Date Log
Submitted
June 26, 2021
Published
June 26, 2021
Pharmacology of an Endangered Medicinal Plant Alpinia galanga: A Possible Treatment for covid-19
Corresponding Author(s) : R. Darla
rajudarlaofficial@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): 2021 Volume - 9 Issue - 2
Abstract
Traditional system of medicine consists of huge number of plants with various medicinal and pharmacological importances and hence represents a priceless thank of latest bioactive molecules. galangal (Linn.) is one of these, found everywhere the planet. it's commonly referred to as ‘Kulanjan’. Different parts of this plant are traditionally claimed to be used for the treatment of anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-diuretic, disease of heart, rheumatic pains, dyspepsia, fever, diabetes etc. Therefore, this review aimed to compile and comprehensive information of galangal with special emphasis on its various scientifically documented pharmacological activities, traditional and folk medicine uses along side its role in biofuel industry. this review will highlight the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Alpinia galangal. Galangal (Zingiberaceae) is one sort of herbal plant that's widely grown in india. Various countries cultivate this medicinal plant, including India. This medicinal plant features a sort of benefits and even be used as a treatment for several diseases. Although the galangal rhizome is that the most generally used and studied a part of the plant, the flower on the galangal also can provide additional advantages, like antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate galangal for the longer term prospects against SARS-CoV-2. In summary, this study suggests that lengkuas could be useful as a treatment for COVID-19, although further studies might be conducted to verify the results of computational studies.
Keywords
galangal
COVID-19
Medicinal Plant
pharmacology
SARS-CoV-2
R. Darla, H Nandini Bai, Ningaraboiya kavitha, Vitta Kavya, & P Balraj. (2021). Pharmacology of an Endangered Medicinal Plant Alpinia galanga: A Possible Treatment for covid-19. International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research, 9(2), 313–319. https://doi.org/10.61096/ijamscr.v9.iss2.2021.313-319
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
References
-
1. Vanwyk B-E, Wink M. Medicinal Plant of The World. 1st ed. 2009; 7, Published by Briz, South Publication Africa: 43.
2. Patel BV. A report of the seminar on. Ahmadabad: Herbal Drugs, Present Status and Future Prospects, Perd Centre; 2001.
3. Paul T, Devasagayam A. Recent advances in Indian herbal drug Research radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; 2006.
4. Jain B, Kumane CJ, Bhattacharya SS. Medicinal flora of Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh – A Review Indian. J Trad Knowl. 2006; 5(2):237-42.
5. ’Research Guidelines for Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicines’, World Health Organization, Regional office for the western Pacific, Manila. Vols. 1-2; 1993.
6. Jaju S, Indurwade N, Sakarkar D, Fuloria N, Ali M. Isolation of galangogalloside from rhizomes of Alpinia galangal. Int J Green Pharm. 2009; 3(2):144-7. doi: 10.4103/0973-8258.54907.
7. Joy PP, Thomas J, Mathew S, Skaria BP. Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices: the current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources. J Med Aromat Plant Sci. 2001; 23(3):341-3.
8. Pal Jain A, Singh Pawara R, Lodhia S, Singhaia A. Immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant potential of Alpinia galanga Linn. Rhizomes. Phcog Commn. 2012; 2(3):30-7. doi: 10.5530/pc.2012.3.7.
9. Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Shafi MP, Leela NK. Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India. Acta Pharmaceutica-Zagreb-. 2003; 53(2):73-81. PMID 14764241.
10. Ciolino HP, Yeh GC. The flavonoid galangin is an inhibitor of CYP1A1 activity and an agonist/antagonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Br J Cancer. 1999; 79(9-10):1340-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690216, PMID 10188874.
11. Scheffer JJC. Analysis of essential oils by combined liquid–solid and gas–liquid chromatography [doctoral dissertation], Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden; 1978.
12. De Pooter HL, Omar MN, Coolsaet BA, Schamp NM. The essential oil of greater galanga (Alpinia galanga) from Malaysia. Phytochemistry. 1985; 24(1):93-6. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80814-6.
13. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western pacific. Essential medicines and health products. Med Plants Viet Nam. 1990; 3.
14. Yang X, Eilerman RG. Pungent principal of Alpinia galangal (L.) Swartz and its applications. J Agric Food Chem. 1999; 47(4):1657-62. doi: 10.1021/jf9808224, PMID 10564034.
15. Mori H, Kubota K, Kobayashi A. Potent aroma components of rhizomes from Alpinia galanga Willd. L. J Jpn Soc Food Sci Technol. 1995; 42(12):989-95. doi: 10.3136/nskkk.42.989.
16. Farnsworth NR, Bunyapraphatsara. Antibacterial activity of Thai herbal extracts on acne involved microorganism N. Thai medicinal plants: recommended for primary health care system. Med Plants Information Center. 1992.
17. Someya Y, Kobayashi A, Kubota K. Isolation and identification of trans-2- and trans-3-hydroxy-1,8-cineole glucosides from Alpinia galanga. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001; 65(4):950-3. doi: 10.1271/bbb.65.950, PMID 11388479.
18. Kubota K, Someya Y, Yoshida R, Kobayashi A, Morita TI, Koshino H. Enantiomeric purity and odor characteristics of 2- and 3-acetoxy-1, 8-cineoles in the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga willd. J Agric Food Chem. 1999; 47(2):685-9. doi: 10.1021/jf9807465, PMID 10563953.
19. Kubota K, Nakamura (Murayam K, Kobayashi A, Amaike M. Acetoxy-1, 8-cineoles as Aroma Constituents of Alpinia g alanga Willd. J Agric Food Chem. 1998; 46(12):5244-7. doi: 10.1021/jf9804239.
20. Arawwawala LD, Arambewela LSR, Owen NL. The essential oil of Alpinia galanga from Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Association for the advancement of science. Proceedings of the 59th annual session. Vol. 232; 2003.
21. Itokawa H, Morita H, Sumitomo T, Totsuka N, Takeya K. Antitumour principles from Alpinia galanga. Planta Med. 1987; 53(1):32-3. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-962611, PMID 3575509.
22. Barik BR, Kundu AB, Dey AK. Two phenolic constituents from Alpinia galanga rhizomes. Phytochemistry. 1987; 26(7):2126-7. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81779-3.
23. Morita H, Itokawa H. New diterpenes from Alpinia galanga. Chem Lett. 1986; 7:1205-8.
24. Matsuda H, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Morikawa T, Ochi M, Yoshikawa M. Gastro protective effects of phenylpropanoids from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga in rats: structural requirements and mode of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003; 471(1):59-67. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01785-0, PMID 12809953.
25. Lee CC, Houghton P. Cytotoxicity of plants from Malaysia and Thailand used traditionally to treat cancer. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 100(3):237-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.064, PMID 15888378.
26. Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Managi H, Yoshikawa M. Antiallergic principles from Alpinia galanga: structural requirements of phenylpropanoids for inhibition of degranulation and release of TNF-alpha and IL-4 in RBL-2H3 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003; 13(19):3197-202. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x (03)00710-8, PMID 12951092.
