Association Between Spirituality and Spiritual Well-Being Among Displaced Older Adults in Marawi City
Corresponding Author(s) : Ashley A. Bangcola
ashley.bangcola@msumain.edu.ph
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): 2020 Volume - 8 Issue-4
Abstract
Geriatrics or advanced aging as one of the most vulnerable and affected population in a post-war conflict may have different spiritual inclination affecting their spirituality and spiritual well-being which is unique from the normally established developmental pathway of older adults. This study described the profile, spirituality and its association with spiritual well-being of older adults displaced in the evacuation centers as survivors of Marawi siege. A descriptive correlational technique was adopted and Raosoft sample size calculator yielded 97 older adults as sample participants which randomly stratified in the selected and densely populated evacuation centers in the Municipality of Saguiaran, Pantar, Balo-I, Maria Christina and Iligan City in Mindanao, Philippines. Data were collected through an adopted Spiritual Experience Index (SEI) and Spirituality Assessment Scale (SAS) questionnaire which then coded and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and IBM-SPSS computer software application. Result shows that most of the older adults’ married (60%) women (64%) at their late sixties (µ=68.1; sd=6.98) attained a strong level of spirituality (µ=5.26) and a fair spiritual well-being (µ=3.80). Based on Pearson r Correlation, there was a positive correlation between spirituality and spiritual wellbeing (p=.043). The study concluded that as spirituality of displaced older adult increases so does their spiritual well-being. Amidst challenges they encountered, spirituality is seemingly a strength for them despite normal physiological decline and social crisis. So, awareness of the importance of spirituality and spiritual well-being in caring for these group of people is necessary. Authorities are recommended to provide more comprehensive and appropriate care services to elderly patients and to dedicate programs and approaches to enhance spirituality and spiritual well-being.
Keywords
Spirituality
Spiritual Well-being
Older adults
Displaced perons
Evacuation center
1.
Hamdoni K. Pangandaman, Ashley A. Bangcola. Association Between Spirituality and Spiritual Well-Being Among Displaced Older Adults in Marawi City. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Nov. 17 [cited 2026 Apr. 16];8(4):722-7. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/929
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References
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[24] E. Jafari, M. Najafi, F. Sohrabi, G. R. Dehshiri, E. Soleymani, and R. Heshmati, "Life satisfaction, spirituality well-being and hope in cancer patients," Procedia-Social Behavioral Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 1362-1366, 2010.
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[27] A. E. Rippentrop, E. M. Altmaier, and C. P. Burns, "The relationship of religiosity and spirituality to quality of life among cancer patients," Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 29, 2006.
[28] C. R. Snyder et al., "The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope," Journal of personality social psychology, vol. 60, no. 4, p. 570, 1991.
[29] D. P. Yoon, "Factors affecting subjective weil-being for rural elderly individuals: the importance of spirituality, religiousness, and social support," Journal of Religion Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 59-75, 2006.
[30] F. Tantoco and C. Nelson, "The Spirituality of Effective Public School Principals in Northern Mindanao, Philippines," Advanced Science Letters, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 8003-8006, 2018.
References
J. Mutambara and T. Sodi, "Exploring the role of spirituality in coping with war trauma among war veterans in Zimbabwe," Sage open, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 2158244017750433, 2018.
[2] R. S. Murthy and R. Lakshminarayana, "Mental health consequences of war: a brief review of research findings," (in eng), World Psychiatry, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 25-30, Feb 2006.
[3] J. M. Fegert, C. Diehl, B. Leyendecker, K. Hahlweg, and V. Prayon-Blum, "Psychosocial problems in traumatized refugee families: overview of risks and some recommendations for support services," Child adolescent psychiatry mental health, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2018.
[4] D. Somasundaram and S. Sivayokan, "Rebuilding community resilience in a post-war context: developing insight and recommendations-a qualitative study in Northern Sri Lanka," International journal of mental health systems, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 3, 2013.
[5] R. S. Murthy and R. Lakshminarayana, "Mental health consequences of war: a brief review of research findings," World psychiatry, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 25, 2006.
