Road traffic accidents and their relationship with severity of head injury according to type of road user: an epidemiological survey in a tertiary care hospital in kollam, kerala
Corresponding Author(s) : Ahmad Nadeem Aslami
nadeemahmed@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015): 2015 Volume 3- Issue -2
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Road traffic accidents are now becoming a leading cause of death among younger population. Every year nearly 1 million people die due to these accidents. Pedestrian are most vulnerable for injury in accidents. Head injury is an important cause for these deaths.
OBJECTIVE
To find out the distribution and severity of road traffic accidents and to find the association between type of road user and head injury received during accident.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A cross sectional study conducted in a tertiary care hospital of Kollam, Kerala. 400 Patients admitted during October 2014 to march 2015 in the casualty for road accidents were selected for analysis. Emergency case files of these patients were studied in detail. Epi Info version 3.5.1. was used for analysis. Chi-square test was done to find significance. Difference was accepted as significant at more than 95% (p-value <0.05).
RESULTS
The mean age of patients was 39 years. Maximum (25%) patients were of the age group 21-30 years. 75% were males and 48.2% suffered head injuries. 24.75% were pedestrians. Out of these 57.6% suffered head injury. 5.8% of patients suffered severe head injury. Pedestrians suffered more (10.1%) severe head injury than non-pedestrians (4.3%). 6.5% succumbed to their injuries. Death rate among patients who suffered head injury (10.4%) was significantly more as compared to those who did not have head injury (2.9%).
CONCLUSION
Road traffic accidents are a major public health problem although it can be prevented. Pedestrians should be very careful. The patients who receive head injury are at greater risk for mortality.
Keywords
Road traffic accidents
Kollam
pedestrians
head injury
1.
Ahmad Nadeem Aslami. Road traffic accidents and their relationship with severity of head injury according to type of road user: an epidemiological survey in a tertiary care hospital in kollam, kerala. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 4 [cited 2025 Jul. 12];3(2):146-51. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/153
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References
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1. World Health Organization, Regional office for South-east Asia. Injuries and violence. The facts 2010. Geneva. Switzerland WHO; 2010,p 3,10. Available from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599375_eng.pdf [Last accessed on 2015 May 19].
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4. Vij K. Text Book of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. 2nd ed. India Churchill Livingstone, 2002 521.
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6. Pruthi N, Ashok M, Kumar VS, Jhavar K, Sampath S, Devi BI. Magnitude of pedestrian head injuries & fatalities in Bangalore, south India a retrospective study from an apex neurotrauma center. Indian J Med Res 2012; 136 1039-43.
7. World Health Organization, Regional office for South-east Asia. World Report on road traffic injury prevention 2004. Geneva, Switzerland WHO; 2004, p33-46. Available from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/summary_en_rev.pdf [Last accessed on 2015 May 19].
8. Pathak SM, Jindal AK, Verma AK, Mahen A. An epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases admitted in a tertiary care hospital. Med J Armed Forces India 2014; 70 32-5.
9. Yeung JH, Chang AL, Ho W, So FL, Graham CA, Cheng B, et al. High risk trauma in older adults in Hong Kong a multicentric study. Injury 2008; 39 1034-41.
10. Takanishi DM Jr, Yu M, Morita SY. Increased fatalities and cost of traumatic injuries in elderly pedestrians in Hawaii a challenge for prevention and outreach. Asia Pac J Public Health 2008; 20 327-39.
11. Singh R, Singh HK, Gupta SC, Kumar Y. Pattern, Severity and Circumstances of Injuries Sustained in Road Traffic Accidents. A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study. Indian J Community Med 2014; 39 30-4.
12. Subedi N, Yadav BN, Jha S, Paudel IS, Regmi R. A profile of abdominal and pelvic injuries in medico-legal autopsy. J Forensic Leg Med 2013; 20 792-6.
13. Kumar A, Lalwani S, Agrawal D, Rautji R, Dogra T. Fatal road traffic accidents and their relationship with head injuries an epidemiological survey of five years. Indian Journal of Neurotrauma 2008; 5 63-67.