27. Charles DJ, Simon JE, Singh NK. The Essential Oil of Alpinia galanga Willd. J Essent Oil Res. 1992; 4(1):81-2. doi: 10.1080/10412905.1992.9698016.
28. Syamasundar KV, Ramesh S, Chandrasekhara RS, Kumar S, Kukreja AK, Dwivedi S, Singh AK. Volatile constituents of Alpinia galanga flower oil. J Med Aromat Plant Sci. 2000; 22(1B):646-8.
29. Yu JG. Identification of the chemical components of two Alpinia species. Zhong Yao Tong Bao (Beijing China 1981). 1988; 13(6):34-6, 63. PMID 3203437.
30. De Pooter HL, Omar MN, Coolsaet BA, Schamp NM. The essential oil of greater galanga (Alpinia galanga) from Malaysia. Phytochemistry. 1985; 24(1):93-6. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80814-6.
31. Thomas E, Shanmugan J, Rafi MM. Antibacterial activity of plants belonging to Zingiberaceace family. Biomedicine. 1996; 16:15-20.
32. Turker A, Usta C. Biological activity of some medicinal plants sold in Turkish health-food stores. Biotechnol Equip. 2006; 20(3):105-13. doi: 10.1080/13102818.2006.10817386.
33. Tachakittirungrod S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from Hyptis suaveolens and Alpinia galanga growing in northern Thailand. Nat Sci. 2007; 6(1):31-42.
34. Hsu WY, Simonne A, Weissman A, Kim JM. Antimicrobial activity of greater galangal [Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Swartz.] flowers. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2010; 19(4):873-80. doi: 10.1007/s10068-010-0124-9.
35. Oonmetta-aree J, Suzuki T, Gasaluck P, Eumkeb G. Antimicrobial properties and action of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus aureus. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2006; 39(10):1214-20. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.06.015.
36. Farnsworth NR, Bunyapraphatsara N. Antibacterial activity of Thai herbal extracts on acne involved microorganism. Thai medicinal plants: recommended for primary health care system. Medicinal Plant Information Center, 1992.
37. Janssen AM, Scheffer JJC. Acetoxychavicol acetate, an antifungal Component of Alpinia galanga. Planta Med. 1985; 51(6):507-11. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-969577, PMID 3841613.
38. Ficker CE, Smith ML, Susiarti S, Leaman DJ, Irawati C, Arnason JT. Inhibition of human pathogenic fungi by members of Zingiberaceae used by the Kenyah (Indonesian Borneo). J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 85(2-3):289-93. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00009-6, PMID 12639754.
39. Trakranrungsie N, Chatchawanchonteera A, Khunkitti W. Ethnoveterinary study for antidermatophytic activity of Piper betle, Alpinia galanga and Allium ascalonicum extracts in vitro. Res Vet Sci. 2008; 84(1):80-4. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.006, PMID 17482221.
40. Khattak S, Saeed-ur-Rehman, Ullah Shah H, Ahmad W, Ahmad M. Biological effects of indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga. Fitoterapia. 2005; 76(2):254-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2004.12.012, PMID 15810156.
41. Taechowisan T, Lumyong S. Activity of endophytic actimomycetes from roots of Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga against phytopathogenic fungi. Ann Microbiol. 2003; 53(3):291-8.
42. Tewtrakul S, Subhadhirasakul S, Kummee S. HIV-1 protease inhibitory effects of medicinal plants used as self medication by AIDS patients. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2003; 25(2):239-43.
43. Ye Y, Li B. 1’s-1?-Acetoxychavicol acetate isolated from Alpinia galanga inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type1 replication by blocking Rev Transport. J Gen Virol. 2006; 87(7):2047-53. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.81685-0, PMID 16760408.
44. Sawangjaroen N, Subhadhirasakul S, Phongpaichit S, Siripanth C, Jamjaroen K, Sawangjaroen K. The in vitro anti-giardial activity of extracts from plants that are used for self-medication by AIDS patients in southern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2005; 95(1):17-21. doi: 10.1007/s00436-004-1264-8, PMID 15614584.
45. Sawangjaroen N, Phongpaichit S, Subhadhirasakul S, Visutthi M, Srisuwan N, Thammapalerd N. The anti-amoebic activity of some medicinal plants used by AIDS patients in southern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2006; 98(6):588-92. doi: 10.1007/s00436-005-0119-2, PMID 16447069.
46. Kaur A, Singh R, Dey CS, Sharma SS, Bhutani KK, Singh IP. Antileishmanial phenylpropanoids from Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010; 48(3):314-7. PMID 21046987.
47. Chopra IC, Khajuria BN, Chopra CL. Antibacterial properties of volatile principles from Alpinia galanga and Acorus calamus. Antibiot Chemother (Northfield). 1957; 7(7):378-83. PMID 24544484.
48. Kiuchi F, Matsuo K, Itano Y, Ito M, Honda G, Qui TK, Aoki T. Screening of natural medicines used in Vietnam for trypanocidal activity against epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Nat Med. 2002; 56(2):64-8.
49. Arambewela L, Wijesinghe A. Sri Lankan Medicinal Plant Monographs and Analysis, Alpinia galanga. Industrial Technology Institute & National Science Foundation; 2006. p. 10.
50. Khare CP. Alpinia galanga – an Important Medicinal Plant: a review. A Dictionary of Indian Medicinal Plant. Vol. 37. Springer India Pvt. Ltd.; 2007.
51. [51] ram P. Rastogi, BN. Mahrotra, and An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. Compend Indian Med Plant CDRI Natl Inst Sci Commun Inf, (New Delhi): IV, 6-37.
52. Rajpal VB, Kohli DPS. Herbal drug industry. 2nd ed, Published by Business Horizons, New Delhi. Vols. 100-101; 2009.
53. Rastogi RP, BN. mahrotra. Compendium of Indian medicinal plant. CDRI Natl Inst Sci Commun Inf New Delhi; IV: 6-37.
54. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian medicinal plant. 7th ed. Vol. 16. New Delhi: NISCAIR Press; 2006.
55. The review of natural product. 2nd ed, Published by Fact and Comparison 111 West Port Plaza. MO; 2002. p. 29-30.
56. Gupta RK. Medicinal and aromatic plants. 1st ed. New Delhi: CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt. Ltd; 2010. p. 468-9.
57. Elsamma T, Shanmugam J, Rafi MM. An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. Biomedicine. 1996; 16(2/3):15-20.
58. Haraguchi H, Kuwata Y, Inada K, Shingu K, Miyahara K, Nagao M, Yagi A. Antifungal activity from Alpinia galanga and the competition for incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids in cell growth. Planta Med. 1996; 62(4):308-13. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957890, PMID 8792660.
59. Taechowisan T, Lumyong S. Chitinase production by endophytic Streptomyces aureofaciens CMUAc130 and its antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi. Ann Microbiol. 2003; 53(3):291-8.
