Date Log
Submitted
February 20, 2021
Published
April 2, 2021
Content Validation of a Questionnaire on Viewing Sexually Explicit Materials (SEM) Among Young Adult Filipinos
Corresponding Author(s) : Hamdoni K. Pangandaman
pangandamanhamdoni@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): 2021 Volume - 9 Issue - 2
Abstract
The richness of internet on multimedia has immense influence on mental health particularly the sexual behavior of the youth. Literature shared that risky sexual behavior induced by viewing of sexually explicit materials (SEM) is a factor of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) or AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) statistics. This study validated relevant questions extracted from literature regarding viewing of sexually explicit materials (SEM) among young adult Filipinos. A process of tool validation through quantitative approach using Content Validity Ratio (CVR), Content Validity Index (CVI), and Modified Kappa Coefficient (K*) in the researchers made questionnaire with 19-items extracted from literature has been validated by 31 validators as experts in the respective fields of psychology, nursing, clinics, and academe. CVR result with PAE (Proportion Agreeing Essential = 0.677) greater than CVR critical exact value (0.355) shows that only 18-items are essential and 1-item deleted as non-essential. Subsequently, CVI result deemed that all 18-item are very relevant, very clear, very simple and the meaning is clear. Results of I-CVI and Modified Kappa Coefficient (K*) shows that 18-items are all appropriate (I-CVI= > 0.79) and Excellent (K* = >0.74). Thus, 18-items of the researcher made questionnaire are valid to assess and measure the young adult viewing of sexually explicit materials (SEM). It is highly recommended to further validate questionnaire using standardized methods such as exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to identify its dimensions as well as pilot testing using Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability coefficient.
Keywords
Sexually Explicit Materials
Viewing, Filipino
Young Adults
Tool Validation
Hamdoni K. Pangandaman, & Samiha L. Yahya. (2021). Content Validation of a Questionnaire on Viewing Sexually Explicit Materials (SEM) Among Young Adult Filipinos. International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research, 9(2), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.61096/ijamscr.v9.iss2.2021.103-107
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References
-
[1] A. B. Suleiman, A. Galván, K. P. Harden, and R. E. Dahl, "Becoming a sexual being: The ‘elephant in the room’ of adolescent brain development," Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 25, pp. 209-220, 2017/06/01/ 2017.
[2] X. Chi, L. Yu, and S. Winter, "Prevalence and correlates of sexual behaviors among university students: a study in Hefei, China," BMC Public Health, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 972, 2012/11/13 2012.
[3] E. G. De Jose, Filipino Adolescents’ Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors: Results from a University Cohort (2013, no. 8). 2013.
[4] M. Landry, M. Turner, A. Vyas, and S. Wood, "Social Media and Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents: Is there a link?," (in English), Original Paper %J JMIR Public Health Surveill vol. 3, no. 2, p. e28, 2017.
[5] M. Meeker, "Internet trends report; 2019," ed, 2019.
[6] D. A. Cordero Jr, "Understanding the Broader Horizon of Sexual Encounter: A Case Study on Sexual Engagement Among Filipino Teens," J Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 46-61, 2018.
[7] E. M. Morgan, "Associations between Young Adults' Use of Sexually Explicit Materials and Their Sexual Preferences, Behaviors, and Satisfaction," The Journal of Sex Research, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 520-530, 2011/11/01 2011.
[8] M. Weber, O. Quiring, and G. Daschmann, "Peers, Parents and Pornography: Exploring Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material and Its Developmental Correlates," Sexuality & Culture, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 408-427, 2012/12/01 2012.
[9] P. A. Flowers-Coulson, M. A. Kushner, and S. Bankowski, "The Information Is Out There, But is Anyone Getting It? Adolescent Misconceptions About Sexuality Education and Reproductive Health and the Use of the Internet to Get Answers," Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, vol. 25, no. 2-3, pp. 178-188, 2000/06/01 2000.
[10] G. M. Hald, L. Kuyper, P. C. G. Adam, and J. B. F. de Wit, "Does Viewing Explain Doing? Assessing the Association Between Sexually Explicit Materials Use and Sexual Behaviors in a Large Sample of Dutch Adolescents and Young Adults," vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 2986-2995, 2013.
[11] C. Hunn, C. Spiranovic, J. Prichard, and K. Gelb, "Why internet users’ perceptions of viewing child exploitation material matter for prevention policies," vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 174-193, 2020.
[12] M. Mogato and M. Perry, "Philippines Has Highest HIV Infection Growth Rate in Asia-Pacific: UN," ed: Reuters, 2017.
[13] F. Yaghmaei, "Content Validity and Its Estimation," Journal of Medical Education, vol. 3, no. 1, 2003.
[14] C. Ayre and A. J. Scally, "Critical Values for Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio:Revisiting the Original Methods of Calculation," vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 79-86, 2014.
[15] H. Pangandaman, "Content Validity of Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform (TIGER) Assessment Instrument for Informatics Competencies of Graduating Nursing Student," International Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 6, no. 11, 2018.
