Date Log
Submitted
September 16, 2020
Published
September 16, 2020
The effect of avocado seed extract (Persea americana Mill.) on MDA levels and the number of foam cells in atherosclerotic rats
Corresponding Author(s) : Beniqna M. Besmaya
beniqnamaharani@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): 2020 Volume - 8 Issue-3
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia increases the risk of atherosclerosis (ATH). Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) are proven to have antihypercholesterol and antioxidant activities. The effect of these two activities on malondialdehyde (MDA) and foam cell formation in the ATH stage is unknown. This study aims to determine the effect of avocado seed extract (ASE) on malondialdehyde and coronary artery foam cells in male Wistar rats ATH models. This experimental laboratory research applied pretest posttest with control groups design that distributed 24 male Wistar rats into 4 groups. The KN group is a healthy rats; the KP group was given an atherogenic diet for 14 days; group P1 was given an atherogenic diet for 14 days, continued giving ASE 250 mg/kg weight/day for 14 days; and P2 groups were given an atherogenic diet together with ASE 250 mg/kg weight/day for 14 days. MDA levels were measured by the TBARS method and foam cells were observed under a microscope (400x). The data were analysed by using SPSS. Wilcoxon test for MDA levels (p>0.05), One Way-ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test for foam cell (p=0.001) showed KN (mean+SD;15.67+12.97) significantly different against KP (102.50+32.66); P1 (67.33+17.50); and P2 (54.17+8.47; p=0.001; p=0.001; and p=0.020), KP was significantly different from P1 and P2 (p=0.039 and p=0.003), while P1 was not significantly different from P2. Giving ASE has no effect on MDA levels, but ASE has a protective and curative effect on the formation of foam cells.
Keywords
Persea americana Mill
Atherosclerosis
Malondialdehyde
Foam cells
Ari Suwondo, Beniqna M. Besmaya, & M. Choiroel Anwar. (2020). The effect of avocado seed extract (Persea americana Mill.) on MDA levels and the number of foam cells in atherosclerotic rats. International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research, 8(3), 604–610. https://doi.org/10.61096/ijamscr.v8.iss3.2020.604-610
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References
-
[1]. Penyusun TIM. Profil Kesehatan Kota Semarang, Available from: www.dinkes.semarangkota.go.id. 2019.
[2]. Mboi N, Surbakti IM, Trihandini I, Elyazar I, Smith KH, Ali PB, et al. Articles On the road to universal health care in Indonesia, A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet, 6736(18), 2018, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30595-6.
[3]. Kurniawaty E, Yusnita AR. Blueberries(Vaccinium cyanococcus) Consumption Effects on Decreasing LDL Oxidation as A Treatment for Coronary Heart Disease. Majority, 5, 2016, 6–10.
[4]. Adelina R, Kurniatri A. Mekanisme Katekin Sebagai Obat Antidislipidemia (Uji In Silico). Bul Penelit Kesehat, 46(3), 2018, 147–54.
[5]. Jannah W, Rahman N. Effect of Avocado (Persea americana Mill) Seeds’ Extract as Anti-hypercholesterol Mice’s (Mus musculus) Blood. J Akad Kim, 6(3), 2017, 180–6.
[6]. Kristanti CD, Puspa F, Simanjuntak J, Pramita NK, Anggara Dewi, Skolastika Venita Tianri PH. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Avocado Seed (Persea americana Mill.). J Farm Sains dan Komunitas, 14(2), 2017, 104–11.
[7]. Dwi Wahyuni, Sudiastuti S. Pengaruh Air Rebusan Biji Alpukat (Persea americana L.) terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Mencit (Mus musculus Mill.) Diabetes yang Diberi Diet Beras Warna. Bioprospek, 11(1), 2016, 49–53.
[8]. Malanggi LP, Sangi MS, Paendong JJE. Penentuan Kandungan Tanin dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Biji Buah Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.). J MIPA UNSRAT, 1(1), 2012, 15–10.