60. Thuy Quynh VT, Duszkiewicz – Reinhard W. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from fresh and dried Alpinia galanga rhizomes. J Essent Oil Bear Plants. 2004; 7(2):165-70. doi: 10.1080/0972-060X.2004.10643385.
61. Chukanhom K, Borisuthpeth P, Hatai K. Antifungal Activities of Aroma Components from Alpinia galanga against Water Molds. Biocontrol Sci. 2005; 10(3):105-9. doi: 10.4265/bio.10.105.
62. Hong SJ, Chang CH. Erythema multiforme-like generalized allergic contact dermatitis caused by Alpinia galanga. Contact Dermatitis. 2006; 54(2):118-20. doi: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.0560b.x, PMID 16487286.
63. Oonmetta-aree J, Suzuki T, Gasaluck P, Eumkeb G. Antimicrobial properties and action of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus aureus. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2006; 39(10):1214-20. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.06.015.
64. Trakranrungsie N, Chatchawanchonteera A, Khunkitti W. Ethnoveterinary study for antidermatophytic activity of Piper betle, Alpinia galanga and Allium ascalonicum extracts in vitro. Res Vet Sci. 2008; 84(1):80-4. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.006, PMID 17482221.
65. Latha C, Shriram VD, Jahagirdar SS, Dhakephalkar PK, Rojatkar SR. Antiplasmid activity of 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate from Alpinia galanga against multi-drug resistant bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 123(3):522-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.028, PMID 19501283.
66. Sunilson JAJ, Suraj R, Rejitha G, Anandaraja K, Kumari AVAG, Promwichit P. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga Extracts as Natural Food Preservatives. Am J Food Technol. 2009; 4(5):192-200. doi: 10.3923/ajft.2009.192.200.
67. Yamsakul P, Kongkhaew S, Yano T, Sukprasitch V, Prakattagomol W, Ogonoki S. The antibacterial and bactericidal activity of Alpinia galanga extracts to referent strain of pathogenic bacteria of pig in vivo. Proceedings of the 47th Kasetsart university annual conference, Kasetsart. March 17-20, 2009, Subject: Veterinary Medicine; 2009:208-15.
68. Pompimon W, Jomduang J, Prawat U, Mankhetkorn S. Anti-Phytopthora capsici Activities and Potential Use as antifungal in Agriculture of Alpinia galanga Swartz, Curcuma longa Linn, Boesenbergia pandurata Schut and Chromolaena odorata: bioactivities Guided Isolation of Active Ingredients. Am J Agric Biol Sci. 2009; 4(1):83-91.
69. Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Managi H, Yoshikawa M. Antiallergic principles from Alpinia galanga: structural requirements of phenylpropanoids for inhibition of degranulation and release of TNF-alpha and IL-4 in RBL-2H3 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003; 13(19):3197-202. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x (03)00710-8, PMID 12951092.
70. Satish R, Dhananjayan R. Alpinia: the gold mine of future therapeutics. Biomedicine. 2003; 23(1/2):91-6.
71. Nagashekhar M, Shivaprasad HN. An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. Biol med. 2006; 1(1):63-8.
72. Jaju S, Indurwade N, Sakarkar D, Fuloria N, Ali M. Isolation of galangogalloside from rhizomes of Alpinia galangal. Int J Green Pharm. 2009; 3(2):144-7. doi: 10.4103/0973-8258.54907.
73. Pompimon W, Jomduang J, Prawat U, Mankhetkorn S. Anti-Phytopthora capsici Activities and Potential Use as antifungal in Agriculture of Alpinia galanga Swartz, Curcuma longa Linn, Boesenbergia pandurata Schut and Chromolaena odorata: bioactivities Guided Isolation of Active Ingredients. Am J Agric Biol Sci. 2009; 4(1):83-91.
74. Trakranrungsie N, Chatchawanchonteera A, Khunkitti W. Ethnoveterinary study for antidermatophytic activity of Piper betle, Alpinia galanga and Allium ascalonicum extracts in vitro. Res Vet Sci. 2008; 84(1):80-4. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.006, PMID 17482221.
75. Ying Y. Li BaoAn, 1’s-1?-Acetoxychavicol acetate isolated from Alpinia galanga inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by blocking Rev transport Journal of General Virology. 2006; 87(7):2047-53.
76. Bendjeddou D, Lalaoui K, Satta D. Alpinia pricei Rhizome extracts induce cell cycle arrest in human squamous carcinoma KB Cells and suppress tumor growth in nude mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 88(2/3):155-60.
77. Akhtar MS, Khan MA, Malik MT. Formula sabun transparan antijamur dengan bahan aktif ekstrak lengkuas (Alpinia galanga l.swartz.). Fitoterapia. 2002; 73(7/8):623-8.
78. Kubota K, Ueda Y, Yasuda M, Masuda A. Occurrence and antioxidative activity of 1?- acetoxychavicol acetate and its related compounds in the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga during cooking. Food flavors and chemistry: advances of the new millennium. Proceedings of the 10th international flavor conference, Paros, Greece. 2001, July 4-7; 2000:601-7.
79. Mahae N, Chaiseri S. Antioxidant activities and antioxidative components in extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. Kasetsart J Nat Sci. 2009; 43(2):358-69.
80. Wong LF, Lim YY, Omar M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some Alpina species. J Food Biochem. 2009; 33(6):835-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00258.x.
81. Al-Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, Mossa JS, Ageel AM, Al-Said MS, Tariq M. Gastric antisecretory, antiulcer and cytoprotective properties of ethanolic extract of Alpinia galanga willd in rats. Phytother Res. 1990; 4(3):112-4. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2650040308.
82. Qureshi S, Shah AH, Ahmed MM, Rafatullah S, Bibi F, Al-Bekairi AM. Effect of Alpinia galanga Treatment on Cytological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Mice. Int J Pharmacogn. 1994; 32(2):171-7. doi: 10.3109/13880209409082989.
83. Dadang Riyanto S, Ohsawa K. An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. J Pestic Sci. 1998; 23(3):304-7.
References
1. Vanwyk B-E, Wink M. Medicinal Plant of The World. 1st ed. 2009; 7, Published by Briz, South Publication Africa: 43.
2. Patel BV. A report of the seminar on. Ahmadabad: Herbal Drugs, Present Status and Future Prospects, Perd Centre; 2001.
3. Paul T, Devasagayam A. Recent advances in Indian herbal drug Research radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; 2006.
4. Jain B, Kumane CJ, Bhattacharya SS. Medicinal flora of Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh – A Review Indian. J Trad Knowl. 2006; 5(2):237-42.
5. ’Research Guidelines for Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicines’, World Health Organization, Regional office for the western Pacific, Manila. Vols. 1-2; 1993.
6. Jaju S, Indurwade N, Sakarkar D, Fuloria N, Ali M. Isolation of galangogalloside from rhizomes of Alpinia galangal. Int J Green Pharm. 2009; 3(2):144-7. doi: 10.4103/0973-8258.54907.
7. Joy PP, Thomas J, Mathew S, Skaria BP. Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices: the current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources. J Med Aromat Plant Sci. 2001; 23(3):341-3.
