Parkinson's Disease: Insights into Epidemiology, Experimental Models, and Novel Therapeutic Approaches

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects motor functions, with symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. Non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment and mood disorders, also contribute to the disease burden. While the exact etiology remains unclear, both genetic and environmental factors play a role in its onset and progression. The prevalence of PD is increasing, particularly among aging populations, with men being more affected than women. Various experimental models, including chemically induced and genetic animal models, are used to study PD pathophysiology and evaluate potential treatments. Current therapeutic approaches focus on symptom management through pharmacological treatments such as levodopa, dopamine agonists, and MAO-B inhibitors, as well as non-pharmacological interventions like physiotherapy, cognitive therapy, and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Despite advancements in understanding PD, no cure exists, and research continues to explore disease-modifying treatments and early diagnostic methods. This review highlights key epidemiological trends, experimental research, and current therapeutic strategies, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary approaches to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.