[9]. Zaetun S, Budi L, Dewi K, Bagus I, Wiadnya R. Profil Kadar MDA (Malondialdehide) sebagai Penanda Kerusakan Seluler Akibat Radikal Bebas pada Tikus yang Diberikan Air Beroksigen. J Anal Med Bio Sains, 5(1), 2018, 79–84.
[10]. Prof. Dr. H. Djanggan Sargowo, dr. Sp.PD, Sp.JP (K), FIHA, FACC, FESC FAPSC F. Patogenesis Aterosklerosis. Cetakan Pe. Malang, 2015, 3-125 .
[11]. Lukman W, Ferdinal F. Pengaruh hipoksia sistemik terhadap kadar Glutation ( GSH ) pada jantung dan darah tikus Sprague Dawley. Tarumanegara Med J, 1(1), 2018, 192–9.
[12]. Luhtfiyah F, Wirawan S, Sulendri NKS. Pengaruh Pemberian Puding Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Pasien Hiperkolesterolemia Rawat Jalan di RSUD Kota Mataram. J Gizi Prima, 3(2), 2018, 100–7.
[13]. Arukwe U, Amadi BA, Duru MKC, Agomuo EN, Adindu EA, Odika PC, et al. Chemical Composition Of Persea Americana Leaf , Fruit And Seed. IJRRAS, 11(2), 2012, 346–9.
[14]. Marsigit W. Morphometric Characteristics, Proportition, Total Fenol Content And Profil Phenolics of Avocado (Persea americana, Mill) Pulp, Seed and Peel Variety of Ijo Panjang and Ijo Bundar. J Agroindustri, 6(1), 2016, 18–27.
[15]. Simanjuntak K. Peran Antioksidan Flavonoid dalam Meningkatkan Kesehatan. Bina Widya, 23(3), 2012, 135–40.
[16]. Susilowati R, Sargowo D, Indra R, Tjokroprawiro A, Widyarti S. Correlation Between The Level of Lp-PLA 2 , MDA , F 2 - Isp in Serum And Aortic Tissue With The Number of Foam Cells at Atherogenesis Process in Wistar Rats. J Kardiol Indones, 33(4), 2012, 227–35.
[17]. Sriyanti, Damayanthi E, Anwar F. Status Antioksidan dan Oksidatif Laki-laki yang Mengalami Kegemukan dengan Pemberian Minuman Rosela Ungu. J Gizi Indones, 7(2), 2019, 78–85.
[18]. Alioes Y, Sy E. Efek Pemberian Vitamin E terhadap Jumlah Eritrosit dan Aktivitas Enzim Katalase Tikus Akibat Paparan Sinar Ultraviolet. Maj Kedokt Andalas, 33(2), 2009, 127–35. Available from: yustini
[19]. Siswanto, Budisetyawati, Ernawati F. The Roles of Micronutrients on Imunity System Micronutrients. Gizi Indones, 36(1), 2013, 57–64.
[20]. Zuraida, Yerizel E, Anas E. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn) Terhadap Kadar Malondialdehid dan Aktivitas Katalase Tikus yang Terpapar Karbon Tetraklorida. J Kesehat Andalas, 4(3), 2015, 795–802.
[21]. Setiawan DI, Tjahyono K. The effect of soybean sprout (Glycine Max) to levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of male Sprague Dawley rats hypercholesterolemic. J Gizi Klin Indones, 13(1), 2016, 20–6.
[22]. Kusumastuty I. Sari Buah Markisa Ungu Mencegah Peningkatan MDA Serum Tikus dengan Diet Aterogenik. Indones J Hum Nutr, 1(1), 2014, 50–6.
[23]. Darni J, Tjahjono K, Achsan M, Sofro U. Effect of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaf extract on lipid profi le and malondialdehyde level in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Gizi Klin Indones, 13(2), 2016, 51–8.