8. Pal Jain A, Singh Pawara R, Lodhia S, Singhaia A. Immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant potential of Alpinia galanga Linn. Rhizomes. Phcog Commn. 2012; 2(3):30-7. doi: 10.5530/pc.2012.3.7.
9. Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Shafi MP, Leela NK. Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India. Acta Pharmaceutica-Zagreb-. 2003; 53(2):73-81. PMID 14764241.
10. Ciolino HP, Yeh GC. The flavonoid galangin is an inhibitor of CYP1A1 activity and an agonist/antagonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Br J Cancer. 1999; 79(9-10):1340-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690216, PMID 10188874.
11. Scheffer JJC. Analysis of essential oils by combined liquid–solid and gas–liquid chromatography [doctoral dissertation], Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden; 1978.
12. De Pooter HL, Omar MN, Coolsaet BA, Schamp NM. The essential oil of greater galanga (Alpinia galanga) from Malaysia. Phytochemistry. 1985; 24(1):93-6. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80814-6.
13. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western pacific. Essential medicines and health products. Med Plants Viet Nam. 1990; 3.
14. Yang X, Eilerman RG. Pungent principal of Alpinia galangal (L.) Swartz and its applications. J Agric Food Chem. 1999; 47(4):1657-62. doi: 10.1021/jf9808224, PMID 10564034.
15. Mori H, Kubota K, Kobayashi A. Potent aroma components of rhizomes from Alpinia galanga Willd. L. J Jpn Soc Food Sci Technol. 1995; 42(12):989-95. doi: 10.3136/nskkk.42.989.
16. Farnsworth NR, Bunyapraphatsara. Antibacterial activity of Thai herbal extracts on acne involved microorganism N. Thai medicinal plants: recommended for primary health care system. Med Plants Information Center. 1992.
17. Someya Y, Kobayashi A, Kubota K. Isolation and identification of trans-2- and trans-3-hydroxy-1,8-cineole glucosides from Alpinia galanga. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001; 65(4):950-3. doi: 10.1271/bbb.65.950, PMID 11388479.
18. Kubota K, Someya Y, Yoshida R, Kobayashi A, Morita TI, Koshino H. Enantiomeric purity and odor characteristics of 2- and 3-acetoxy-1, 8-cineoles in the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga willd. J Agric Food Chem. 1999; 47(2):685-9. doi: 10.1021/jf9807465, PMID 10563953.
19. Kubota K, Nakamura (Murayam K, Kobayashi A, Amaike M. Acetoxy-1, 8-cineoles as Aroma Constituents of Alpinia g alanga Willd. J Agric Food Chem. 1998; 46(12):5244-7. doi: 10.1021/jf9804239.
20. Arawwawala LD, Arambewela LSR, Owen NL. The essential oil of Alpinia galanga from Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Association for the advancement of science. Proceedings of the 59th annual session. Vol. 232; 2003.
21. Itokawa H, Morita H, Sumitomo T, Totsuka N, Takeya K. Antitumour principles from Alpinia galanga. Planta Med. 1987; 53(1):32-3. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-962611, PMID 3575509.
22. Barik BR, Kundu AB, Dey AK. Two phenolic constituents from Alpinia galanga rhizomes. Phytochemistry. 1987; 26(7):2126-7. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81779-3.
23. Morita H, Itokawa H. New diterpenes from Alpinia galanga. Chem Lett. 1986; 7:1205-8.
24. Matsuda H, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Morikawa T, Ochi M, Yoshikawa M. Gastro protective effects of phenylpropanoids from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga in rats: structural requirements and mode of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003; 471(1):59-67. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01785-0, PMID 12809953.
25. Lee CC, Houghton P. Cytotoxicity of plants from Malaysia and Thailand used traditionally to treat cancer. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 100(3):237-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.064, PMID 15888378.
26. Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Managi H, Yoshikawa M. Antiallergic principles from Alpinia galanga: structural requirements of phenylpropanoids for inhibition of degranulation and release of TNF-alpha and IL-4 in RBL-2H3 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003; 13(19):3197-202. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x (03)00710-8, PMID 12951092.
27. Charles DJ, Simon JE, Singh NK. The Essential Oil of Alpinia galanga Willd. J Essent Oil Res. 1992; 4(1):81-2. doi: 10.1080/10412905.1992.9698016.
28. Syamasundar KV, Ramesh S, Chandrasekhara RS, Kumar S, Kukreja AK, Dwivedi S, Singh AK. Volatile constituents of Alpinia galanga flower oil. J Med Aromat Plant Sci. 2000; 22(1B):646-8.
29. Yu JG. Identification of the chemical components of two Alpinia species. Zhong Yao Tong Bao (Beijing China 1981). 1988; 13(6):34-6, 63. PMID 3203437.
30. De Pooter HL, Omar MN, Coolsaet BA, Schamp NM. The essential oil of greater galanga (Alpinia galanga) from Malaysia. Phytochemistry. 1985; 24(1):93-6. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80814-6.
31. Thomas E, Shanmugan J, Rafi MM. Antibacterial activity of plants belonging to Zingiberaceace family. Biomedicine. 1996; 16:15-20.
32. Turker A, Usta C. Biological activity of some medicinal plants sold in Turkish health-food stores. Biotechnol Equip. 2006; 20(3):105-13. doi: 10.1080/13102818.2006.10817386.
33. Tachakittirungrod S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from Hyptis suaveolens and Alpinia galanga growing in northern Thailand. Nat Sci. 2007; 6(1):31-42.
34. Hsu WY, Simonne A, Weissman A, Kim JM. Antimicrobial activity of greater galangal [Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Swartz.] flowers. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2010; 19(4):873-80. doi: 10.1007/s10068-010-0124-9.
35. Oonmetta-aree J, Suzuki T, Gasaluck P, Eumkeb G. Antimicrobial properties and action of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus aureus. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2006; 39(10):1214-20. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.06.015.
36. Farnsworth NR, Bunyapraphatsara N. Antibacterial activity of Thai herbal extracts on acne involved microorganism. Thai medicinal plants: recommended for primary health care system. Medicinal Plant Information Center, 1992.
37. Janssen AM, Scheffer JJC. Acetoxychavicol acetate, an antifungal Component of Alpinia galanga. Planta Med. 1985; 51(6):507-11. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-969577, PMID 3841613.
38. Ficker CE, Smith ML, Susiarti S, Leaman DJ, Irawati C, Arnason JT. Inhibition of human pathogenic fungi by members of Zingiberaceae used by the Kenyah (Indonesian Borneo). J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 85(2-3):289-93. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00009-6, PMID 12639754.
39. Trakranrungsie N, Chatchawanchonteera A, Khunkitti W. Ethnoveterinary study for antidermatophytic activity of Piper betle, Alpinia galanga and Allium ascalonicum extracts in vitro. Res Vet Sci. 2008; 84(1):80-4. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.006, PMID 17482221.