[16] C. H. Lawshe, "A Quantitative Approach to Content Validity," Personnel Psychology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 563-575, 1975.
[17] A. Štulhofer, V. Buško, and I. Landripet, "Pornography, Sexual Socialization, and Satisfaction Among Young Men," Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 168-178, 2010/02/01 2010.
[18] E. F. Rothman and A. Adhia, "Adolescent Pornography Use and Dating Violence among a Sample of Primarily Black and Hispanic, Urban-Residing, Underage Youth," vol. 6, no. 1, p. 1, 2016.
[19] J. R. Adanza, "Engagement With Sexually Explicit Internal Materials (SEIM) and Its Moral Implications AMong the Youth of Cavite, Philippines," International Journal of Arts and Humanities, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 492-505, 2018.
[20] E. Laguna and A. J. Pagaduan III, "Tuned In, Turned On: Exposure to Pornographic Materials as a Correlate of Early Sexual Initiation among Filipino Adolescents," Plaridel, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 69-82, 2005.
[21] H. W. Marsh et al., "Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling, Integrating CFA and EFA: Application to Students' Evaluations of University Teaching," Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 439-476, 2009/07/14 2009.
[22] S. W. O'Leary-Kelly and R. J. Vokurka, "The empirical assessment of construct validity," Journal of Operations Management, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 387-405, 1998/07/01/ 1998.
[23] K. F. Widaman, "Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis," in APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 3: Data analysis and research publication.(APA handbooks in psychology®. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2012, pp. 361-389.
References
[1] A. B. Suleiman, A. Galván, K. P. Harden, and R. E. Dahl, "Becoming a sexual being: The ‘elephant in the room’ of adolescent brain development," Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 25, pp. 209-220, 2017/06/01/ 2017.
[2] X. Chi, L. Yu, and S. Winter, "Prevalence and correlates of sexual behaviors among university students: a study in Hefei, China," BMC Public Health, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 972, 2012/11/13 2012.
[3] E. G. De Jose, Filipino Adolescents’ Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors: Results from a University Cohort (2013, no. 8). 2013.
[4] M. Landry, M. Turner, A. Vyas, and S. Wood, "Social Media and Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents: Is there a link?," (in English), Original Paper %J JMIR Public Health Surveill vol. 3, no. 2, p. e28, 2017.
[5] M. Meeker, "Internet trends report; 2019," ed, 2019.
[6] D. A. Cordero Jr, "Understanding the Broader Horizon of Sexual Encounter: A Case Study on Sexual Engagement Among Filipino Teens," J Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 46-61, 2018.
[7] E. M. Morgan, "Associations between Young Adults' Use of Sexually Explicit Materials and Their Sexual Preferences, Behaviors, and Satisfaction," The Journal of Sex Research, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 520-530, 2011/11/01 2011.
[8] M. Weber, O. Quiring, and G. Daschmann, "Peers, Parents and Pornography: Exploring Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material and Its Developmental Correlates," Sexuality & Culture, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 408-427, 2012/12/01 2012.
[9] P. A. Flowers-Coulson, M. A. Kushner, and S. Bankowski, "The Information Is Out There, But is Anyone Getting It? Adolescent Misconceptions About Sexuality Education and Reproductive Health and the Use of the Internet to Get Answers," Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, vol. 25, no. 2-3, pp. 178-188, 2000/06/01 2000.
[10] G. M. Hald, L. Kuyper, P. C. G. Adam, and J. B. F. de Wit, "Does Viewing Explain Doing? Assessing the Association Between Sexually Explicit Materials Use and Sexual Behaviors in a Large Sample of Dutch Adolescents and Young Adults," vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 2986-2995, 2013.
[11] C. Hunn, C. Spiranovic, J. Prichard, and K. Gelb, "Why internet users’ perceptions of viewing child exploitation material matter for prevention policies," vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 174-193, 2020.
[12] M. Mogato and M. Perry, "Philippines Has Highest HIV Infection Growth Rate in Asia-Pacific: UN," ed: Reuters, 2017.
[13] F. Yaghmaei, "Content Validity and Its Estimation," Journal of Medical Education, vol. 3, no. 1, 2003.
[14] C. Ayre and A. J. Scally, "Critical Values for Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio:Revisiting the Original Methods of Calculation," vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 79-86, 2014.
[15] H. Pangandaman, "Content Validity of Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform (TIGER) Assessment Instrument for Informatics Competencies of Graduating Nursing Student," International Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 6, no. 11, 2018.
[16] C. H. Lawshe, "A Quantitative Approach to Content Validity," Personnel Psychology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 563-575, 1975.
[17] A. Štulhofer, V. Buško, and I. Landripet, "Pornography, Sexual Socialization, and Satisfaction Among Young Men," Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 168-178, 2010/02/01 2010.
[18] E. F. Rothman and A. Adhia, "Adolescent Pornography Use and Dating Violence among a Sample of Primarily Black and Hispanic, Urban-Residing, Underage Youth," vol. 6, no. 1, p. 1, 2016.
