The Relationship between Brushing Teeth and Saliva Conditions on the Accumulation of Calculus in High School Students in Medan City, Indonesia
Corresponding Author(s) : Asnita Bungaria Simaremare
asnitasimare75@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): 2021 Volume - 9 Issue - 2
Abstract
Brushing teeth is an effort to maintain the cleanliness and health of the oral cavity. This study aims to determine the relationship between brushing and salivary conditions on calculus accumulation in high school students in Medan, Indonesia. Measurements used the Saliva Check buffer kit and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) to determine the concentration of calcium ions in saliva. The salivary condition assessment parameters measured were calcium level, volume, salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity. The results showed that the average volume of saliva was 2.64 + 1.61 ml / 5 minutes, salivary flow rate was 0.52 + 0.32 ml / minute, pH: 7.80 + 0.23 (alkaline), salivary buffer capacity 7.0 + 2.59 (low), calcium content 2.91 + 0.72 Mmol / l, the average frequency of brushing teeth 2 times a day, and calculus index 1.42 + 0.47. The conclusion of this study is that there is no significant relationship between brushing teeth and salivary conditions (volume, flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, calcium ion concentration) on calculus accumulation (p> 0.05).
Keywords
Brushing Teeth
Salivary Condition
Calculus Accumulation
1.
Siregar R, Simaremare AB, Sri Junita Nainggolan. The Relationship between Brushing Teeth and Saliva Conditions on the Accumulation of Calculus in High School Students in Medan City, Indonesia. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2021 Apr. 14 [cited 2026 Jan. 23];9(2):157-62. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/969
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References
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Arabac?, T. et al. (2015) ‘Are increased salivary carbonic anhydrase VI levels related to the amount of supragingival dental calculus formation and clinical periodontal scores?’, Journal of Dental Sciences, 10(2), pp. 123–127.
Chung, W. O. and An, J. Y. (2012) ‘Periodontal Disease and Gingival Innate Immunity—Who has the Upper Hand?’, in Manakil, J. (ed.) Periodontal Diseases: A Clinician’s Guide. Rijeka, Croatia: Intech, pp. 69–92.
Ericson, D. and Bratthall, D. (1989) ‘Simplified Method to Estimate Salivary Buffer Capacity’, European Journal of Oral Sciences, 97(5), pp. 405–407.
Gilthorpe, M. et al. (2003) ‘Unification of the “Burst” and “Linear” Theories of Periodontal Disease Progression: a Multilevel Manifestation of the Same Phenomenon’, Journal of dental research, 82(3), pp. 200–205.
Gopinath, V. and Arzreanne, A. (2006) ‘Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Assessment of Dental Caries’, Archives of orofacial sciences, 1, pp. 57–59.
Harvey, C., Serfilippi, L. and Barnvos, D. (2015) ‘Effect of Frequency of Brushing Teeth on Plaque and Calculus Accumulation, and Gingivitis in Dogs’, Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 32(1), pp. 16–21.
Kemenkes (2013) Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013.
Kinane, D. F., Stathopoulou, P. G. and Papapanou, P. N. (2017) ‘Periodontal Disease’, Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(2), pp. 1–14.
Kitasako, Y. et al. (2006) ‘Oral health status in relation to stimulated saliva buffering capacity among Japanese adults above or below 35 years of age’, Journal of medical and dental sciences, 53(4), pp. 175–180.
Kitasako, Y. et al. (2008) ‘Comparative Analysis of Three Commercial Saliva Testing Kits with a Standard Saliva Buffering Test’, Australian dental journal, 53(2), pp. 140–144.
Lang, N. P., Cumming, B. R. and Löe, H. (1973) ‘Toothbrushing Frequency as it Relates to Plaque Development and Gingival Health’, Journal of Periodontology, 44(7), pp. 396–405.
Lavy, E. et al. (2012) ‘pH Values and Mineral Content of Saliva in Different Breeds of Dogs’, Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 67(4), pp. 244–248.