40. Khattak S, Saeed-ur-Rehman, Ullah Shah H, Ahmad W, Ahmad M. Biological effects of indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga. Fitoterapia. 2005; 76(2):254-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2004.12.012, PMID 15810156.
41. Taechowisan T, Lumyong S. Activity of endophytic actimomycetes from roots of Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga against phytopathogenic fungi. Ann Microbiol. 2003; 53(3):291-8.
42. Tewtrakul S, Subhadhirasakul S, Kummee S. HIV-1 protease inhibitory effects of medicinal plants used as self medication by AIDS patients. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2003; 25(2):239-43.
43. Ye Y, Li B. 1’s-1?-Acetoxychavicol acetate isolated from Alpinia galanga inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type1 replication by blocking Rev Transport. J Gen Virol. 2006; 87(7):2047-53. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.81685-0, PMID 16760408.
44. Sawangjaroen N, Subhadhirasakul S, Phongpaichit S, Siripanth C, Jamjaroen K, Sawangjaroen K. The in vitro anti-giardial activity of extracts from plants that are used for self-medication by AIDS patients in southern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2005; 95(1):17-21. doi: 10.1007/s00436-004-1264-8, PMID 15614584.
45. Sawangjaroen N, Phongpaichit S, Subhadhirasakul S, Visutthi M, Srisuwan N, Thammapalerd N. The anti-amoebic activity of some medicinal plants used by AIDS patients in southern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2006; 98(6):588-92. doi: 10.1007/s00436-005-0119-2, PMID 16447069.
46. Kaur A, Singh R, Dey CS, Sharma SS, Bhutani KK, Singh IP. Antileishmanial phenylpropanoids from Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010; 48(3):314-7. PMID 21046987.
47. Chopra IC, Khajuria BN, Chopra CL. Antibacterial properties of volatile principles from Alpinia galanga and Acorus calamus. Antibiot Chemother (Northfield). 1957; 7(7):378-83. PMID 24544484.
48. Kiuchi F, Matsuo K, Itano Y, Ito M, Honda G, Qui TK, Aoki T. Screening of natural medicines used in Vietnam for trypanocidal activity against epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Nat Med. 2002; 56(2):64-8.
49. Arambewela L, Wijesinghe A. Sri Lankan Medicinal Plant Monographs and Analysis, Alpinia galanga. Industrial Technology Institute & National Science Foundation; 2006. p. 10.
50. Khare CP. Alpinia galanga – an Important Medicinal Plant: a review. A Dictionary of Indian Medicinal Plant. Vol. 37. Springer India Pvt. Ltd.; 2007.
51. [51] ram P. Rastogi, BN. Mahrotra, and An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. Compend Indian Med Plant CDRI Natl Inst Sci Commun Inf, (New Delhi): IV, 6-37.
52. Rajpal VB, Kohli DPS. Herbal drug industry. 2nd ed, Published by Business Horizons, New Delhi. Vols. 100-101; 2009.
53. Rastogi RP, BN. mahrotra. Compendium of Indian medicinal plant. CDRI Natl Inst Sci Commun Inf New Delhi; IV: 6-37.
54. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian medicinal plant. 7th ed. Vol. 16. New Delhi: NISCAIR Press; 2006.
55. The review of natural product. 2nd ed, Published by Fact and Comparison 111 West Port Plaza. MO; 2002. p. 29-30.
56. Gupta RK. Medicinal and aromatic plants. 1st ed. New Delhi: CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt. Ltd; 2010. p. 468-9.
57. Elsamma T, Shanmugam J, Rafi MM. An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. Biomedicine. 1996; 16(2/3):15-20.
58. Haraguchi H, Kuwata Y, Inada K, Shingu K, Miyahara K, Nagao M, Yagi A. Antifungal activity from Alpinia galanga and the competition for incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids in cell growth. Planta Med. 1996; 62(4):308-13. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957890, PMID 8792660.
59. Taechowisan T, Lumyong S. Chitinase production by endophytic Streptomyces aureofaciens CMUAc130 and its antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi. Ann Microbiol. 2003; 53(3):291-8.
60. Thuy Quynh VT, Duszkiewicz – Reinhard W. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from fresh and dried Alpinia galanga rhizomes. J Essent Oil Bear Plants. 2004; 7(2):165-70. doi: 10.1080/0972-060X.2004.10643385.
61. Chukanhom K, Borisuthpeth P, Hatai K. Antifungal Activities of Aroma Components from Alpinia galanga against Water Molds. Biocontrol Sci. 2005; 10(3):105-9. doi: 10.4265/bio.10.105.
62. Hong SJ, Chang CH. Erythema multiforme-like generalized allergic contact dermatitis caused by Alpinia galanga. Contact Dermatitis. 2006; 54(2):118-20. doi: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.0560b.x, PMID 16487286.
63. Oonmetta-aree J, Suzuki T, Gasaluck P, Eumkeb G. Antimicrobial properties and action of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus aureus. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2006; 39(10):1214-20. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.06.015.
64. Trakranrungsie N, Chatchawanchonteera A, Khunkitti W. Ethnoveterinary study for antidermatophytic activity of Piper betle, Alpinia galanga and Allium ascalonicum extracts in vitro. Res Vet Sci. 2008; 84(1):80-4. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.006, PMID 17482221.
65. Latha C, Shriram VD, Jahagirdar SS, Dhakephalkar PK, Rojatkar SR. Antiplasmid activity of 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate from Alpinia galanga against multi-drug resistant bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 123(3):522-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.028, PMID 19501283.
66. Sunilson JAJ, Suraj R, Rejitha G, Anandaraja K, Kumari AVAG, Promwichit P. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga Extracts as Natural Food Preservatives. Am J Food Technol. 2009; 4(5):192-200. doi: 10.3923/ajft.2009.192.200.
67. Yamsakul P, Kongkhaew S, Yano T, Sukprasitch V, Prakattagomol W, Ogonoki S. The antibacterial and bactericidal activity of Alpinia galanga extracts to referent strain of pathogenic bacteria of pig in vivo. Proceedings of the 47th Kasetsart university annual conference, Kasetsart. March 17-20, 2009, Subject: Veterinary Medicine; 2009:208-15.
68. Pompimon W, Jomduang J, Prawat U, Mankhetkorn S. Anti-Phytopthora capsici Activities and Potential Use as antifungal in Agriculture of Alpinia galanga Swartz, Curcuma longa Linn, Boesenbergia pandurata Schut and Chromolaena odorata: bioactivities Guided Isolation of Active Ingredients. Am J Agric Biol Sci. 2009; 4(1):83-91.
69. Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Managi H, Yoshikawa M. Antiallergic principles from Alpinia galanga: structural requirements of phenylpropanoids for inhibition of degranulation and release of TNF-alpha and IL-4 in RBL-2H3 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003; 13(19):3197-202. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x (03)00710-8, PMID 12951092.