[24]. Rahmawati A. Mekanisme Terjadinya Inflamasi dan Stres Oksidatif pada Obesitas. El-Hidayah, 5(1), 2014, 1–8.
[25]. Syahrul K, Kairupan CF, Durry MF. Efek Pemberian Madu terhadap Gambaran Histopatologik Aorta Tikus Wistar ( Rattus norvegicus ) yang Diinduksi Margarin. J e-Biomedik, 6, 2018, 45–50.
[26]. Padilla-camberos E, Martínez-velázquez M, Flores-fernández JM, Villanueva-rodríguez S. Acute Toxicity and Genotoxic Activity of Avocado Seed Extract ( Persea americana Mill). Sci World J, 9, 2013, 1–4.
[27]. Faiz Zulkifli, Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini AH. Pengaruh Ekstrak Biji Coklat (Theobroma Cacao L) terhadap Kadar Malondialdehi (MDA) Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus Norvegicus Strain Wistar) dengan induksi Hiperkolesterol, 12(1), 2016, 7–12.
[28]. Heryani R. Pengaruh Ekstrak Buah Naga Merah terhadap Profil Lipid Darah Tikus Putih Hiperlipidemia. J Ipteks Terap, 1, 2016, 8–17.
[29]. Andari F, Rahayun A. Pengaruh Pemberian Serbuk Biji Labu Kuning (Cucurbita Moschata) terhadap Penurunan Kolesterol Total Tikus Wistar Hiperkolesterolemia. J Nutr Coll, 3(4), 2014, 509–16.
References
[1]. Penyusun TIM. Profil Kesehatan Kota Semarang, Available from: www.dinkes.semarangkota.go.id. 2019.
[2]. Mboi N, Surbakti IM, Trihandini I, Elyazar I, Smith KH, Ali PB, et al. Articles On the road to universal health care in Indonesia, A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet, 6736(18), 2018, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30595-6.
[3]. Kurniawaty E, Yusnita AR. Blueberries(Vaccinium cyanococcus) Consumption Effects on Decreasing LDL Oxidation as A Treatment for Coronary Heart Disease. Majority, 5, 2016, 6–10.
[4]. Adelina R, Kurniatri A. Mekanisme Katekin Sebagai Obat Antidislipidemia (Uji In Silico). Bul Penelit Kesehat, 46(3), 2018, 147–54.
[5]. Jannah W, Rahman N. Effect of Avocado (Persea americana Mill) Seeds’ Extract as Anti-hypercholesterol Mice’s (Mus musculus) Blood. J Akad Kim, 6(3), 2017, 180–6.
[6]. Kristanti CD, Puspa F, Simanjuntak J, Pramita NK, Anggara Dewi, Skolastika Venita Tianri PH. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Avocado Seed (Persea americana Mill.). J Farm Sains dan Komunitas, 14(2), 2017, 104–11.
[7]. Dwi Wahyuni, Sudiastuti S. Pengaruh Air Rebusan Biji Alpukat (Persea americana L.) terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Mencit (Mus musculus Mill.) Diabetes yang Diberi Diet Beras Warna. Bioprospek, 11(1), 2016, 49–53.
[8]. Malanggi LP, Sangi MS, Paendong JJE. Penentuan Kandungan Tanin dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Biji Buah Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.). J MIPA UNSRAT, 1(1), 2012, 15–10.
[9]. Zaetun S, Budi L, Dewi K, Bagus I, Wiadnya R. Profil Kadar MDA (Malondialdehide) sebagai Penanda Kerusakan Seluler Akibat Radikal Bebas pada Tikus yang Diberikan Air Beroksigen. J Anal Med Bio Sains, 5(1), 2018, 79–84.
[10]. Prof. Dr. H. Djanggan Sargowo, dr. Sp.PD, Sp.JP (K), FIHA, FACC, FESC FAPSC F. Patogenesis Aterosklerosis. Cetakan Pe. Malang, 2015, 3-125 .