[19] J. R. Adanza, "Engagement With Sexually Explicit Internal Materials (SEIM) and Its Moral Implications AMong the Youth of Cavite, Philippines," International Journal of Arts and Humanities, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 492-505, 2018.
[20] E. Laguna and A. J. Pagaduan III, "Tuned In, Turned On: Exposure to Pornographic Materials as a Correlate of Early Sexual Initiation among Filipino Adolescents," Plaridel, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 69-82, 2005.
[21] H. W. Marsh et al., "Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling, Integrating CFA and EFA: Application to Students' Evaluations of University Teaching," Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 439-476, 2009/07/14 2009.
[22] S. W. O'Leary-Kelly and R. J. Vokurka, "The empirical assessment of construct validity," Journal of Operations Management, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 387-405, 1998/07/01/ 1998.
[23] K. F. Widaman, "Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis," in APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 3: Data analysis and research publication.(APA handbooks in psychology®. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2012, pp. 361-389.
[2] X. Chi, L. Yu, and S. Winter, "Prevalence and correlates of sexual behaviors among university students: a study in Hefei, China," BMC Public Health, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 972, 2012/11/13 2012.
[3] E. G. De Jose, Filipino Adolescents’ Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors: Results from a University Cohort (2013, no. 8). 2013.
[4] M. Landry, M. Turner, A. Vyas, and S. Wood, "Social Media and Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents: Is there a link?," (in English), Original Paper %J JMIR Public Health Surveill vol. 3, no. 2, p. e28, 2017.
[5] M. Meeker, "Internet trends report; 2019," ed, 2019.
[6] D. A. Cordero Jr, "Understanding the Broader Horizon of Sexual Encounter: A Case Study on Sexual Engagement Among Filipino Teens," J Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 46-61, 2018.
[7] E. M. Morgan, "Associations between Young Adults' Use of Sexually Explicit Materials and Their Sexual Preferences, Behaviors, and Satisfaction," The Journal of Sex Research, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 520-530, 2011/11/01 2011.
[8] M. Weber, O. Quiring, and G. Daschmann, "Peers, Parents and Pornography: Exploring Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material and Its Developmental Correlates," Sexuality & Culture, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 408-427, 2012/12/01 2012.
[9] P. A. Flowers-Coulson, M. A. Kushner, and S. Bankowski, "The Information Is Out There, But is Anyone Getting It? Adolescent Misconceptions About Sexuality Education and Reproductive Health and the Use of the Internet to Get Answers," Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, vol. 25, no. 2-3, pp. 178-188, 2000/06/01 2000.
[10] G. M. Hald, L. Kuyper, P. C. G. Adam, and J. B. F. de Wit, "Does Viewing Explain Doing? Assessing the Association Between Sexually Explicit Materials Use and Sexual Behaviors in a Large Sample of Dutch Adolescents and Young Adults," vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 2986-2995, 2013.
[11] C. Hunn, C. Spiranovic, J. Prichard, and K. Gelb, "Why internet users’ perceptions of viewing child exploitation material matter for prevention policies," vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 174-193, 2020.
[12] M. Mogato and M. Perry, "Philippines Has Highest HIV Infection Growth Rate in Asia-Pacific: UN," ed: Reuters, 2017.
[13] F. Yaghmaei, "Content Validity and Its Estimation," Journal of Medical Education, vol. 3, no. 1, 2003.
[14] C. Ayre and A. J. Scally, "Critical Values for Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio:Revisiting the Original Methods of Calculation," vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 79-86, 2014.
[15] H. Pangandaman, "Content Validity of Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform (TIGER) Assessment Instrument for Informatics Competencies of Graduating Nursing Student," International Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 6, no. 11, 2018.
[16] C. H. Lawshe, "A Quantitative Approach to Content Validity," Personnel Psychology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 563-575, 1975.
[17] A. Štulhofer, V. Buško, and I. Landripet, "Pornography, Sexual Socialization, and Satisfaction Among Young Men," Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 168-178, 2010/02/01 2010.
[18] E. F. Rothman and A. Adhia, "Adolescent Pornography Use and Dating Violence among a Sample of Primarily Black and Hispanic, Urban-Residing, Underage Youth," vol. 6, no. 1, p. 1, 2016.
[19] J. R. Adanza, "Engagement With Sexually Explicit Internal Materials (SEIM) and Its Moral Implications AMong the Youth of Cavite, Philippines," International Journal of Arts and Humanities, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 492-505, 2018.
[20] E. Laguna and A. J. Pagaduan III, "Tuned In, Turned On: Exposure to Pornographic Materials as a Correlate of Early Sexual Initiation among Filipino Adolescents," Plaridel, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 69-82, 2005.
[21] H. W. Marsh et al., "Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling, Integrating CFA and EFA: Application to Students' Evaluations of University Teaching," Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 439-476, 2009/07/14 2009.
[22] S. W. O'Leary-Kelly and R. J. Vokurka, "The empirical assessment of construct validity," Journal of Operations Management, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 387-405, 1998/07/01/ 1998.
[23] K. F. Widaman, "Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis," in APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 3: Data analysis and research publication.(APA handbooks in psychology®. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2012, pp. 361-389.