14. Kraus JF, Fife D. Incidence, external causes, and outcomes of work-related brain injuries in males. J Occup Med 1985; 27 757-60.
15. Singh H, Dhattarwal SK. Pattern and distribution of injuries in fatal road traffic accidents in rohtak (Haryana). JIAFM 2004; 26 20-23.
16. Aggarwal KK, Oberoi SS, Kumar R, Sharma M. Pattern and distribution of injuries in fatal road traffic accident cases. J Punjab Acad of Forensic Med & Toxicology 2009; 9 72-75.
17. Patil SS, Kakade R, Durgawale P, Kakade S. Pattern of road traffic injuries a study from western Maharashtra. Indian J Community Med 2008; 33 56-7.
18. Suryanarayana S, Gautham M, Manjunath M, Narendranath V. Surveillance of injuries in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Community Med 2010; 35 191-2.
19. Fitzharris M, Dandona R, Kumar GA, Dandona L. Crash characteristics and pattern of injury among hospitalized motorized two-wheeled vehicle users in urban India. BMC Public Health 2009; 9 11.
20. Malhotra C, Singh MM, Garg S, Malhotra R, Dhaon BK, Mehra M. Pattern And Severity Of Injuries In Victims Of Road Traffic Crashes Attending A Tertiary Care Hospital Of Delhi Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology [serial online] 2005; Vol. 6(2). Available from http://www.anilaggrawal.com/ij/vol_006_no_002/papers/paper006.html [Last accessed on 2015 May 21].
21. Urfi, Kirmani S, Amir A, Hoda MF, Khalil S. Road traffic accidents with head injury a study from western Uttar Pradesh. National Journal of Community Medicine 2013; 4 252-55.
22. Odebode TO. Age related pattern and outcome of head injury in indigenous Africa. Niger J Clin Pract 2008; 11 265-9.
23. Farooqui JM, Chavan KD, Bangal RS, Syed MM, Thacker PJ, Alam S, et al. Pattern of injury in fatal road traffic accidents in a rural area of western Maharashtra, India. Australas Med J 2013; 6 476-82.
24. Hsiao M, Malhotra A, Thakur JS, Sheth JK, Nathens AB, Dhingra N, et al. Road traffic injury mortality and its mechanisms in India nationally representative mortality survey of 1.1 million homes.
25. Gururaj G. Road traffic deaths, injuries and disabilities in India current scenario. Natl Med J India 2008; 21 14-20.
References
1. World Health Organization, Regional office for South-east Asia. Injuries and violence. The facts 2010. Geneva. Switzerland WHO; 2010,p 3,10. Available from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599375_eng.pdf [Last accessed on 2015 May 19].
2. Peden M. Global collaboration on road traffic injury prevention. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2005; 12 85-91.
3. National Crime Records Bureau. Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India; 2012. Available from http://ncrb.gov.in/CD-ADSI-2012/ADSI2012.pdf [Last accessed on 2015 May 19].
4. Vij K. Text Book of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. 2nd ed. India Churchill Livingstone, 2002 521.
5. Faul M, Xu L, Wald MM, et al. Traumatic brain injury in the United States Emergency department visits , Hospitalizations and deaths 2002-2006. Atlanta (GA) Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centre for Injury Prevention and Control; 2010 21. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/blue_book.pdf [Last accessed on 2015 May 19].
6. Pruthi N, Ashok M, Kumar VS, Jhavar K, Sampath S, Devi BI. Magnitude of pedestrian head injuries & fatalities in Bangalore, south India a retrospective study from an apex neurotrauma center. Indian J Med Res 2012; 136 1039-43.
7. World Health Organization, Regional office for South-east Asia. World Report on road traffic injury prevention 2004. Geneva, Switzerland WHO; 2004, p33-46. Available from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/summary_en_rev.pdf [Last accessed on 2015 May 19].
8. Pathak SM, Jindal AK, Verma AK, Mahen A. An epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases admitted in a tertiary care hospital. Med J Armed Forces India 2014; 70 32-5.
9. Yeung JH, Chang AL, Ho W, So FL, Graham CA, Cheng B, et al. High risk trauma in older adults in Hong Kong a multicentric study. Injury 2008; 39 1034-41.