Leroy, R., Eaton, K. A. and Savage, A. (2010) ‘Methodological issues in Epidemiological Studies of Periodontitis - How Can it be Improved?’, BMC Oral Health, 10(1), pp. 1–7.
Lipson, S. F. and Ellison, P. T. (1989) ‘Development of Protocols for the Application of Salivary Steroid Analysis to Field Conditions’, American Journal of Human Biology, 1(3), pp. 249–255.
Mandel, I. and Gaffar, A. (1986) ‘Calculus Revisited: a Review’, Journal of clinical periodontology, 13(4), pp. 249–257.
Mitra, D. K. et al. (2017) ‘Influence of Salivary pH and Urea Level on Calaculus Formation: A Clinio-Biochemical tudy’, International Education and Research Journal, 3(2), pp. 92–94.
Nishi, M. et al. (2017) ‘Knowledge of Caries Risk Factors/Indicators among Japanese and Irish Adult Patients with Different Socio-Economic Profiles: a Cross-Sectional Study’, BMC oral health, 17(1), pp. 1–10.
Pawlaczyk-Kamie?ska, T., Torli?ska-Walkowiak, N. and Borysewicz-Lewicka, M. (2018) ‘The Relationship Between Oral Hygiene Level and Gingivitis in Children’, Adv Clin Exp Med, 27(10), pp. 1397–401.
Rabiei, M. et al. (2013) ‘Salivary Calcium Concentration as a Screening Tool for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis’, International journal of rheumatic diseases, 16(2), pp. 198–202.
Rahayu, N. (2016) ‘Difference of pH Calcium Level od Salivaryin Caries and Caries Free Students of Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Univeritas Sumatera Utara’, Dentika Dental Journal, 19(2), pp. 128–132.
Rajesh, K., Zaareena, S. and MA, K. (2015) ‘Assessment of Salivary Calcium, Phosphate, Magnesium, pH, and Flow Rate in Healthy Subjects, Periodontitis, and Dental Caries’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 6(4), p. 461.
Rehak, N. N., Cecco, S. A. and Csako, G. (2000) ‘Biochemical Composition and Electrolyte Balance of “Unstimulated” Whole Human Saliva’, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), 38(4), pp. 335–343.
Roberts-Harry, E. A. and Clerehugh, V. (2000) ‘Subgingival Calculus: Where are We Now? A Comparative Review’, Journal of Dentistry, 28(2), pp. 93–102.
References
Arabac?, T. et al. (2015) ‘Are increased salivary carbonic anhydrase VI levels related to the amount of supragingival dental calculus formation and clinical periodontal scores?’, Journal of Dental Sciences, 10(2), pp. 123–127.
Chung, W. O. and An, J. Y. (2012) ‘Periodontal Disease and Gingival Innate Immunity—Who has the Upper Hand?’, in Manakil, J. (ed.) Periodontal Diseases: A Clinician’s Guide. Rijeka, Croatia: Intech, pp. 69–92.
Ericson, D. and Bratthall, D. (1989) ‘Simplified Method to Estimate Salivary Buffer Capacity’, European Journal of Oral Sciences, 97(5), pp. 405–407.
Gilthorpe, M. et al. (2003) ‘Unification of the “Burst” and “Linear” Theories of Periodontal Disease Progression: a Multilevel Manifestation of the Same Phenomenon’, Journal of dental research, 82(3), pp. 200–205.
Gopinath, V. and Arzreanne, A. (2006) ‘Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Assessment of Dental Caries’, Archives of orofacial sciences, 1, pp. 57–59.
Harvey, C., Serfilippi, L. and Barnvos, D. (2015) ‘Effect of Frequency of Brushing Teeth on Plaque and Calculus Accumulation, and Gingivitis in Dogs’, Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 32(1), pp. 16–21.
Kemenkes (2013) Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013.
