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Modulation of Microglia in Neuro-Inflammation and to Enhance Neuroplasticity in Ischemic Stroke
Corresponding Author(s) : Mandepudi Lakshmi Chandini
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): 2025 Volume -13 - Issue 2
Abstract
Stroke is a medical emergency that causes damage to the brain by interfering with the blood supply to the brain, a lack of blood flow to the brain leads to depletion of oxygen and nutrients to the brain/ part of which can eventually cause permanent damage, resulting death of an individual. Stroke initiates a powerful inflammatory cascade in the brain and also causes immunosuppression, which is addressed as stroke-induced immunosuppression. The immune cells, such as dendritic cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, microglia cells, and the residing macrophages in the innate immune system in the central nervous system. Microglial cells are a type of resident glial cells present in the brain and spinal cord, which are accountable for the development of the brain and proper function of the neuronal system. The resident immune cells also play a crucial role in injury response as well as injury repair. Microglial cells serve as a “double-edged sword “due to their nature of being beneficiary coupled with detrimental effects in the central nervous system (CNS). The beneficial aspects are- immune defense in CNS, shapes and regulates neural connections (neuroplasticity), and also aids in repairing and rejuvenating the damaged brain tissues. The detrimental aspects include neuro-inflammation, synaptic pruning, and alterations implicated in neurodegeneration. This article reviews the role of microglial cells in inducing neuroinflammation, as the activation of microglial cells has a huge impact on neuroinflammation accompanied by neuroplasticity. Thereby, alterations in microglial cells in such a way to enhance the neuronal-plasticity after the occurrence of ischemic stroke. This remodeling can pave a novel approach in decreasing the damage in ischemic stroke.
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- Feigin VL, Stark BA, Johnson CO, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021; 20:795–820.
- Liu S, Levine SR, Winn HR. Targeting ischemic penumbra: part I - from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategy. Journal of experimental stroke & translational medicine. 2010; 3(1):47–55.
- Takeda, Kiyoshi, Shizuo Akira. TLR signaling pathways. Seminars in immunology. 2004; 16(1):3-9.
- Kawasaki T and Kawai T. Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Frontiers in immunology. 2014; 5:461.
- Dezfulian C, Garrett M, Gonzalez NR. Clinical application of preconditioning and postconditioning to achieve neuroprotection. Translational stroke research. 2013; 4(1):19–24.
- McDonough A, Weinstein JR. The role of microglia in ischemic preconditioning. Glia. 2020; 68(3):455–471.
- Ding R, Gao L, Wang X. et al. High-fat diet and chronic restraint stress exacerbate anxiety-depressive behaviors via astrocytic A1 phenotype transformation. Sci Rep. 2025; 15:15031.
- Fumagalli M, Lombardi M, Gressens P, Verderio C. How to reprogram microglia toward beneficial functions. Glia. 2018; 66(12):2531–2549.
- Divya Amaravadi, Srinivas Laxmapuram, Sonali Sabavat, Vasudha Bakshi, Narender Boggula. A study on prescription pattern of cardiovascular drugs in inpatient department at a tertiary care centre. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2018; 8(2):27-32.
- Qiu M, Xu E, Zhan L. Epigenetic Regulations of Microglia/Macrophage Polarization in Ischemic Stroke. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience. 2021; 14:697416.
- Imai F, Suzuki H, Oda J, Ninomiya T, Ono K, Sano H, Sawada M. Neuroprotective effect of exogenous microglia in global brain ischemia. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism: official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 2007; 27(3):488–500.
- Divya Amaravadi, Rajeswari R, Vasudha Bakshi, Narender Boggula. Study on The Incidence of Intravenous Medication-Administration Errors at A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in South India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2018; 8(3):388-398.
- Liang J, Han R, Zhou B. Metabolic Reprogramming: Strategy for Ischemic Stroke Treatment by Ischemic Preconditioning. Biology. 2021; 10(5):424.
- Pal R, Bradford BM, Mabbott NA. Innate Immune Tolerance in Microglia Does Not Impact on Central Nervous System Prion Disease. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience. 2022; 16:918883.
- Vivek Kunduru, Naveen Pathakala, Vasudha Bakshi, Narender Boggula. A study on knowledge and awareness of community pharmacist towards ADR reporting. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017; 6(4):1436-1451.
- Kim JY, Kim N, Yenari MA. Mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications of microglial activation after brain injury. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics. 2015; 21(4):309–319.
References
Feigin VL, Stark BA, Johnson CO, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021; 20:795–820.
Liu S, Levine SR, Winn HR. Targeting ischemic penumbra: part I - from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategy. Journal of experimental stroke & translational medicine. 2010; 3(1):47–55.
Takeda, Kiyoshi, Shizuo Akira. TLR signaling pathways. Seminars in immunology. 2004; 16(1):3-9.
Kawasaki T and Kawai T. Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Frontiers in immunology. 2014; 5:461.
Dezfulian C, Garrett M, Gonzalez NR. Clinical application of preconditioning and postconditioning to achieve neuroprotection. Translational stroke research. 2013; 4(1):19–24.
McDonough A, Weinstein JR. The role of microglia in ischemic preconditioning. Glia. 2020; 68(3):455–471.
Ding R, Gao L, Wang X. et al. High-fat diet and chronic restraint stress exacerbate anxiety-depressive behaviors via astrocytic A1 phenotype transformation. Sci Rep. 2025; 15:15031.
Fumagalli M, Lombardi M, Gressens P, Verderio C. How to reprogram microglia toward beneficial functions. Glia. 2018; 66(12):2531–2549.
Divya Amaravadi, Srinivas Laxmapuram, Sonali Sabavat, Vasudha Bakshi, Narender Boggula. A study on prescription pattern of cardiovascular drugs in inpatient department at a tertiary care centre. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2018; 8(2):27-32.
Qiu M, Xu E, Zhan L. Epigenetic Regulations of Microglia/Macrophage Polarization in Ischemic Stroke. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience. 2021; 14:697416.
Imai F, Suzuki H, Oda J, Ninomiya T, Ono K, Sano H, Sawada M. Neuroprotective effect of exogenous microglia in global brain ischemia. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism: official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 2007; 27(3):488–500.
Divya Amaravadi, Rajeswari R, Vasudha Bakshi, Narender Boggula. Study on The Incidence of Intravenous Medication-Administration Errors at A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in South India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2018; 8(3):388-398.
Liang J, Han R, Zhou B. Metabolic Reprogramming: Strategy for Ischemic Stroke Treatment by Ischemic Preconditioning. Biology. 2021; 10(5):424.
Pal R, Bradford BM, Mabbott NA. Innate Immune Tolerance in Microglia Does Not Impact on Central Nervous System Prion Disease. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience. 2022; 16:918883.
Vivek Kunduru, Naveen Pathakala, Vasudha Bakshi, Narender Boggula. A study on knowledge and awareness of community pharmacist towards ADR reporting. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017; 6(4):1436-1451.
Kim JY, Kim N, Yenari MA. Mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications of microglial activation after brain injury. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics. 2015; 21(4):309–319.