Copyright (c) 2020 Neema Johnson
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Liver Cancer: Recent Developments in Diagnosis & Treatment
Corresponding Author(s) : Neema Johnson
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2015): 2015 Volume 3- Issue -1
Abstract
Only cancers that start in the liver are called liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death and the fifth most common solid tumor worldwide. Its incidence has increased dramatically in the past few years in all over the world. Despite advances in surgical and nonsurgical therapies in the treatment of liver cancer, a number of controversial issues regarding appropriate screening methods, diagnosis, staging, and management continue to evolve.[1] The aim of this review is to help the practicing Pharm D students, clinical pharmacist and physicians to identify high-risk patients, implement an appropriate screening strategy, order relevant tests to confirm the diagnosis, and formulate an appropriate management plan which include newer treatment options like virus therapy,nanoknife, magnetic targeting, nanoknife, therasphere etc.
Keywords
Liver Cancer
Virus Therapy
Cancer Spotters
Magnetic Targeting
Nanoknife
Therasphere
References
-
[1] S Parikh, D Hyman. Hepatocellular Cancer: A Guide for the Internist. The American Journal of Medicine. 2007; 120: 194-202.
[2] Pilia G, et al. Mutations in GPC3, a glycan gene, cause the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome. Nat Genet. 1996; 12: 241–7.
[3] Hsu H, et al. Cloning and expression of a developementally regulated transcript MXR7 in hepatocellular carcinoma: biological significance and temporospatial distribution. Cancer Res.1997; 57: 5179–84.
[4] Capurro M, et al. Glypican-3: a novel serum and histochemical marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2003; 125: 89–97.
[5] Nakatsura T, et al. Glypican-3, overexpressed specifically in human hepatocellular carcinoma, is a novel tumor marker. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003; 306: 16–25.
[6] Capurro M, et al. Glypican-3 promotes the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by stimulating canonical Wnt signaling. Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 6245–54.
[7] Ishiguro T, et al. Anti-glypican 3 antibody as a potential antitumor agent for human liver cancer. Cancer Res. 2008; 68: 9832–8.
[8] Llovet J, et al. A molecular signature to discriminate dysplastic nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2006; 131:1758–67.
[9] Park J O, Z Stephen, C Sun. Glypican-3 Targeting of Liver Cancer Cells Using Multifunctional Nanoparticles. Mol Imaging. 2011; 10: 69–77.
[10] G. S Kanniappan, M. Vali, and R. Kunjithapatham, et al. 3-Bromopyruvate: a New Targeted
Antiglycolytic Agent and a Promise for Cancer Therapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2010; 11: 510-517.
[11] Breitbach CJ, Paterson JM, Lemay CG, Falls TJ, McGuire A, Parato KA, Stojdl DF, Daneshmand M, Speth K, Kirn D,et al: Targeted inflammation during oncolytic virus therapy severely compromises tumor blood flow.Mol Ther 2007,15:1686–1693.
[12] Liu TC, Hwang T, Park BH, Bell J, Kirn DH. The targeted oncolytic poxvirus JX-594 demonstrates antitumoral, antivascular, and anti-HBV activities in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Ther.2008; 16: 1637–1642.
[13] Breitbach CJ, Arulanandam R, De Silva N, Thorne SH, Patt R, Daneshmand M, Moon a, Ilkow C, Burke J, Hwang TH, et al: Oncolytic vaccinia virus disrupts tumor-associated vasculature in humans. Cancer Res. 2013; 73: 1265–1275.
[14] Melcher A, Paratoo K, Rooney CM, Bell JC. Thunder and lightning: immunotherapy and oncolytic viruses collide. Mol Ther. 2011, 19: 1008–1016.
[15] Prestwich RJ, Harrington KJ, Pandha HS, Vile RG, and Melcher AA, Errington F: Oncolytic viruses: a novel form of immunotherapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008; 8: 1581–1588.