70. Satish R, Dhananjayan R. Alpinia: the gold mine of future therapeutics. Biomedicine. 2003; 23(1/2):91-6.
71. Nagashekhar M, Shivaprasad HN. An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. Biol med. 2006; 1(1):63-8.
72. Jaju S, Indurwade N, Sakarkar D, Fuloria N, Ali M. Isolation of galangogalloside from rhizomes of Alpinia galangal. Int J Green Pharm. 2009; 3(2):144-7. doi: 10.4103/0973-8258.54907.
73. Pompimon W, Jomduang J, Prawat U, Mankhetkorn S. Anti-Phytopthora capsici Activities and Potential Use as antifungal in Agriculture of Alpinia galanga Swartz, Curcuma longa Linn, Boesenbergia pandurata Schut and Chromolaena odorata: bioactivities Guided Isolation of Active Ingredients. Am J Agric Biol Sci. 2009; 4(1):83-91.
74. Trakranrungsie N, Chatchawanchonteera A, Khunkitti W. Ethnoveterinary study for antidermatophytic activity of Piper betle, Alpinia galanga and Allium ascalonicum extracts in vitro. Res Vet Sci. 2008; 84(1):80-4. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.006, PMID 17482221.
75. Ying Y. Li BaoAn, 1’s-1?-Acetoxychavicol acetate isolated from Alpinia galanga inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by blocking Rev transport Journal of General Virology. 2006; 87(7):2047-53.
76. Bendjeddou D, Lalaoui K, Satta D. Alpinia pricei Rhizome extracts induce cell cycle arrest in human squamous carcinoma KB Cells and suppress tumor growth in nude mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 88(2/3):155-60.
77. Akhtar MS, Khan MA, Malik MT. Formula sabun transparan antijamur dengan bahan aktif ekstrak lengkuas (Alpinia galanga l.swartz.). Fitoterapia. 2002; 73(7/8):623-8.
78. Kubota K, Ueda Y, Yasuda M, Masuda A. Occurrence and antioxidative activity of 1?- acetoxychavicol acetate and its related compounds in the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga during cooking. Food flavors and chemistry: advances of the new millennium. Proceedings of the 10th international flavor conference, Paros, Greece. 2001, July 4-7; 2000:601-7.
79. Mahae N, Chaiseri S. Antioxidant activities and antioxidative components in extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. Kasetsart J Nat Sci. 2009; 43(2):358-69.
80. Wong LF, Lim YY, Omar M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some Alpina species. J Food Biochem. 2009; 33(6):835-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00258.x.
81. Al-Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, Mossa JS, Ageel AM, Al-Said MS, Tariq M. Gastric antisecretory, antiulcer and cytoprotective properties of ethanolic extract of Alpinia galanga willd in rats. Phytother Res. 1990; 4(3):112-4. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2650040308.
82. Qureshi S, Shah AH, Ahmed MM, Rafatullah S, Bibi F, Al-Bekairi AM. Effect of Alpinia galanga Treatment on Cytological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Mice. Int J Pharmacogn. 1994; 32(2):171-7. doi: 10.3109/13880209409082989.
83. Dadang Riyanto S, Ohsawa K. An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. J Pestic Sci. 1998; 23(3):304-7.
2. Patel BV. A report of the seminar on. Ahmadabad: Herbal Drugs, Present Status and Future Prospects, Perd Centre; 2001.
3. Paul T, Devasagayam A. Recent advances in Indian herbal drug Research radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; 2006.
4. Jain B, Kumane CJ, Bhattacharya SS. Medicinal flora of Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh – A Review Indian. J Trad Knowl. 2006; 5(2):237-42.
5. ’Research Guidelines for Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicines’, World Health Organization, Regional office for the western Pacific, Manila. Vols. 1-2; 1993.
6. Jaju S, Indurwade N, Sakarkar D, Fuloria N, Ali M. Isolation of galangogalloside from rhizomes of Alpinia galangal. Int J Green Pharm. 2009; 3(2):144-7. doi: 10.4103/0973-8258.54907.
7. Joy PP, Thomas J, Mathew S, Skaria BP. Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices: the current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources. J Med Aromat Plant Sci. 2001; 23(3):341-3.
8. Pal Jain A, Singh Pawara R, Lodhia S, Singhaia A. Immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant potential of Alpinia galanga Linn. Rhizomes. Phcog Commn. 2012; 2(3):30-7. doi: 10.5530/pc.2012.3.7.
9. Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Shafi MP, Leela NK. Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India. Acta Pharmaceutica-Zagreb-. 2003; 53(2):73-81. PMID 14764241.
10. Ciolino HP, Yeh GC. The flavonoid galangin is an inhibitor of CYP1A1 activity and an agonist/antagonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Br J Cancer. 1999; 79(9-10):1340-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690216, PMID 10188874.
11. Scheffer JJC. Analysis of essential oils by combined liquid–solid and gas–liquid chromatography [doctoral dissertation], Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden; 1978.
12. De Pooter HL, Omar MN, Coolsaet BA, Schamp NM. The essential oil of greater galanga (Alpinia galanga) from Malaysia. Phytochemistry. 1985; 24(1):93-6. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80814-6.
13. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western pacific. Essential medicines and health products. Med Plants Viet Nam. 1990; 3.
14. Yang X, Eilerman RG. Pungent principal of Alpinia galangal (L.) Swartz and its applications. J Agric Food Chem. 1999; 47(4):1657-62. doi: 10.1021/jf9808224, PMID 10564034.
15. Mori H, Kubota K, Kobayashi A. Potent aroma components of rhizomes from Alpinia galanga Willd. L. J Jpn Soc Food Sci Technol. 1995; 42(12):989-95. doi: 10.3136/nskkk.42.989.
16. Farnsworth NR, Bunyapraphatsara. Antibacterial activity of Thai herbal extracts on acne involved microorganism N. Thai medicinal plants: recommended for primary health care system. Med Plants Information Center. 1992.
17. Someya Y, Kobayashi A, Kubota K. Isolation and identification of trans-2- and trans-3-hydroxy-1,8-cineole glucosides from Alpinia galanga. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001; 65(4):950-3. doi: 10.1271/bbb.65.950, PMID 11388479.
18. Kubota K, Someya Y, Yoshida R, Kobayashi A, Morita TI, Koshino H. Enantiomeric purity and odor characteristics of 2- and 3-acetoxy-1, 8-cineoles in the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga willd. J Agric Food Chem. 1999; 47(2):685-9. doi: 10.1021/jf9807465, PMID 10563953.
19. Kubota K, Nakamura (Murayam K, Kobayashi A, Amaike M. Acetoxy-1, 8-cineoles as Aroma Constituents of Alpinia g alanga Willd. J Agric Food Chem. 1998; 46(12):5244-7. doi: 10.1021/jf9804239.
20. Arawwawala LD, Arambewela LSR, Owen NL. The essential oil of Alpinia galanga from Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Association for the advancement of science. Proceedings of the 59th annual session. Vol. 232; 2003.
21. Itokawa H, Morita H, Sumitomo T, Totsuka N, Takeya K. Antitumour principles from Alpinia galanga. Planta Med. 1987; 53(1):32-3. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-962611, PMID 3575509.