10. Takanishi DM Jr, Yu M, Morita SY. Increased fatalities and cost of traumatic injuries in elderly pedestrians in Hawaii a challenge for prevention and outreach. Asia Pac J Public Health 2008; 20 327-39.
11. Singh R, Singh HK, Gupta SC, Kumar Y. Pattern, Severity and Circumstances of Injuries Sustained in Road Traffic Accidents. A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study. Indian J Community Med 2014; 39 30-4.
12. Subedi N, Yadav BN, Jha S, Paudel IS, Regmi R. A profile of abdominal and pelvic injuries in medico-legal autopsy. J Forensic Leg Med 2013; 20 792-6.
13. Kumar A, Lalwani S, Agrawal D, Rautji R, Dogra T. Fatal road traffic accidents and their relationship with head injuries an epidemiological survey of five years. Indian Journal of Neurotrauma 2008; 5 63-67.
14. Kraus JF, Fife D. Incidence, external causes, and outcomes of work-related brain injuries in males. J Occup Med 1985; 27 757-60.
15. Singh H, Dhattarwal SK. Pattern and distribution of injuries in fatal road traffic accidents in rohtak (Haryana). JIAFM 2004; 26 20-23.
16. Aggarwal KK, Oberoi SS, Kumar R, Sharma M. Pattern and distribution of injuries in fatal road traffic accident cases. J Punjab Acad of Forensic Med & Toxicology 2009; 9 72-75.
17. Patil SS, Kakade R, Durgawale P, Kakade S. Pattern of road traffic injuries a study from western Maharashtra. Indian J Community Med 2008; 33 56-7.
18. Suryanarayana S, Gautham M, Manjunath M, Narendranath V. Surveillance of injuries in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Community Med 2010; 35 191-2.
19. Fitzharris M, Dandona R, Kumar GA, Dandona L. Crash characteristics and pattern of injury among hospitalized motorized two-wheeled vehicle users in urban India. BMC Public Health 2009; 9 11.
20. Malhotra C, Singh MM, Garg S, Malhotra R, Dhaon BK, Mehra M. Pattern And Severity Of Injuries In Victims Of Road Traffic Crashes Attending A Tertiary Care Hospital Of Delhi Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology [serial online] 2005; Vol. 6(2). Available from http://www.anilaggrawal.com/ij/vol_006_no_002/papers/paper006.html [Last accessed on 2015 May 21].
21. Urfi, Kirmani S, Amir A, Hoda MF, Khalil S. Road traffic accidents with head injury a study from western Uttar Pradesh. National Journal of Community Medicine 2013; 4 252-55.
22. Odebode TO. Age related pattern and outcome of head injury in indigenous Africa. Niger J Clin Pract 2008; 11 265-9.
23. Farooqui JM, Chavan KD, Bangal RS, Syed MM, Thacker PJ, Alam S, et al. Pattern of injury in fatal road traffic accidents in a rural area of western Maharashtra, India. Australas Med J 2013; 6 476-82.
24. Hsiao M, Malhotra A, Thakur JS, Sheth JK, Nathens AB, Dhingra N, et al. Road traffic injury mortality and its mechanisms in India nationally representative mortality survey of 1.1 million homes.
25. Gururaj G. Road traffic deaths, injuries and disabilities in India current scenario. Natl Med J India 2008; 21 14-20.
2. Peden M. Global collaboration on road traffic injury prevention. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2005; 12 85-91.
3. National Crime Records Bureau. Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India; 2012. Available from http://ncrb.gov.in/CD-ADSI-2012/ADSI2012.pdf [Last accessed on 2015 May 19].
4. Vij K. Text Book of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. 2nd ed. India Churchill Livingstone, 2002 521.
5. Faul M, Xu L, Wald MM, et al. Traumatic brain injury in the United States Emergency department visits , Hospitalizations and deaths 2002-2006. Atlanta (GA) Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centre for Injury Prevention and Control; 2010 21. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/blue_book.pdf [Last accessed on 2015 May 19].
