Influence Factors of Cholinesterase Levels Among Farm Workers in Cikaok Village, West Pakpak District, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Corresponding Author(s) : Yenni Tarigan
yenni@sari-mutiara.ac.id
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): 2021 Volume - 9 Issue - 2
Abstract
Objective: Was to find out the influence factors of cholinesterase levels among farm workers in Cikaok Village, West PakPak District, North Sumatra, Indonesia.
Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from farmers in Cikaok Village in 2020. Purposive sampling was employed and 30 farmers were willing to participate and met the criteria. Data were obtained using observation sheets, interview guidelines, and checking cholinesterase levels using blood sample tests in the laboratory. Spearman correlation and linear regression test were used for data analyses.
Results: The results indicated that the minimum level of cholinesterase among farm workers were 9,798U/L and maximum level was 19,092U/L means that the average cholinesterase levels was still normal. However, there was a positive effect of personal hygiene and use of PPE on cholinesterase levels among farm workers.
Conclusions: The farmers should pay more attention to their hygiene and use of PPE when preparing and spraying pesticides and those relevant agencies such as Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, and Cooperatives should provide more intensive counseling or information about the dangers of pesticide use to health. Having knowledge and understanding about personal hygiene and PPE gear during mixing and spraying pesticides, farm workers can reduce the health impact of pesticides use.
Keywords
farm workers, personal hygiene, personal protective equipment, cholinesterase, pesticides.
1.
Tarigan Y, Agnes Ferusgel, Ramadhani S, Simanjuntak R, Salmirta CS, Purba I. Influence Factors of Cholinesterase Levels Among Farm Workers in Cikaok Village, West Pakpak District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2021 Apr. 29 [cited 2026 Apr. 16];9(2):186-91. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/989
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References
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[1] M. o. Health, "Guidelines for the safe and healthy use of pesticides in the workplace of the agriculture sector," D. G. O. P. Health, Ed., ed. Jakarta: Ministry of Health, 2016.
[2] M. I. Yogisutanti G, Nurmalina I, Hotmaida L, Suhat, "Use of Personal Protective Equipment and Pesticide Poisoning for Workers in Pest Spraying Companies," Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, vol. 16, pp. 183-191, 2020.
[3] T. S.-n. Anamai Thetkathuek, and Panuwat Choedkiattikool., "Association of Respiratory Impairment with Use of Anti-cholinesterase Pesticides in Migrant Fruit Farm Workers in Eastern Thailand," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, vol. 11, pp. 225-236, 2020.
[4] J. S. Josef G Thundiyil , Nida Besbelli, Jenny Pronczuk., "Acute pesticide poisoning: a proposed classification tool," World Health Organization2008.
[5] Z. Sutoluk, Z. Kekec, N. Daglioglu, and I. Hant, "Association of chronic pesticide exposure with serum cholinesterase levels and pulmonary functions," Arch Environ Occup Health, vol. 66, pp. 95-9, 2011.
[6] B. A. L. María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada, Verónica Paz Iglesias, María Pía Muñoz, Claudia Alejandra Cornejo, Eduardo Achu, Brittney Baumert, Arianna Hanchey, Carlos Concha, Ana María Brito, Marcos Villalobos., "Chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides and neuropsychological functioning in farm workers: a review," International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol. 22, pp. 1-12, 2016.
[7] M. K. P. Mohd. Fareed, Vipin Bihari, Ritul Kamal, Anup Kumar Srivastava, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran., "Adverse Respiratory Health and Hematological Alterations among Agricultural Workers Occupationally Exposed to Organophosphate Pesticides: A Cross-Sectional Study in North India," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, p. e69755, 2013.
[8] T. M. Yeviana Dwi Rahmawati, "Effect of Farmer Characteristic Factors and Spraying Methods on Cholinesterase Levels.," The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety, Health and Environment., vol. 1, pp. 85-94, 2014.
[9] C. A. Damalas and S. D. Koutroubas, "Farmers' Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention," Toxics, vol. 4, Jan 8 2016.
[10] C. A. Damalas and I. G. Eleftherohorinos, "Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators," Int J Environ Res Public Health, vol. 8, pp. 1402-19, May 2011.
[11] P. Kachaiyaphum, N. Howteerakul, D. Sujirarat, S. Siri, and N. Suwannapong, "Serum cholinesterase levels of Thai chilli-farm workers exposed to chemical pesticides: prevalence estimates and associated factors," J Occup Health, vol. 52, pp. 89-98, 2010.