[16] Tong AW, Senzer N, Cerullo V, Templeton NS, Hemminki A, Nemunaitis J. Oncolytic viruses for induction of anti-tumor immunity. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012; 13: 1750–176
[17] Matzinger P. The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science. 2002; 296: 301–305.
[18] Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr. decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science. 2002; 296: 298–300.
[19] Tang D, Kang R, Coyne CB, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT. PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity. Immunol Rev. 2012; 249: 158–175.
[20] Maeng JH, Lee DH, Jung KH, et al. Multifunctional doxorubicin loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for chemotherapy and magnetic resonance imaging in liver cancer. Biomaterials. 2010; 31: 4995-5006.
[21] Hideaki Tsukuma, Hideo Tanaka, Wakiko Ajiki, Akira Oshima. Liver Cancer and its Prevention. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2005; 6: 244-250.
References
[1] S Parikh, D Hyman. Hepatocellular Cancer: A Guide for the Internist. The American Journal of Medicine. 2007; 120: 194-202.
[2] Pilia G, et al. Mutations in GPC3, a glycan gene, cause the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome. Nat Genet. 1996; 12: 241–7.
[3] Hsu H, et al. Cloning and expression of a developementally regulated transcript MXR7 in hepatocellular carcinoma: biological significance and temporospatial distribution. Cancer Res.1997; 57: 5179–84.
[4] Capurro M, et al. Glypican-3: a novel serum and histochemical marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2003; 125: 89–97.
[5] Nakatsura T, et al. Glypican-3, overexpressed specifically in human hepatocellular carcinoma, is a novel tumor marker. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003; 306: 16–25.
[6] Capurro M, et al. Glypican-3 promotes the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by stimulating canonical Wnt signaling. Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 6245–54.
[7] Ishiguro T, et al. Anti-glypican 3 antibody as a potential antitumor agent for human liver cancer. Cancer Res. 2008; 68: 9832–8.
[8] Llovet J, et al. A molecular signature to discriminate dysplastic nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2006; 131:1758–67.
[9] Park J O, Z Stephen, C Sun. Glypican-3 Targeting of Liver Cancer Cells Using Multifunctional Nanoparticles. Mol Imaging. 2011; 10: 69–77.
[10] G. S Kanniappan, M. Vali, and R. Kunjithapatham, et al. 3-Bromopyruvate: a New Targeted
Antiglycolytic Agent and a Promise for Cancer Therapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2010; 11: 510-517.
[11] Breitbach CJ, Paterson JM, Lemay CG, Falls TJ, McGuire A, Parato KA, Stojdl DF, Daneshmand M, Speth K, Kirn D,et al: Targeted inflammation during oncolytic virus therapy severely compromises tumor blood flow.Mol Ther 2007,15:1686–1693.
[12] Liu TC, Hwang T, Park BH, Bell J, Kirn DH. The targeted oncolytic poxvirus JX-594 demonstrates antitumoral, antivascular, and anti-HBV activities in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Ther.2008; 16: 1637–1642.
[13] Breitbach CJ, Arulanandam R, De Silva N, Thorne SH, Patt R, Daneshmand M, Moon a, Ilkow C, Burke J, Hwang TH, et al: Oncolytic vaccinia virus disrupts tumor-associated vasculature in humans. Cancer Res. 2013; 73: 1265–1275.
[14] Melcher A, Paratoo K, Rooney CM, Bell JC. Thunder and lightning: immunotherapy and oncolytic viruses collide. Mol Ther. 2011, 19: 1008–1016.
[15] Prestwich RJ, Harrington KJ, Pandha HS, Vile RG, and Melcher AA, Errington F: Oncolytic viruses: a novel form of immunotherapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008; 8: 1581–1588.
[16] Tong AW, Senzer N, Cerullo V, Templeton NS, Hemminki A, Nemunaitis J. Oncolytic viruses for induction of anti-tumor immunity. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012; 13: 1750–176
[17] Matzinger P. The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science. 2002; 296: 301–305.
[18] Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr. decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science. 2002; 296: 298–300.
[19] Tang D, Kang R, Coyne CB, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT. PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity. Immunol Rev. 2012; 249: 158–175.