6. Pruthi N, Ashok M, Kumar VS, Jhavar K, Sampath S, Devi BI. Magnitude of pedestrian head injuries & fatalities in Bangalore, south India a retrospective study from an apex neurotrauma center. Indian J Med Res 2012; 136 1039-43.
7. World Health Organization, Regional office for South-east Asia. World Report on road traffic injury prevention 2004. Geneva, Switzerland WHO; 2004, p33-46. Available from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/summary_en_rev.pdf [Last accessed on 2015 May 19].
8. Pathak SM, Jindal AK, Verma AK, Mahen A. An epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases admitted in a tertiary care hospital. Med J Armed Forces India 2014; 70 32-5.
9. Yeung JH, Chang AL, Ho W, So FL, Graham CA, Cheng B, et al. High risk trauma in older adults in Hong Kong a multicentric study. Injury 2008; 39 1034-41.
10. Takanishi DM Jr, Yu M, Morita SY. Increased fatalities and cost of traumatic injuries in elderly pedestrians in Hawaii a challenge for prevention and outreach. Asia Pac J Public Health 2008; 20 327-39.
11. Singh R, Singh HK, Gupta SC, Kumar Y. Pattern, Severity and Circumstances of Injuries Sustained in Road Traffic Accidents. A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study. Indian J Community Med 2014; 39 30-4.
12. Subedi N, Yadav BN, Jha S, Paudel IS, Regmi R. A profile of abdominal and pelvic injuries in medico-legal autopsy. J Forensic Leg Med 2013; 20 792-6.
13. Kumar A, Lalwani S, Agrawal D, Rautji R, Dogra T. Fatal road traffic accidents and their relationship with head injuries an epidemiological survey of five years. Indian Journal of Neurotrauma 2008; 5 63-67.
14. Kraus JF, Fife D. Incidence, external causes, and outcomes of work-related brain injuries in males. J Occup Med 1985; 27 757-60.
15. Singh H, Dhattarwal SK. Pattern and distribution of injuries in fatal road traffic accidents in rohtak (Haryana). JIAFM 2004; 26 20-23.
16. Aggarwal KK, Oberoi SS, Kumar R, Sharma M. Pattern and distribution of injuries in fatal road traffic accident cases. J Punjab Acad of Forensic Med & Toxicology 2009; 9 72-75.
17. Patil SS, Kakade R, Durgawale P, Kakade S. Pattern of road traffic injuries a study from western Maharashtra. Indian J Community Med 2008; 33 56-7.
18. Suryanarayana S, Gautham M, Manjunath M, Narendranath V. Surveillance of injuries in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Community Med 2010; 35 191-2.
19. Fitzharris M, Dandona R, Kumar GA, Dandona L. Crash characteristics and pattern of injury among hospitalized motorized two-wheeled vehicle users in urban India. BMC Public Health 2009; 9 11.
20. Malhotra C, Singh MM, Garg S, Malhotra R, Dhaon BK, Mehra M. Pattern And Severity Of Injuries In Victims Of Road Traffic Crashes Attending A Tertiary Care Hospital Of Delhi Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology [serial online] 2005; Vol. 6(2). Available from http://www.anilaggrawal.com/ij/vol_006_no_002/papers/paper006.html [Last accessed on 2015 May 21].
21. Urfi, Kirmani S, Amir A, Hoda MF, Khalil S. Road traffic accidents with head injury a study from western Uttar Pradesh. National Journal of Community Medicine 2013; 4 252-55.
22. Odebode TO. Age related pattern and outcome of head injury in indigenous Africa. Niger J Clin Pract 2008; 11 265-9.
23. Farooqui JM, Chavan KD, Bangal RS, Syed MM, Thacker PJ, Alam S, et al. Pattern of injury in fatal road traffic accidents in a rural area of western Maharashtra, India. Australas Med J 2013; 6 476-82.
24. Hsiao M, Malhotra A, Thakur JS, Sheth JK, Nathens AB, Dhingra N, et al. Road traffic injury mortality and its mechanisms in India nationally representative mortality survey of 1.1 million homes.
25. Gururaj G. Road traffic deaths, injuries and disabilities in India current scenario. Natl Med J India 2008; 21 14-20.