[11]. Lukman W, Ferdinal F. Pengaruh hipoksia sistemik terhadap kadar Glutation ( GSH ) pada jantung dan darah tikus Sprague Dawley. Tarumanegara Med J, 1(1), 2018, 192–9.
[12]. Luhtfiyah F, Wirawan S, Sulendri NKS. Pengaruh Pemberian Puding Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Pasien Hiperkolesterolemia Rawat Jalan di RSUD Kota Mataram. J Gizi Prima, 3(2), 2018, 100–7.
[13]. Arukwe U, Amadi BA, Duru MKC, Agomuo EN, Adindu EA, Odika PC, et al. Chemical Composition Of Persea Americana Leaf , Fruit And Seed. IJRRAS, 11(2), 2012, 346–9.
[14]. Marsigit W. Morphometric Characteristics, Proportition, Total Fenol Content And Profil Phenolics of Avocado (Persea americana, Mill) Pulp, Seed and Peel Variety of Ijo Panjang and Ijo Bundar. J Agroindustri, 6(1), 2016, 18–27.
[15]. Simanjuntak K. Peran Antioksidan Flavonoid dalam Meningkatkan Kesehatan. Bina Widya, 23(3), 2012, 135–40.
[16]. Susilowati R, Sargowo D, Indra R, Tjokroprawiro A, Widyarti S. Correlation Between The Level of Lp-PLA 2 , MDA , F 2 - Isp in Serum And Aortic Tissue With The Number of Foam Cells at Atherogenesis Process in Wistar Rats. J Kardiol Indones, 33(4), 2012, 227–35.
[17]. Sriyanti, Damayanthi E, Anwar F. Status Antioksidan dan Oksidatif Laki-laki yang Mengalami Kegemukan dengan Pemberian Minuman Rosela Ungu. J Gizi Indones, 7(2), 2019, 78–85.
[18]. Alioes Y, Sy E. Efek Pemberian Vitamin E terhadap Jumlah Eritrosit dan Aktivitas Enzim Katalase Tikus Akibat Paparan Sinar Ultraviolet. Maj Kedokt Andalas, 33(2), 2009, 127–35. Available from: yustini
[19]. Siswanto, Budisetyawati, Ernawati F. The Roles of Micronutrients on Imunity System Micronutrients. Gizi Indones, 36(1), 2013, 57–64.
[20]. Zuraida, Yerizel E, Anas E. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn) Terhadap Kadar Malondialdehid dan Aktivitas Katalase Tikus yang Terpapar Karbon Tetraklorida. J Kesehat Andalas, 4(3), 2015, 795–802.
[21]. Setiawan DI, Tjahyono K. The effect of soybean sprout (Glycine Max) to levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of male Sprague Dawley rats hypercholesterolemic. J Gizi Klin Indones, 13(1), 2016, 20–6.
[22]. Kusumastuty I. Sari Buah Markisa Ungu Mencegah Peningkatan MDA Serum Tikus dengan Diet Aterogenik. Indones J Hum Nutr, 1(1), 2014, 50–6.
[23]. Darni J, Tjahjono K, Achsan M, Sofro U. Effect of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaf extract on lipid profi le and malondialdehyde level in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Gizi Klin Indones, 13(2), 2016, 51–8.
[24]. Rahmawati A. Mekanisme Terjadinya Inflamasi dan Stres Oksidatif pada Obesitas. El-Hidayah, 5(1), 2014, 1–8.
[25]. Syahrul K, Kairupan CF, Durry MF. Efek Pemberian Madu terhadap Gambaran Histopatologik Aorta Tikus Wistar ( Rattus norvegicus ) yang Diinduksi Margarin. J e-Biomedik, 6, 2018, 45–50.
[26]. Padilla-camberos E, Martínez-velázquez M, Flores-fernández JM, Villanueva-rodríguez S. Acute Toxicity and Genotoxic Activity of Avocado Seed Extract ( Persea americana Mill). Sci World J, 9, 2013, 1–4.