Kinane, D. F., Stathopoulou, P. G. and Papapanou, P. N. (2017) ‘Periodontal Disease’, Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(2), pp. 1–14.
Kitasako, Y. et al. (2006) ‘Oral health status in relation to stimulated saliva buffering capacity among Japanese adults above or below 35 years of age’, Journal of medical and dental sciences, 53(4), pp. 175–180.
Kitasako, Y. et al. (2008) ‘Comparative Analysis of Three Commercial Saliva Testing Kits with a Standard Saliva Buffering Test’, Australian dental journal, 53(2), pp. 140–144.
Lang, N. P., Cumming, B. R. and Löe, H. (1973) ‘Toothbrushing Frequency as it Relates to Plaque Development and Gingival Health’, Journal of Periodontology, 44(7), pp. 396–405.
Lavy, E. et al. (2012) ‘pH Values and Mineral Content of Saliva in Different Breeds of Dogs’, Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 67(4), pp. 244–248.
Leroy, R., Eaton, K. A. and Savage, A. (2010) ‘Methodological issues in Epidemiological Studies of Periodontitis - How Can it be Improved?’, BMC Oral Health, 10(1), pp. 1–7.
Lipson, S. F. and Ellison, P. T. (1989) ‘Development of Protocols for the Application of Salivary Steroid Analysis to Field Conditions’, American Journal of Human Biology, 1(3), pp. 249–255.
Mandel, I. and Gaffar, A. (1986) ‘Calculus Revisited: a Review’, Journal of clinical periodontology, 13(4), pp. 249–257.
Mitra, D. K. et al. (2017) ‘Influence of Salivary pH and Urea Level on Calaculus Formation: A Clinio-Biochemical tudy’, International Education and Research Journal, 3(2), pp. 92–94.
Nishi, M. et al. (2017) ‘Knowledge of Caries Risk Factors/Indicators among Japanese and Irish Adult Patients with Different Socio-Economic Profiles: a Cross-Sectional Study’, BMC oral health, 17(1), pp. 1–10.
Pawlaczyk-Kamie?ska, T., Torli?ska-Walkowiak, N. and Borysewicz-Lewicka, M. (2018) ‘The Relationship Between Oral Hygiene Level and Gingivitis in Children’, Adv Clin Exp Med, 27(10), pp. 1397–401.
Rabiei, M. et al. (2013) ‘Salivary Calcium Concentration as a Screening Tool for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis’, International journal of rheumatic diseases, 16(2), pp. 198–202.
Rahayu, N. (2016) ‘Difference of pH Calcium Level od Salivaryin Caries and Caries Free Students of Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Univeritas Sumatera Utara’, Dentika Dental Journal, 19(2), pp. 128–132.
Rajesh, K., Zaareena, S. and MA, K. (2015) ‘Assessment of Salivary Calcium, Phosphate, Magnesium, pH, and Flow Rate in Healthy Subjects, Periodontitis, and Dental Caries’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 6(4), p. 461.
Rehak, N. N., Cecco, S. A. and Csako, G. (2000) ‘Biochemical Composition and Electrolyte Balance of “Unstimulated” Whole Human Saliva’, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), 38(4), pp. 335–343.
Roberts-Harry, E. A. and Clerehugh, V. (2000) ‘Subgingival Calculus: Where are We Now? A Comparative Review’, Journal of Dentistry, 28(2), pp. 93–102.
Chung, W. O. and An, J. Y. (2012) ‘Periodontal Disease and Gingival Innate Immunity—Who has the Upper Hand?’, in Manakil, J. (ed.) Periodontal Diseases: A Clinician’s Guide. Rijeka, Croatia: Intech, pp. 69–92.
Ericson, D. and Bratthall, D. (1989) ‘Simplified Method to Estimate Salivary Buffer Capacity’, European Journal of Oral Sciences, 97(5), pp. 405–407.
Gilthorpe, M. et al. (2003) ‘Unification of the “Burst” and “Linear” Theories of Periodontal Disease Progression: a Multilevel Manifestation of the Same Phenomenon’, Journal of dental research, 82(3), pp. 200–205.