[12] M. P. Ali, M. M. M. Kabir, S. S. Haque, X. Qin, S. Nasrin, D. Landis, et al., "Farmer's behavior in pesticide use: Insights study from smallholder and intensive agricultural farms in Bangladesh," Science of The Total Environment, vol. 747, p. 141160, 2020/12/10/ 2020.
[13] F. a. WHO., Guidelines for personal protection when handling and applying pesticides – International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management. Rome. , 2020.
[14] W. J. Hayes., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology., Third ed. United States of America Elsevier Inc. , 2011.
[15] S. Jaipieam, P. Visuthismajarn, W. Siriwong, M. Borjan, and M. G. Robson, "Inhalation Exposure of Organophosphate Pesticides by Vegetable Growers in the Bang-Rieng Subdistrict in Thailand," Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 2009, p. 452373, 2010/02/07 2009.
[16] J. E. Jacqueline Cotton, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, and Susan Brumby., "Cholinesterase research outreach project (CROP): point of care cholinesterase measurement in an Australian agricultural community.," Environmental Health., vol. 17, pp. 1-11, 2018.
[17] A. N. R. Fajriani GN, Sriwiguna DA, "Personal Protective Equipment Usage on Pesticide Spraying and Farmer’s Blood Cholinesterase Level in Desa Pasirhalang," Jurnal Media Analis Kesehatan, vol. 10, pp. 163-170, 2019.
[18] A. R. Budiawan, "Risk factor of low cholinesterase in red union farmer.," Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, vol. 8, pp. 198-206, 2013.
[19] T. Joko, N. A. Y. Dewanti, and H. L. Dangiran, "Pesticide Poisoning and the Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Indonesian Farmers," Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 2020, p. 5379619, 2020/01/21 2020.
[20] T. J. Atka Kurnia Sari, Nikie Astorina Yunita Dewanti, "Influence of amount of pesticide and amount of PPE to diastolic blood pressure of farmers in Bumen Village, Sumowono District, Semarang Regency.," JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH FOR TROPICAL AND COASTAL REGION (JPHTCR), vol. 1, p. 5, 2018.
[21] N. M. Prayudhy Yushananta, Arif Mahendra, Mei Ahyanti, Yetti Angraini, "Risk factors for pesticide poisoning in horticultural farmers in West Lampung Regency.," Jurnal Ruwa Jurai, vol. 14, pp. 1-8, 2020.
[22] M. Afshari, J. Poorolajal, F. Rezapur-Shahkolai, M. J. Assari, and A. Karimi-Shahanjarini, "Which Factors Influence Farmers’ Use of Protective Measures During Pesticides Exposure?," Workplace Health & Safety, vol. 67, pp. 338-349, 2019/07/01 2019.
References
[1] M. o. Health, "Guidelines for the safe and healthy use of pesticides in the workplace of the agriculture sector," D. G. O. P. Health, Ed., ed. Jakarta: Ministry of Health, 2016.
[2] M. I. Yogisutanti G, Nurmalina I, Hotmaida L, Suhat, "Use of Personal Protective Equipment and Pesticide Poisoning for Workers in Pest Spraying Companies," Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, vol. 16, pp. 183-191, 2020.
[3] T. S.-n. Anamai Thetkathuek, and Panuwat Choedkiattikool., "Association of Respiratory Impairment with Use of Anti-cholinesterase Pesticides in Migrant Fruit Farm Workers in Eastern Thailand," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, vol. 11, pp. 225-236, 2020.
[4] J. S. Josef G Thundiyil , Nida Besbelli, Jenny Pronczuk., "Acute pesticide poisoning: a proposed classification tool," World Health Organization2008.
[5] Z. Sutoluk, Z. Kekec, N. Daglioglu, and I. Hant, "Association of chronic pesticide exposure with serum cholinesterase levels and pulmonary functions," Arch Environ Occup Health, vol. 66, pp. 95-9, 2011.
[6] B. A. L. María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada, Verónica Paz Iglesias, María Pía Muñoz, Claudia Alejandra Cornejo, Eduardo Achu, Brittney Baumert, Arianna Hanchey, Carlos Concha, Ana María Brito, Marcos Villalobos., "Chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides and neuropsychological functioning in farm workers: a review," International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol. 22, pp. 1-12, 2016.
[7] M. K. P. Mohd. Fareed, Vipin Bihari, Ritul Kamal, Anup Kumar Srivastava, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran., "Adverse Respiratory Health and Hematological Alterations among Agricultural Workers Occupationally Exposed to Organophosphate Pesticides: A Cross-Sectional Study in North India," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, p. e69755, 2013.