[6] A. M. Stinson, "Spiritual Life Review with Older Adults: Finding Meaning in Late Life Development," 2013.
[7] M. Ramezani, F. Ahmadi, E. Mohammadi, and A. Kazemnejad, "Spiritual care in nursing: a concept analysis," International nursing review, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 211-219, 2014.
[8] H. G. Koenig and H. J. Cohen, The link between religion and health: Psychoneuroimmunology and the faith factor. Oxford University Press, 2002.
[9] B. S. Barnum, Spirituality in nursing: From traditional to new age. Springer Publishing Company, 2006.
[10] M. L. Friedemann, J. Mouch, and T. Racey, "Nursing the spirit: The framework of systemic organization," Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 325-332, 2002.
[11] J. M. Simoni, M. G. Martone, and J. F. Kerwin, "Spirituality and psychological adaptation among women with HIV/AIDS: Implications for counseling," Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 49, no. 2, p. 139, 2002.
[12] M. E. O'Brien, Prayer in nursing: The spirituality of compassionate caregiving. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2003.
[13] P. C. Hill and K. I. Pargament, "Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research," American psychologist, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 64, 2003.
[14] W. R. Miller and C. E. Thoresen, "Spirituality, religion, and health: An emerging research field," American psychologist, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 24, 2003.
[15] J. Kelly, "Spirituality as a coping mechanism," Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 162-168, 2004.
[16] J. Graham, D. Coholic, and J. Coates, "Spirituality as a guiding construct in the development of Canadian social work: Past and present considerations," Critical Social Work, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2006.
[17] D. O. Moberg and P. M. Brusek, "Spiritual well-being: A neglected subject in quality of life research," Social Indicators Research, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 303-323, 1978.
[18] C. F. Musgrave, C. E. Allen, and G. Allen, "Spirituality and health for women of color," American Journal of Public Health, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 557-560, 2002.
[19] I. Raosoft, "Sample size calculator," Available from: www.raosoft.com/samplesize, 2004.
[20] V. Genia, "The spiritual experience index: Revision and reformulation," Review of religious research, pp. 344-361, 1997.
[21] J. W. Howden, "Development and psychometric characteristics of the Spirituality Assessment Scale," 1994.
[22] L. L. Ellison, "The spiritual well-being scale," 2006.
[23] J. Manning-Walsh, "Spiritual struggle: Effect on quality of life and life satisfaction in women with breast cancer," Journal of Holistic Nursing, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 120-140, 2005.
[24] E. Jafari, M. Najafi, F. Sohrabi, G. R. Dehshiri, E. Soleymani, and R. Heshmati, "Life satisfaction, spirituality well-being and hope in cancer patients," Procedia-Social Behavioral Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 1362-1366, 2010.
[25] R. E. Lark, "The relationship of mood and spirituality to state hope and dispositional forgiveness," 2007.
[26] N. Mascaro, D. H. Rosen, and L. C. Morey, "The development, construct validity, and clinical utility of the spiritual meaning scale," Personality Individual Differences, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 845-860, 2004.
[27] A. E. Rippentrop, E. M. Altmaier, and C. P. Burns, "The relationship of religiosity and spirituality to quality of life among cancer patients," Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 29, 2006.
[28] C. R. Snyder et al., "The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope," Journal of personality social psychology, vol. 60, no. 4, p. 570, 1991.
[29] D. P. Yoon, "Factors affecting subjective weil-being for rural elderly individuals: the importance of spirituality, religiousness, and social support," Journal of Religion Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 59-75, 2006.
[30] F. Tantoco and C. Nelson, "The Spirituality of Effective Public School Principals in Northern Mindanao, Philippines," Advanced Science Letters, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 8003-8006, 2018.
[2] R. S. Murthy and R. Lakshminarayana, "Mental health consequences of war: a brief review of research findings," (in eng), World Psychiatry, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 25-30, Feb 2006.
[3] J. M. Fegert, C. Diehl, B. Leyendecker, K. Hahlweg, and V. Prayon-Blum, "Psychosocial problems in traumatized refugee families: overview of risks and some recommendations for support services," Child adolescent psychiatry mental health, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2018.