Gopinath, V. and Arzreanne, A. (2006) ‘Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Assessment of Dental Caries’, Archives of orofacial sciences, 1, pp. 57–59.
Harvey, C., Serfilippi, L. and Barnvos, D. (2015) ‘Effect of Frequency of Brushing Teeth on Plaque and Calculus Accumulation, and Gingivitis in Dogs’, Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 32(1), pp. 16–21.
Kemenkes (2013) Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013.
Kinane, D. F., Stathopoulou, P. G. and Papapanou, P. N. (2017) ‘Periodontal Disease’, Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(2), pp. 1–14.
Kitasako, Y. et al. (2006) ‘Oral health status in relation to stimulated saliva buffering capacity among Japanese adults above or below 35 years of age’, Journal of medical and dental sciences, 53(4), pp. 175–180.
Kitasako, Y. et al. (2008) ‘Comparative Analysis of Three Commercial Saliva Testing Kits with a Standard Saliva Buffering Test’, Australian dental journal, 53(2), pp. 140–144.
Lang, N. P., Cumming, B. R. and Löe, H. (1973) ‘Toothbrushing Frequency as it Relates to Plaque Development and Gingival Health’, Journal of Periodontology, 44(7), pp. 396–405.
Lavy, E. et al. (2012) ‘pH Values and Mineral Content of Saliva in Different Breeds of Dogs’, Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 67(4), pp. 244–248.
Leroy, R., Eaton, K. A. and Savage, A. (2010) ‘Methodological issues in Epidemiological Studies of Periodontitis - How Can it be Improved?’, BMC Oral Health, 10(1), pp. 1–7.
Lipson, S. F. and Ellison, P. T. (1989) ‘Development of Protocols for the Application of Salivary Steroid Analysis to Field Conditions’, American Journal of Human Biology, 1(3), pp. 249–255.
Mandel, I. and Gaffar, A. (1986) ‘Calculus Revisited: a Review’, Journal of clinical periodontology, 13(4), pp. 249–257.
Mitra, D. K. et al. (2017) ‘Influence of Salivary pH and Urea Level on Calaculus Formation: A Clinio-Biochemical tudy’, International Education and Research Journal, 3(2), pp. 92–94.
Nishi, M. et al. (2017) ‘Knowledge of Caries Risk Factors/Indicators among Japanese and Irish Adult Patients with Different Socio-Economic Profiles: a Cross-Sectional Study’, BMC oral health, 17(1), pp. 1–10.
Pawlaczyk-Kamie?ska, T., Torli?ska-Walkowiak, N. and Borysewicz-Lewicka, M. (2018) ‘The Relationship Between Oral Hygiene Level and Gingivitis in Children’, Adv Clin Exp Med, 27(10), pp. 1397–401.
Rabiei, M. et al. (2013) ‘Salivary Calcium Concentration as a Screening Tool for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis’, International journal of rheumatic diseases, 16(2), pp. 198–202.
Rahayu, N. (2016) ‘Difference of pH Calcium Level od Salivaryin Caries and Caries Free Students of Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Univeritas Sumatera Utara’, Dentika Dental Journal, 19(2), pp. 128–132.
Rajesh, K., Zaareena, S. and MA, K. (2015) ‘Assessment of Salivary Calcium, Phosphate, Magnesium, pH, and Flow Rate in Healthy Subjects, Periodontitis, and Dental Caries’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 6(4), p. 461.
Rehak, N. N., Cecco, S. A. and Csako, G. (2000) ‘Biochemical Composition and Electrolyte Balance of “Unstimulated” Whole Human Saliva’, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), 38(4), pp. 335–343.
Roberts-Harry, E. A. and Clerehugh, V. (2000) ‘Subgingival Calculus: Where are We Now? A Comparative Review’, Journal of Dentistry, 28(2), pp. 93–102.