[20] Maeng JH, Lee DH, Jung KH, et al. Multifunctional doxorubicin loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for chemotherapy and magnetic resonance imaging in liver cancer. Biomaterials. 2010; 31: 4995-5006.
[21] Hideaki Tsukuma, Hideo Tanaka, Wakiko Ajiki, Akira Oshima. Liver Cancer and its Prevention. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2005; 6: 244-250.
[2] Pilia G, et al. Mutations in GPC3, a glycan gene, cause the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome. Nat Genet. 1996; 12: 241–7.
[3] Hsu H, et al. Cloning and expression of a developementally regulated transcript MXR7 in hepatocellular carcinoma: biological significance and temporospatial distribution. Cancer Res.1997; 57: 5179–84.
[4] Capurro M, et al. Glypican-3: a novel serum and histochemical marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2003; 125: 89–97.
[5] Nakatsura T, et al. Glypican-3, overexpressed specifically in human hepatocellular carcinoma, is a novel tumor marker. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003; 306: 16–25.
[6] Capurro M, et al. Glypican-3 promotes the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by stimulating canonical Wnt signaling. Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 6245–54.
[7] Ishiguro T, et al. Anti-glypican 3 antibody as a potential antitumor agent for human liver cancer. Cancer Res. 2008; 68: 9832–8.
[8] Llovet J, et al. A molecular signature to discriminate dysplastic nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2006; 131:1758–67.
[9] Park J O, Z Stephen, C Sun. Glypican-3 Targeting of Liver Cancer Cells Using Multifunctional Nanoparticles. Mol Imaging. 2011; 10: 69–77.
[10] G. S Kanniappan, M. Vali, and R. Kunjithapatham, et al. 3-Bromopyruvate: a New Targeted
Antiglycolytic Agent and a Promise for Cancer Therapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2010; 11: 510-517.
[11] Breitbach CJ, Paterson JM, Lemay CG, Falls TJ, McGuire A, Parato KA, Stojdl DF, Daneshmand M, Speth K, Kirn D,et al: Targeted inflammation during oncolytic virus therapy severely compromises tumor blood flow.Mol Ther 2007,15:1686–1693.
[12] Liu TC, Hwang T, Park BH, Bell J, Kirn DH. The targeted oncolytic poxvirus JX-594 demonstrates antitumoral, antivascular, and anti-HBV activities in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Ther.2008; 16: 1637–1642.
[13] Breitbach CJ, Arulanandam R, De Silva N, Thorne SH, Patt R, Daneshmand M, Moon a, Ilkow C, Burke J, Hwang TH, et al: Oncolytic vaccinia virus disrupts tumor-associated vasculature in humans. Cancer Res. 2013; 73: 1265–1275.
[14] Melcher A, Paratoo K, Rooney CM, Bell JC. Thunder and lightning: immunotherapy and oncolytic viruses collide. Mol Ther. 2011, 19: 1008–1016.
[15] Prestwich RJ, Harrington KJ, Pandha HS, Vile RG, and Melcher AA, Errington F: Oncolytic viruses: a novel form of immunotherapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008; 8: 1581–1588.
[16] Tong AW, Senzer N, Cerullo V, Templeton NS, Hemminki A, Nemunaitis J. Oncolytic viruses for induction of anti-tumor immunity. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012; 13: 1750–176
[17] Matzinger P. The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science. 2002; 296: 301–305.
[18] Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr. decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science. 2002; 296: 298–300.
[19] Tang D, Kang R, Coyne CB, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT. PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity. Immunol Rev. 2012; 249: 158–175.
[20] Maeng JH, Lee DH, Jung KH, et al. Multifunctional doxorubicin loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for chemotherapy and magnetic resonance imaging in liver cancer. Biomaterials. 2010; 31: 4995-5006.
[21] Hideaki Tsukuma, Hideo Tanaka, Wakiko Ajiki, Akira Oshima. Liver Cancer and its Prevention. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2005; 6: 244-250.