[27]. Faiz Zulkifli, Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini AH. Pengaruh Ekstrak Biji Coklat (Theobroma Cacao L) terhadap Kadar Malondialdehi (MDA) Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus Norvegicus Strain Wistar) dengan induksi Hiperkolesterol, 12(1), 2016, 7–12.
[28]. Heryani R. Pengaruh Ekstrak Buah Naga Merah terhadap Profil Lipid Darah Tikus Putih Hiperlipidemia. J Ipteks Terap, 1, 2016, 8–17.
[29]. Andari F, Rahayun A. Pengaruh Pemberian Serbuk Biji Labu Kuning (Cucurbita Moschata) terhadap Penurunan Kolesterol Total Tikus Wistar Hiperkolesterolemia. J Nutr Coll, 3(4), 2014, 509–16.
[2]. Mboi N, Surbakti IM, Trihandini I, Elyazar I, Smith KH, Ali PB, et al. Articles On the road to universal health care in Indonesia, A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet, 6736(18), 2018, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30595-6.
[3]. Kurniawaty E, Yusnita AR. Blueberries(Vaccinium cyanococcus) Consumption Effects on Decreasing LDL Oxidation as A Treatment for Coronary Heart Disease. Majority, 5, 2016, 6–10.
[4]. Adelina R, Kurniatri A. Mekanisme Katekin Sebagai Obat Antidislipidemia (Uji In Silico). Bul Penelit Kesehat, 46(3), 2018, 147–54.
[5]. Jannah W, Rahman N. Effect of Avocado (Persea americana Mill) Seeds’ Extract as Anti-hypercholesterol Mice’s (Mus musculus) Blood. J Akad Kim, 6(3), 2017, 180–6.
[6]. Kristanti CD, Puspa F, Simanjuntak J, Pramita NK, Anggara Dewi, Skolastika Venita Tianri PH. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Avocado Seed (Persea americana Mill.). J Farm Sains dan Komunitas, 14(2), 2017, 104–11.
[7]. Dwi Wahyuni, Sudiastuti S. Pengaruh Air Rebusan Biji Alpukat (Persea americana L.) terhadap Kadar Gula Darah Mencit (Mus musculus Mill.) Diabetes yang Diberi Diet Beras Warna. Bioprospek, 11(1), 2016, 49–53.
[8]. Malanggi LP, Sangi MS, Paendong JJE. Penentuan Kandungan Tanin dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Biji Buah Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.). J MIPA UNSRAT, 1(1), 2012, 15–10.
[9]. Zaetun S, Budi L, Dewi K, Bagus I, Wiadnya R. Profil Kadar MDA (Malondialdehide) sebagai Penanda Kerusakan Seluler Akibat Radikal Bebas pada Tikus yang Diberikan Air Beroksigen. J Anal Med Bio Sains, 5(1), 2018, 79–84.
[10]. Prof. Dr. H. Djanggan Sargowo, dr. Sp.PD, Sp.JP (K), FIHA, FACC, FESC FAPSC F. Patogenesis Aterosklerosis. Cetakan Pe. Malang, 2015, 3-125 .
[11]. Lukman W, Ferdinal F. Pengaruh hipoksia sistemik terhadap kadar Glutation ( GSH ) pada jantung dan darah tikus Sprague Dawley. Tarumanegara Med J, 1(1), 2018, 192–9.
[12]. Luhtfiyah F, Wirawan S, Sulendri NKS. Pengaruh Pemberian Puding Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Pasien Hiperkolesterolemia Rawat Jalan di RSUD Kota Mataram. J Gizi Prima, 3(2), 2018, 100–7.
[13]. Arukwe U, Amadi BA, Duru MKC, Agomuo EN, Adindu EA, Odika PC, et al. Chemical Composition Of Persea Americana Leaf , Fruit And Seed. IJRRAS, 11(2), 2012, 346–9.