[8] T. M. Yeviana Dwi Rahmawati, "Effect of Farmer Characteristic Factors and Spraying Methods on Cholinesterase Levels.," The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety, Health and Environment., vol. 1, pp. 85-94, 2014.
[9] C. A. Damalas and S. D. Koutroubas, "Farmers' Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention," Toxics, vol. 4, Jan 8 2016.
[10] C. A. Damalas and I. G. Eleftherohorinos, "Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators," Int J Environ Res Public Health, vol. 8, pp. 1402-19, May 2011.
[11] P. Kachaiyaphum, N. Howteerakul, D. Sujirarat, S. Siri, and N. Suwannapong, "Serum cholinesterase levels of Thai chilli-farm workers exposed to chemical pesticides: prevalence estimates and associated factors," J Occup Health, vol. 52, pp. 89-98, 2010.
[12] M. P. Ali, M. M. M. Kabir, S. S. Haque, X. Qin, S. Nasrin, D. Landis, et al., "Farmer's behavior in pesticide use: Insights study from smallholder and intensive agricultural farms in Bangladesh," Science of The Total Environment, vol. 747, p. 141160, 2020/12/10/ 2020.
[13] F. a. WHO., Guidelines for personal protection when handling and applying pesticides – International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management. Rome. , 2020.
[14] W. J. Hayes., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology., Third ed. United States of America Elsevier Inc. , 2011.
[15] S. Jaipieam, P. Visuthismajarn, W. Siriwong, M. Borjan, and M. G. Robson, "Inhalation Exposure of Organophosphate Pesticides by Vegetable Growers in the Bang-Rieng Subdistrict in Thailand," Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 2009, p. 452373, 2010/02/07 2009.
[16] J. E. Jacqueline Cotton, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, and Susan Brumby., "Cholinesterase research outreach project (CROP): point of care cholinesterase measurement in an Australian agricultural community.," Environmental Health., vol. 17, pp. 1-11, 2018.
[17] A. N. R. Fajriani GN, Sriwiguna DA, "Personal Protective Equipment Usage on Pesticide Spraying and Farmer’s Blood Cholinesterase Level in Desa Pasirhalang," Jurnal Media Analis Kesehatan, vol. 10, pp. 163-170, 2019.
[18] A. R. Budiawan, "Risk factor of low cholinesterase in red union farmer.," Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, vol. 8, pp. 198-206, 2013.
[19] T. Joko, N. A. Y. Dewanti, and H. L. Dangiran, "Pesticide Poisoning and the Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Indonesian Farmers," Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 2020, p. 5379619, 2020/01/21 2020.
[20] T. J. Atka Kurnia Sari, Nikie Astorina Yunita Dewanti, "Influence of amount of pesticide and amount of PPE to diastolic blood pressure of farmers in Bumen Village, Sumowono District, Semarang Regency.," JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH FOR TROPICAL AND COASTAL REGION (JPHTCR), vol. 1, p. 5, 2018.
[21] N. M. Prayudhy Yushananta, Arif Mahendra, Mei Ahyanti, Yetti Angraini, "Risk factors for pesticide poisoning in horticultural farmers in West Lampung Regency.," Jurnal Ruwa Jurai, vol. 14, pp. 1-8, 2020.
[22] M. Afshari, J. Poorolajal, F. Rezapur-Shahkolai, M. J. Assari, and A. Karimi-Shahanjarini, "Which Factors Influence Farmers’ Use of Protective Measures During Pesticides Exposure?," Workplace Health & Safety, vol. 67, pp. 338-349, 2019/07/01 2019.
[2] M. I. Yogisutanti G, Nurmalina I, Hotmaida L, Suhat, "Use of Personal Protective Equipment and Pesticide Poisoning for Workers in Pest Spraying Companies," Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, vol. 16, pp. 183-191, 2020.
[3] T. S.-n. Anamai Thetkathuek, and Panuwat Choedkiattikool., "Association of Respiratory Impairment with Use of Anti-cholinesterase Pesticides in Migrant Fruit Farm Workers in Eastern Thailand," International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, vol. 11, pp. 225-236, 2020.
[4] J. S. Josef G Thundiyil , Nida Besbelli, Jenny Pronczuk., "Acute pesticide poisoning: a proposed classification tool," World Health Organization2008.
