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Roll of ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the methanol extract of Plectranthus Vettiveroides in cognitive enhancement and antioxidant activity on scopolamine-induced amnesia
Corresponding Author(s) : Sujatha Palatheeya
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 4 No. 4 (2016): 2016 Volume 4- Issue -4
Abstract
The intention of the current research was to appraise the cognitive enhancing and antioxidant bustle of Plectranthus vettiveroides. The learning and memory was impaired by administration of scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice which is connected with distorted brain oxidative status. The object recognition test (ORT) and passive avoidance test (PAT) were used to appraise cognitive enhancing activity. Animals were treated with an ethyl acetate soluble fractions of the methanol extract of P.vettiveroidesat various doses (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o). The ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the methanol extract of P.vettiveroides (EASFPV) attenuated amnesia induced by scopolamine and aging. The discrimination index (DI) was drastically decreased in the aged and scopolamine group in ORT. Pretreatment with EASFPV significantly enlarged the DI. In PAT, scopolamine-treated mice exhibited significantly shorter step-down latencies (SDL). EASFPV treatment showed a major increase in SDL in young, aged as well as in scopolamine-treated animals. The biochemical analysis of brain exposed that scopolamine treatment increased lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GSH). Administration of extract extensively reduced LPO and reversed the decrease in brain SOD and GSH levels. The administration of EASFPV improved memory in amnesic mice and prevented the oxidative stress associated with scopolamine. The mechanism of such protection of P.vettiveroides may be due to intensification of cellular antioxidants. The outcome of the present study suggested that P.vettiveroides had a shielding role against age and scopolamine-induced amnesia, representing its efficacy in management of cognitive disorders.
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1. R. D. Jewart and J. Green: Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological changes in Alzheimer's disease patients as a function of incontinence medications. Americ J of Geriatric Psych 2005, 13: 324–328.
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4. K. Rockwood: Biomarkers to measure treatment effects in Alzheimer's disease: What should we look for?. International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2011, 4:36
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8. Y. Fan, J. Hu, J. Li: Effect of acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats and its related mechanisms. Neuroscience Lett 2005, 374: 222–226.
9. J. Chen, Y. Long, M. Han, T. Wang, Q. Chen, and R. Wang: Water-soluble derivative of propolis mitigates scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in mice. Pharmacol Biochem and Behav 2008. 90: 441–446.
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11. Kokate CK: Practical Pharmacognosy. India. Vallabh Prakashan; 1994, 104-111.
12. Ennaceure A, Delacour J: A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats: Behavioral data. Behav Brain Res 1998, 31: 47- 59.
13. Dhingra D, Parle M, Kulkarni SK: Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2004, 91: 361- 365.
14. Joshi H, Parle M: Pharmacological evidences for antiamnesic potentials of Phyllanthus amarus in mice. Afr J Biomed Res 2000, 10:165- 173.
15. Naidu P, Singh A, Shrinivas K: Effect of Withania Somnifera root extract on haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia: Possible mechanisms of action. J Med Food 2003, 6: 107- 114.
16. Wills ED: Mechanism of lipid peroxide formation in animal tissues. Biochem 1966, 99: 667- 676.
17. Kono Y: Generation of superoxide radical during autoxidation of hydroxylamine and and assay for superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978, 186:189- 195.
18. Ellman GL: Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978, 82: 70- 77.
19. Lowery OH: Protein measurements with the Folin-phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951, 193: 265- 75.
20. Jeong EU, Lee KY, Kim SH, Sung SH, Kim YC: Cognitive enhancing and antioxidant activities of iridoid glycoside from Scrophularia buergeriana in scopolamine treated mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2008, 288:78- 84.
21. Deschaux O, Bizot JC, Goyffon M: Apamine improves learning in an object recognition task in rats. Neurosci Lett 1997, 222: 159- 162.
References
2. D. J. Selkoe: Alzheimer's disease: a central role for amyloid. J of Neuropathol and Exp Neurol 1994. 53: 438–447.
3. R. Becker, E. Giacobini, R. Elble, M. McIlhany, and K. Sherman: Potential pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer disease. A comparison of various forms of physostigmine administration. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1988, 77: 19–32.
4. K. Rockwood: Biomarkers to measure treatment effects in Alzheimer's disease: What should we look for?. International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2011, 4:36
5. G. M. Bores, F. P. Huger, W. Petko: Pharmacological evaluation of novel Alzheimer's disease therapeutics: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors related to galanthamine. J of Pharmacol and Exp Therap 1996, 277: 728–738.
6. I. Silman and J. L. Sussman, “Acetylcholinesterase: “classical” and “non-classical” functions and pharmacology. Current Opinion in Pharmacol 2005, 5: 293–302.
7. J. H. Oh, B. J. Choi, M. S. Chang, and S. K. Park: Nelumbo nucifera semen extract improves memory in rats with scopolamine-induced amnesia through the induction of choline acetyltransferase expression. Neuroscience Let 2009, 461: 41–44.
8. Y. Fan, J. Hu, J. Li: Effect of acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats and its related mechanisms. Neuroscience Lett 2005, 374: 222–226.
9. J. Chen, Y. Long, M. Han, T. Wang, Q. Chen, and R. Wang: Water-soluble derivative of propolis mitigates scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in mice. Pharmacol Biochem and Behav 2008. 90: 441–446.
10. Trease GD, Evans WC: Pharmacognosy. Harcourt Brace and Company, New York 1997, 275, 343, 571.
11. Kokate CK: Practical Pharmacognosy. India. Vallabh Prakashan; 1994, 104-111.
12. Ennaceure A, Delacour J: A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats: Behavioral data. Behav Brain Res 1998, 31: 47- 59.
13. Dhingra D, Parle M, Kulkarni SK: Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2004, 91: 361- 365.
14. Joshi H, Parle M: Pharmacological evidences for antiamnesic potentials of Phyllanthus amarus in mice. Afr J Biomed Res 2000, 10:165- 173.
15. Naidu P, Singh A, Shrinivas K: Effect of Withania Somnifera root extract on haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia: Possible mechanisms of action. J Med Food 2003, 6: 107- 114.
16. Wills ED: Mechanism of lipid peroxide formation in animal tissues. Biochem 1966, 99: 667- 676.
17. Kono Y: Generation of superoxide radical during autoxidation of hydroxylamine and and assay for superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978, 186:189- 195.
18. Ellman GL: Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978, 82: 70- 77.
19. Lowery OH: Protein measurements with the Folin-phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951, 193: 265- 75.
20. Jeong EU, Lee KY, Kim SH, Sung SH, Kim YC: Cognitive enhancing and antioxidant activities of iridoid glycoside from Scrophularia buergeriana in scopolamine treated mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2008, 288:78- 84.
21. Deschaux O, Bizot JC, Goyffon M: Apamine improves learning in an object recognition task in rats. Neurosci Lett 1997, 222: 159- 162.