[14]. Marsigit W. Morphometric Characteristics, Proportition, Total Fenol Content And Profil Phenolics of Avocado (Persea americana, Mill) Pulp, Seed and Peel Variety of Ijo Panjang and Ijo Bundar. J Agroindustri, 6(1), 2016, 18–27.
[15]. Simanjuntak K. Peran Antioksidan Flavonoid dalam Meningkatkan Kesehatan. Bina Widya, 23(3), 2012, 135–40.
[16]. Susilowati R, Sargowo D, Indra R, Tjokroprawiro A, Widyarti S. Correlation Between The Level of Lp-PLA 2 , MDA , F 2 - Isp in Serum And Aortic Tissue With The Number of Foam Cells at Atherogenesis Process in Wistar Rats. J Kardiol Indones, 33(4), 2012, 227–35.
[17]. Sriyanti, Damayanthi E, Anwar F. Status Antioksidan dan Oksidatif Laki-laki yang Mengalami Kegemukan dengan Pemberian Minuman Rosela Ungu. J Gizi Indones, 7(2), 2019, 78–85.
[18]. Alioes Y, Sy E. Efek Pemberian Vitamin E terhadap Jumlah Eritrosit dan Aktivitas Enzim Katalase Tikus Akibat Paparan Sinar Ultraviolet. Maj Kedokt Andalas, 33(2), 2009, 127–35. Available from: yustini
[19]. Siswanto, Budisetyawati, Ernawati F. The Roles of Micronutrients on Imunity System Micronutrients. Gizi Indones, 36(1), 2013, 57–64.
[20]. Zuraida, Yerizel E, Anas E. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn) Terhadap Kadar Malondialdehid dan Aktivitas Katalase Tikus yang Terpapar Karbon Tetraklorida. J Kesehat Andalas, 4(3), 2015, 795–802.
[21]. Setiawan DI, Tjahyono K. The effect of soybean sprout (Glycine Max) to levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of male Sprague Dawley rats hypercholesterolemic. J Gizi Klin Indones, 13(1), 2016, 20–6.
[22]. Kusumastuty I. Sari Buah Markisa Ungu Mencegah Peningkatan MDA Serum Tikus dengan Diet Aterogenik. Indones J Hum Nutr, 1(1), 2014, 50–6.
[23]. Darni J, Tjahjono K, Achsan M, Sofro U. Effect of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaf extract on lipid profi le and malondialdehyde level in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Gizi Klin Indones, 13(2), 2016, 51–8.
[24]. Rahmawati A. Mekanisme Terjadinya Inflamasi dan Stres Oksidatif pada Obesitas. El-Hidayah, 5(1), 2014, 1–8.
[25]. Syahrul K, Kairupan CF, Durry MF. Efek Pemberian Madu terhadap Gambaran Histopatologik Aorta Tikus Wistar ( Rattus norvegicus ) yang Diinduksi Margarin. J e-Biomedik, 6, 2018, 45–50.
[26]. Padilla-camberos E, Martínez-velázquez M, Flores-fernández JM, Villanueva-rodríguez S. Acute Toxicity and Genotoxic Activity of Avocado Seed Extract ( Persea americana Mill). Sci World J, 9, 2013, 1–4.
[27]. Faiz Zulkifli, Sulistyo Mulyo Agustini AH. Pengaruh Ekstrak Biji Coklat (Theobroma Cacao L) terhadap Kadar Malondialdehi (MDA) Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus Norvegicus Strain Wistar) dengan induksi Hiperkolesterol, 12(1), 2016, 7–12.
[28]. Heryani R. Pengaruh Ekstrak Buah Naga Merah terhadap Profil Lipid Darah Tikus Putih Hiperlipidemia. J Ipteks Terap, 1, 2016, 8–17.
[29]. Andari F, Rahayun A. Pengaruh Pemberian Serbuk Biji Labu Kuning (Cucurbita Moschata) terhadap Penurunan Kolesterol Total Tikus Wistar Hiperkolesterolemia. J Nutr Coll, 3(4), 2014, 509–16.
