene G, Melaku S, Tsegaye W, Urinary bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among pregnant women in North West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 22(2), 2012, 121-128. [17]. Rajaratnam A, Baby NM, Kuruvilla TS, Machado S. Diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated risk factors among pregnant women in mangalore, karnataka, India. J Clin Diagn Res. 8(9), 2014, 23–5. [18]. Yasemi M, Peyman H, Asadollahi K, Feizi A, Soroush S, Hematian A, et al. Frequency of bacteria causing urinary tract infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among pediatric patients in Western Iran from 2007-2009. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 28(3), 2014, 443–8. [19]. Masinde A, Gumodoka B, Kilonzo A, Mshana SE. Prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 11(3), 2009, 154–9. [20]. Litza JA, Brill JR. Urinary tract infections. Prim Care. 37(3), 2010, 491–507. [21]. Al-Haddad AM. Urinary tract infection among pregnant women in Al-Mukalla district, Yemen. East Mediterr Health J. 11(3), 2005, 505–10. [22]. Totsika M, Moriel DG, Idris A, Rogers BA, Wurpel DJ, et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infection. Curr Drug Targets. 13(11), 2012, 1386–99. [23]. Mittal P, Wing DA. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol. 32(3), 2005, 749–64. [24]. Schnarr J, Smaill F. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Eur J Clin Invest. 38(2), 2008, 50–7. [25]. Davidson R. Michele, London L. Maricia. OLDS Maternal Newborn Nursing and Women’s Health Across the lifespan. New Jersey; Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. [26]. Wong Donna L, Perry Shannon E. Maternal and child nursing care. United States of America: Mosby; 1, 1998, 58, 79. [27]. Mc Laughlin. P Sean, Carson C. Culley. Urinary Tract Infections in Women. The medical clinics of North America 88, 2004, 417. [28]. Mazor Dray, Lew A, Schlaeffer F, Sheiner E. Maternal Urinary Tract infection: is it independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcome? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 22(2), 2009, 124-8. [29]. Gulfareen hyder, Shazia rani, Saima gaffar, “Frequency of bacteriuria during pregnancy”, nursing research, 5, 17-20. [30]. A.Mahendra, A.Krishne gowda, “Prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI in pregnancy”, journal of health research, 11(3), 2009, 56-58. [31]. Haider G, Zehra N, Munir A A, Haider A. Risk factors of urinary tract infection in pregnancy. J Pak Med Assoc. 60(3), 2010, 213-6. [32]. Nworie, Eze. U.A., “Prevalence and etiologic agents of urinary tract infection”, journal of medical science, Riyadh. 21(4), 2009, 16-8. [33]. Al-Haddad A M. Urinary tract infection among pregnant women. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 11(3), 2005, 505-10. [34]. Dhital A D, Badhu B P, Paudel R K, Uprety D K. Effectiveness of structured teaching program in improving knowledge and attitude of Primi parous mothers regarding prevention of Urinary Tract Infection. University Medical Journal. 3(4), 2005, 380-3.
Darling B J et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-5(1) 2017 [71-79]
79
[13]. Akinloye O, Ogbolu DO, Akinloye OM, Terry Alli OA, Asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnancy in Ibadan, Nigeria: a re-assessment. Br J Biomed Sci 63(3), 2006, 109–12. [14]. Liao Y, Yang C, Kao C, Dougherty M, Lai Y, et al. Prevalence and impact on quality of life of lower urinary tract symptoms among a sample of employed women in Taipei: A questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud 46, 2009, 633–644. [15]. Dielubanza EJ, Urinary tract infections in women. Med Clin North Am 95(1), 2011, 27–41. [16]. Demilie T, Beyene G, Melaku S, Tsegaye W, Urinary bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern among pregnant women in North West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 22(2), 2012, 121-128. [17]. Rajaratnam A, Baby NM, Kuruvilla TS, Machado S. Diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated risk factors among pregnant women in mangalore, karnataka, India. J Clin Diagn Res. 8(9), 2014, 23–5. [18]. Yasemi M, Peyman H, Asadollahi K, Feizi A, Soroush S, Hematian A, et al. Frequency of bacteria causing urinary tract infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among pediatric patients in Western Iran from 2007-2009. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 28(3), 2014, 443–8. [19]. Masinde A, Gumodoka B, Kilonzo A, Mshana SE. Prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 11(3), 2009, 154–9. [20]. Litza JA, Brill JR. Urinary tract infections. Prim Care. 37(3), 2010, 491–507. [21]. Al-Haddad AM. Urinary tract infection among pregnant women in Al-Mukalla district, Yemen. East Mediterr Health J. 11(3), 2005, 505–10. [22]. Totsika M, Moriel DG, Idris A, Rogers BA, Wurpel DJ, et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infection. Curr Drug Targets. 13(11), 2012, 1386–99. [23]. Mittal P, Wing DA. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol. 32(3), 2005, 749–64. [24]. Schnarr J, Smaill F. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Eur J Clin Invest. 38(2), 2008, 50–7. [25]. Davidson R. Michele, London L. Maricia. OLDS Maternal Newborn Nursing and Women’s Health Across the lifespan. New Jersey; Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. [26]. Wong Donna L, Perry Shannon E. Maternal and child nursing care. United States of America: Mosby; 1, 1998, 58, 79. [27]. Mc Laughlin. P Sean, Carson C. Culley. Urinary Tract Infections in Women. The medical clinics of North America 88, 2004, 417. [28]. Mazor Dray, Lew A, Schlaeffer F, Sheiner E. Maternal Urinary Tract infection: is it independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcome? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 22(2), 2009, 124-8. [29]. Gulfareen hyder, Shazia rani, Saima gaffar, “Frequency of bacteriuria during pregnancy”, nursing research, 5, 17-20. [30]. A.Mahendra, A.Krishne gowda, “Prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI in pregnancy”, journal of health research, 11(3), 2009, 56-58. [31]. Haider G, Zehra N, Munir A A, Haider A. Risk factors of urinary tract infection in pregnancy. J Pak Med Assoc. 60(3), 2010, 213-6. [32]. Nworie, Eze. U.A., “Prevalence and etiologic agents of urinary tract infection”, journal of medical science, Riyadh. 21(4), 2009, 16-8. [33]. Al-Haddad A M. Urinary tract infection among pregnant women. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 11(3), 2005, 505-10. [34]. Dhital A D, Badhu B P, Paudel R K, Uprety D K. Effectiveness of structured teaching program in improving knowledge and attitude of Primi parous mothers regarding prevention of Urinary Tract Infection. University Medical Journal. 3(4), 2005, 380-3.