22. Barik BR, Kundu AB, Dey AK. Two phenolic constituents from Alpinia galanga rhizomes. Phytochemistry. 1987; 26(7):2126-7. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81779-3.
23. Morita H, Itokawa H. New diterpenes from Alpinia galanga. Chem Lett. 1986; 7:1205-8.
24. Matsuda H, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Morikawa T, Ochi M, Yoshikawa M. Gastro protective effects of phenylpropanoids from the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga in rats: structural requirements and mode of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003; 471(1):59-67. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01785-0, PMID 12809953.
25. Lee CC, Houghton P. Cytotoxicity of plants from Malaysia and Thailand used traditionally to treat cancer. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 100(3):237-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.064, PMID 15888378.
26. Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Managi H, Yoshikawa M. Antiallergic principles from Alpinia galanga: structural requirements of phenylpropanoids for inhibition of degranulation and release of TNF-alpha and IL-4 in RBL-2H3 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003; 13(19):3197-202. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x (03)00710-8, PMID 12951092.
27. Charles DJ, Simon JE, Singh NK. The Essential Oil of Alpinia galanga Willd. J Essent Oil Res. 1992; 4(1):81-2. doi: 10.1080/10412905.1992.9698016.
28. Syamasundar KV, Ramesh S, Chandrasekhara RS, Kumar S, Kukreja AK, Dwivedi S, Singh AK. Volatile constituents of Alpinia galanga flower oil. J Med Aromat Plant Sci. 2000; 22(1B):646-8.
29. Yu JG. Identification of the chemical components of two Alpinia species. Zhong Yao Tong Bao (Beijing China 1981). 1988; 13(6):34-6, 63. PMID 3203437.
30. De Pooter HL, Omar MN, Coolsaet BA, Schamp NM. The essential oil of greater galanga (Alpinia galanga) from Malaysia. Phytochemistry. 1985; 24(1):93-6. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80814-6.
31. Thomas E, Shanmugan J, Rafi MM. Antibacterial activity of plants belonging to Zingiberaceace family. Biomedicine. 1996; 16:15-20.
32. Turker A, Usta C. Biological activity of some medicinal plants sold in Turkish health-food stores. Biotechnol Equip. 2006; 20(3):105-13. doi: 10.1080/13102818.2006.10817386.
33. Tachakittirungrod S, Chowwanapoonpohn S. Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from Hyptis suaveolens and Alpinia galanga growing in northern Thailand. Nat Sci. 2007; 6(1):31-42.
34. Hsu WY, Simonne A, Weissman A, Kim JM. Antimicrobial activity of greater galangal [Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Swartz.] flowers. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2010; 19(4):873-80. doi: 10.1007/s10068-010-0124-9.
35. Oonmetta-aree J, Suzuki T, Gasaluck P, Eumkeb G. Antimicrobial properties and action of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus aureus. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2006; 39(10):1214-20. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.06.015.
36. Farnsworth NR, Bunyapraphatsara N. Antibacterial activity of Thai herbal extracts on acne involved microorganism. Thai medicinal plants: recommended for primary health care system. Medicinal Plant Information Center, 1992.
37. Janssen AM, Scheffer JJC. Acetoxychavicol acetate, an antifungal Component of Alpinia galanga. Planta Med. 1985; 51(6):507-11. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-969577, PMID 3841613.
38. Ficker CE, Smith ML, Susiarti S, Leaman DJ, Irawati C, Arnason JT. Inhibition of human pathogenic fungi by members of Zingiberaceae used by the Kenyah (Indonesian Borneo). J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 85(2-3):289-93. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00009-6, PMID 12639754.
39. Trakranrungsie N, Chatchawanchonteera A, Khunkitti W. Ethnoveterinary study for antidermatophytic activity of Piper betle, Alpinia galanga and Allium ascalonicum extracts in vitro. Res Vet Sci. 2008; 84(1):80-4. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.006, PMID 17482221.
40. Khattak S, Saeed-ur-Rehman, Ullah Shah H, Ahmad W, Ahmad M. Biological effects of indigenous medicinal plants Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga. Fitoterapia. 2005; 76(2):254-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2004.12.012, PMID 15810156.
41. Taechowisan T, Lumyong S. Activity of endophytic actimomycetes from roots of Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga against phytopathogenic fungi. Ann Microbiol. 2003; 53(3):291-8.
42. Tewtrakul S, Subhadhirasakul S, Kummee S. HIV-1 protease inhibitory effects of medicinal plants used as self medication by AIDS patients. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2003; 25(2):239-43.
43. Ye Y, Li B. 1’s-1?-Acetoxychavicol acetate isolated from Alpinia galanga inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type1 replication by blocking Rev Transport. J Gen Virol. 2006; 87(7):2047-53. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.81685-0, PMID 16760408.
44. Sawangjaroen N, Subhadhirasakul S, Phongpaichit S, Siripanth C, Jamjaroen K, Sawangjaroen K. The in vitro anti-giardial activity of extracts from plants that are used for self-medication by AIDS patients in southern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2005; 95(1):17-21. doi: 10.1007/s00436-004-1264-8, PMID 15614584.
45. Sawangjaroen N, Phongpaichit S, Subhadhirasakul S, Visutthi M, Srisuwan N, Thammapalerd N. The anti-amoebic activity of some medicinal plants used by AIDS patients in southern Thailand. Parasitol Res. 2006; 98(6):588-92. doi: 10.1007/s00436-005-0119-2, PMID 16447069.
46. Kaur A, Singh R, Dey CS, Sharma SS, Bhutani KK, Singh IP. Antileishmanial phenylpropanoids from Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd. Indian J Exp Biol. 2010; 48(3):314-7. PMID 21046987.
47. Chopra IC, Khajuria BN, Chopra CL. Antibacterial properties of volatile principles from Alpinia galanga and Acorus calamus. Antibiot Chemother (Northfield). 1957; 7(7):378-83. PMID 24544484.
48. Kiuchi F, Matsuo K, Itano Y, Ito M, Honda G, Qui TK, Aoki T. Screening of natural medicines used in Vietnam for trypanocidal activity against epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Nat Med. 2002; 56(2):64-8.
49. Arambewela L, Wijesinghe A. Sri Lankan Medicinal Plant Monographs and Analysis, Alpinia galanga. Industrial Technology Institute & National Science Foundation; 2006. p. 10.
50. Khare CP. Alpinia galanga – an Important Medicinal Plant: a review. A Dictionary of Indian Medicinal Plant. Vol. 37. Springer India Pvt. Ltd.; 2007.
51. [51] ram P. Rastogi, BN. Mahrotra, and An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. Compend Indian Med Plant CDRI Natl Inst Sci Commun Inf, (New Delhi): IV, 6-37.
52. Rajpal VB, Kohli DPS. Herbal drug industry. 2nd ed, Published by Business Horizons, New Delhi. Vols. 100-101; 2009.
53. Rastogi RP, BN. mahrotra. Compendium of Indian medicinal plant. CDRI Natl Inst Sci Commun Inf New Delhi; IV: 6-37.
54. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian medicinal plant. 7th ed. Vol. 16. New Delhi: NISCAIR Press; 2006.