[5] Z. Sutoluk, Z. Kekec, N. Daglioglu, and I. Hant, "Association of chronic pesticide exposure with serum cholinesterase levels and pulmonary functions," Arch Environ Occup Health, vol. 66, pp. 95-9, 2011.
[6] B. A. L. María Teresa Muñoz-Quezada, Verónica Paz Iglesias, María Pía Muñoz, Claudia Alejandra Cornejo, Eduardo Achu, Brittney Baumert, Arianna Hanchey, Carlos Concha, Ana María Brito, Marcos Villalobos., "Chronic exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides and neuropsychological functioning in farm workers: a review," International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol. 22, pp. 1-12, 2016.
[7] M. K. P. Mohd. Fareed, Vipin Bihari, Ritul Kamal, Anup Kumar Srivastava, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran., "Adverse Respiratory Health and Hematological Alterations among Agricultural Workers Occupationally Exposed to Organophosphate Pesticides: A Cross-Sectional Study in North India," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, p. e69755, 2013.
[8] T. M. Yeviana Dwi Rahmawati, "Effect of Farmer Characteristic Factors and Spraying Methods on Cholinesterase Levels.," The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety, Health and Environment., vol. 1, pp. 85-94, 2014.
[9] C. A. Damalas and S. D. Koutroubas, "Farmers' Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention," Toxics, vol. 4, Jan 8 2016.
[10] C. A. Damalas and I. G. Eleftherohorinos, "Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators," Int J Environ Res Public Health, vol. 8, pp. 1402-19, May 2011.
[11] P. Kachaiyaphum, N. Howteerakul, D. Sujirarat, S. Siri, and N. Suwannapong, "Serum cholinesterase levels of Thai chilli-farm workers exposed to chemical pesticides: prevalence estimates and associated factors," J Occup Health, vol. 52, pp. 89-98, 2010.
[12] M. P. Ali, M. M. M. Kabir, S. S. Haque, X. Qin, S. Nasrin, D. Landis, et al., "Farmer's behavior in pesticide use: Insights study from smallholder and intensive agricultural farms in Bangladesh," Science of The Total Environment, vol. 747, p. 141160, 2020/12/10/ 2020.
[13] F. a. WHO., Guidelines for personal protection when handling and applying pesticides – International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management. Rome. , 2020.
[14] W. J. Hayes., Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology., Third ed. United States of America Elsevier Inc. , 2011.
[15] S. Jaipieam, P. Visuthismajarn, W. Siriwong, M. Borjan, and M. G. Robson, "Inhalation Exposure of Organophosphate Pesticides by Vegetable Growers in the Bang-Rieng Subdistrict in Thailand," Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 2009, p. 452373, 2010/02/07 2009.
[16] J. E. Jacqueline Cotton, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, and Susan Brumby., "Cholinesterase research outreach project (CROP): point of care cholinesterase measurement in an Australian agricultural community.," Environmental Health., vol. 17, pp. 1-11, 2018.
[17] A. N. R. Fajriani GN, Sriwiguna DA, "Personal Protective Equipment Usage on Pesticide Spraying and Farmer’s Blood Cholinesterase Level in Desa Pasirhalang," Jurnal Media Analis Kesehatan, vol. 10, pp. 163-170, 2019.
[18] A. R. Budiawan, "Risk factor of low cholinesterase in red union farmer.," Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, vol. 8, pp. 198-206, 2013.
[19] T. Joko, N. A. Y. Dewanti, and H. L. Dangiran, "Pesticide Poisoning and the Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Indonesian Farmers," Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 2020, p. 5379619, 2020/01/21 2020.
[20] T. J. Atka Kurnia Sari, Nikie Astorina Yunita Dewanti, "Influence of amount of pesticide and amount of PPE to diastolic blood pressure of farmers in Bumen Village, Sumowono District, Semarang Regency.," JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH FOR TROPICAL AND COASTAL REGION (JPHTCR), vol. 1, p. 5, 2018.
[21] N. M. Prayudhy Yushananta, Arif Mahendra, Mei Ahyanti, Yetti Angraini, "Risk factors for pesticide poisoning in horticultural farmers in West Lampung Regency.," Jurnal Ruwa Jurai, vol. 14, pp. 1-8, 2020.
[22] M. Afshari, J. Poorolajal, F. Rezapur-Shahkolai, M. J. Assari, and A. Karimi-Shahanjarini, "Which Factors Influence Farmers’ Use of Protective Measures During Pesticides Exposure?," Workplace Health & Safety, vol. 67, pp. 338-349, 2019/07/01 2019.