[4] D. Somasundaram and S. Sivayokan, "Rebuilding community resilience in a post-war context: developing insight and recommendations-a qualitative study in Northern Sri Lanka," International journal of mental health systems, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 3, 2013.
[5] R. S. Murthy and R. Lakshminarayana, "Mental health consequences of war: a brief review of research findings," World psychiatry, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 25, 2006.
[6] A. M. Stinson, "Spiritual Life Review with Older Adults: Finding Meaning in Late Life Development," 2013.
[7] M. Ramezani, F. Ahmadi, E. Mohammadi, and A. Kazemnejad, "Spiritual care in nursing: a concept analysis," International nursing review, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 211-219, 2014.
[8] H. G. Koenig and H. J. Cohen, The link between religion and health: Psychoneuroimmunology and the faith factor. Oxford University Press, 2002.
[9] B. S. Barnum, Spirituality in nursing: From traditional to new age. Springer Publishing Company, 2006.
[10] M. L. Friedemann, J. Mouch, and T. Racey, "Nursing the spirit: The framework of systemic organization," Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 325-332, 2002.
[11] J. M. Simoni, M. G. Martone, and J. F. Kerwin, "Spirituality and psychological adaptation among women with HIV/AIDS: Implications for counseling," Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 49, no. 2, p. 139, 2002.
[12] M. E. O'Brien, Prayer in nursing: The spirituality of compassionate caregiving. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2003.
[13] P. C. Hill and K. I. Pargament, "Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research," American psychologist, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 64, 2003.
[14] W. R. Miller and C. E. Thoresen, "Spirituality, religion, and health: An emerging research field," American psychologist, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 24, 2003.
[15] J. Kelly, "Spirituality as a coping mechanism," Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 162-168, 2004.
[16] J. Graham, D. Coholic, and J. Coates, "Spirituality as a guiding construct in the development of Canadian social work: Past and present considerations," Critical Social Work, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2006.
[17] D. O. Moberg and P. M. Brusek, "Spiritual well-being: A neglected subject in quality of life research," Social Indicators Research, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 303-323, 1978.
[18] C. F. Musgrave, C. E. Allen, and G. Allen, "Spirituality and health for women of color," American Journal of Public Health, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 557-560, 2002.
[19] I. Raosoft, "Sample size calculator," Available from: www.raosoft.com/samplesize, 2004.
[20] V. Genia, "The spiritual experience index: Revision and reformulation," Review of religious research, pp. 344-361, 1997.
[21] J. W. Howden, "Development and psychometric characteristics of the Spirituality Assessment Scale," 1994.
[22] L. L. Ellison, "The spiritual well-being scale," 2006.
[23] J. Manning-Walsh, "Spiritual struggle: Effect on quality of life and life satisfaction in women with breast cancer," Journal of Holistic Nursing, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 120-140, 2005.
[24] E. Jafari, M. Najafi, F. Sohrabi, G. R. Dehshiri, E. Soleymani, and R. Heshmati, "Life satisfaction, spirituality well-being and hope in cancer patients," Procedia-Social Behavioral Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 1362-1366, 2010.
[25] R. E. Lark, "The relationship of mood and spirituality to state hope and dispositional forgiveness," 2007.
[26] N. Mascaro, D. H. Rosen, and L. C. Morey, "The development, construct validity, and clinical utility of the spiritual meaning scale," Personality Individual Differences, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 845-860, 2004.
[27] A. E. Rippentrop, E. M. Altmaier, and C. P. Burns, "The relationship of religiosity and spirituality to quality of life among cancer patients," Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 29, 2006.
[28] C. R. Snyder et al., "The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope," Journal of personality social psychology, vol. 60, no. 4, p. 570, 1991.
[29] D. P. Yoon, "Factors affecting subjective weil-being for rural elderly individuals: the importance of spirituality, religiousness, and social support," Journal of Religion Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 59-75, 2006.
[30] F. Tantoco and C. Nelson, "The Spirituality of Effective Public School Principals in Northern Mindanao, Philippines," Advanced Science Letters, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 8003-8006, 2018.