55. The review of natural product. 2nd ed, Published by Fact and Comparison 111 West Port Plaza. MO; 2002. p. 29-30.
56. Gupta RK. Medicinal and aromatic plants. 1st ed. New Delhi: CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt. Ltd; 2010. p. 468-9.
57. Elsamma T, Shanmugam J, Rafi MM. An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. Biomedicine. 1996; 16(2/3):15-20.
58. Haraguchi H, Kuwata Y, Inada K, Shingu K, Miyahara K, Nagao M, Yagi A. Antifungal activity from Alpinia galanga and the competition for incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids in cell growth. Planta Med. 1996; 62(4):308-13. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957890, PMID 8792660.
59. Taechowisan T, Lumyong S. Chitinase production by endophytic Streptomyces aureofaciens CMUAc130 and its antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi. Ann Microbiol. 2003; 53(3):291-8.
60. Thuy Quynh VT, Duszkiewicz – Reinhard W. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from fresh and dried Alpinia galanga rhizomes. J Essent Oil Bear Plants. 2004; 7(2):165-70. doi: 10.1080/0972-060X.2004.10643385.
61. Chukanhom K, Borisuthpeth P, Hatai K. Antifungal Activities of Aroma Components from Alpinia galanga against Water Molds. Biocontrol Sci. 2005; 10(3):105-9. doi: 10.4265/bio.10.105.
62. Hong SJ, Chang CH. Erythema multiforme-like generalized allergic contact dermatitis caused by Alpinia galanga. Contact Dermatitis. 2006; 54(2):118-20. doi: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.0560b.x, PMID 16487286.
63. Oonmetta-aree J, Suzuki T, Gasaluck P, Eumkeb G. Antimicrobial properties and action of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus aureus. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2006; 39(10):1214-20. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.06.015.
64. Trakranrungsie N, Chatchawanchonteera A, Khunkitti W. Ethnoveterinary study for antidermatophytic activity of Piper betle, Alpinia galanga and Allium ascalonicum extracts in vitro. Res Vet Sci. 2008; 84(1):80-4. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.006, PMID 17482221.
65. Latha C, Shriram VD, Jahagirdar SS, Dhakephalkar PK, Rojatkar SR. Antiplasmid activity of 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate from Alpinia galanga against multi-drug resistant bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 123(3):522-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.028, PMID 19501283.
66. Sunilson JAJ, Suraj R, Rejitha G, Anandaraja K, Kumari AVAG, Promwichit P. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga Extracts as Natural Food Preservatives. Am J Food Technol. 2009; 4(5):192-200. doi: 10.3923/ajft.2009.192.200.
67. Yamsakul P, Kongkhaew S, Yano T, Sukprasitch V, Prakattagomol W, Ogonoki S. The antibacterial and bactericidal activity of Alpinia galanga extracts to referent strain of pathogenic bacteria of pig in vivo. Proceedings of the 47th Kasetsart university annual conference, Kasetsart. March 17-20, 2009, Subject: Veterinary Medicine; 2009:208-15.
68. Pompimon W, Jomduang J, Prawat U, Mankhetkorn S. Anti-Phytopthora capsici Activities and Potential Use as antifungal in Agriculture of Alpinia galanga Swartz, Curcuma longa Linn, Boesenbergia pandurata Schut and Chromolaena odorata: bioactivities Guided Isolation of Active Ingredients. Am J Agric Biol Sci. 2009; 4(1):83-91.
69. Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Managi H, Yoshikawa M. Antiallergic principles from Alpinia galanga: structural requirements of phenylpropanoids for inhibition of degranulation and release of TNF-alpha and IL-4 in RBL-2H3 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003; 13(19):3197-202. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x (03)00710-8, PMID 12951092.
70. Satish R, Dhananjayan R. Alpinia: the gold mine of future therapeutics. Biomedicine. 2003; 23(1/2):91-6.
71. Nagashekhar M, Shivaprasad HN. An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. Biol med. 2006; 1(1):63-8.
72. Jaju S, Indurwade N, Sakarkar D, Fuloria N, Ali M. Isolation of galangogalloside from rhizomes of Alpinia galangal. Int J Green Pharm. 2009; 3(2):144-7. doi: 10.4103/0973-8258.54907.
73. Pompimon W, Jomduang J, Prawat U, Mankhetkorn S. Anti-Phytopthora capsici Activities and Potential Use as antifungal in Agriculture of Alpinia galanga Swartz, Curcuma longa Linn, Boesenbergia pandurata Schut and Chromolaena odorata: bioactivities Guided Isolation of Active Ingredients. Am J Agric Biol Sci. 2009; 4(1):83-91.
74. Trakranrungsie N, Chatchawanchonteera A, Khunkitti W. Ethnoveterinary study for antidermatophytic activity of Piper betle, Alpinia galanga and Allium ascalonicum extracts in vitro. Res Vet Sci. 2008; 84(1):80-4. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.006, PMID 17482221.
75. Ying Y. Li BaoAn, 1’s-1?-Acetoxychavicol acetate isolated from Alpinia galanga inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by blocking Rev transport Journal of General Virology. 2006; 87(7):2047-53.
76. Bendjeddou D, Lalaoui K, Satta D. Alpinia pricei Rhizome extracts induce cell cycle arrest in human squamous carcinoma KB Cells and suppress tumor growth in nude mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 88(2/3):155-60.
77. Akhtar MS, Khan MA, Malik MT. Formula sabun transparan antijamur dengan bahan aktif ekstrak lengkuas (Alpinia galanga l.swartz.). Fitoterapia. 2002; 73(7/8):623-8.
78. Kubota K, Ueda Y, Yasuda M, Masuda A. Occurrence and antioxidative activity of 1?- acetoxychavicol acetate and its related compounds in the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga during cooking. Food flavors and chemistry: advances of the new millennium. Proceedings of the 10th international flavor conference, Paros, Greece. 2001, July 4-7; 2000:601-7.
79. Mahae N, Chaiseri S. Antioxidant activities and antioxidative components in extracts of Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. Kasetsart J Nat Sci. 2009; 43(2):358-69.
80. Wong LF, Lim YY, Omar M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of some Alpina species. J Food Biochem. 2009; 33(6):835-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00258.x.
81. Al-Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, Mossa JS, Ageel AM, Al-Said MS, Tariq M. Gastric antisecretory, antiulcer and cytoprotective properties of ethanolic extract of Alpinia galanga willd in rats. Phytother Res. 1990; 4(3):112-4. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2650040308.
82. Qureshi S, Shah AH, Ahmed MM, Rafatullah S, Bibi F, Al-Bekairi AM. Effect of Alpinia galanga Treatment on Cytological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Mice. Int J Pharmacogn. 1994; 32(2):171-7. doi: 10.3109/13880209409082989.
83. Dadang Riyanto S, Ohsawa K. An Important Medicinal Plant: a review. J Pestic Sci. 1998; 23(3):304-7.
