Improvement the quality of sperm in mice (Mus Musculus) exposed to paraquat dichloride (Herbicide) using sunflower seed extract (Helianthus annuus L.)
Corresponding Author(s) : Diksi Laksmita Dewi
diksilaksmita@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 8 No. 3 (2020): 2020 Volume - 8 Issue-3
Abstract
Background
One of the causes of infertility in men is due to exposure to substances that are cytotoxic. One of the cytotoxic substances is herbicide (paraquat dichloride). These herbicides can form Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS contains highly reactive oxygen which turns into free radicals. Sunflower seeds contain vitamin E and selenium and phytochemical content, namely alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic which are effective antioxidants as antidotes to free radicals.
Objective
This study aims to determine improvement the quality of sperm in mice (Mus musculus) exposed to paraquat dichloride (herbicide) using sunflower seed extract (Helianthus annuus L.).
Method
This study is a true experimental study with a posttest only with control group design. Samples of 28 male mice were divided into 4 groups. The K- group was given standard feed for 28 days; the K+ group was given exposure to paraquat dichloride 3 mg / kg; group K1 was given exposure to paraquat dichloride 3mg / kgbw and sunflower seed extract 0.18gr / 20grbw for 28 days; group K2 was given 3mg / kgbw paraquat dichloride exposure and 0.36gr / 20grbw sunflower seed extract for 28 days. Sperm quality was observed with a 400X magnification microscope. Data analysis with the Anova test was continued with the Pos Hoc test.
Results
Giving sunflower seed extract can increase and significantly influence the motility of spermatozoa with p value = 0,000, the concentration of spermatozoa with p value = 0,000, and the viability of spermatozoa p value = 0,000 in mice exposed to herbicide (paraquat dichloride).
Conclusion
Giving sunflower seed extract can increase and significantly influence the motility, the concentration, and the viability of spermatozoa in mice exposed to herbicide (paraquat dichloride).
Keywords
Sunflower seed extract
Sperm quality
The motility of spermatozoa
The concentration of spermatozoa
The viability of spermatozoa and the morphology of spermatozoa
1.
Diksi Laksmita Dewi. Improvement the quality of sperm in mice (Mus Musculus) exposed to paraquat dichloride (Herbicide) using sunflower seed extract (Helianthus annuus L.). Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 17 [cited 2025 Nov. 17];8(3):432-9. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/888
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References
-
[1]. J. Poongothai, T. S. Gopenath, S. Manonayaki, and S. Poongothai, “Genetics of human male infertility,” Singapore Medical Journal. 2009.
[2]. G. W. K. dkk Duarsa, “Defisiensi Testikuler,” in Guidelines of Male Infertility, Jakarta: Ikatan Ahli Urologi Indonesia, 2, 2015, 7–47.
[3]. B. Gawarammana and N. A. Buckley, “Medical management of paraquat ingestion”, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacology, 2011.
[4]. F. Arfi, S. Safni, and Z. Abdullah, “Degradasi Senyawa Paraquat Dalam Pestisida Gramoxone Secara Sonolisis Dengan Penambahan Zno,” Lantanida J., 2017.
[5]. M. Sutyarso, M.Kanedi, “Effect of Herbicides Exposure on Testosterone and Erectile Function among Oil Palm Plantation Workers Erectile Function among Oil Palm Plantation Workers,” J Indon Med Asocc, 64, 2014.
[6]. A. El-Kashoury, A. F. Salama, A. I. Selim, and R. A. Mohamed, “Animal model study of reproductive toxicity of the chronic exposure of dicofol,” Life Sci. J., 6(3), 2009, 1-8.3
[7]. S. Sutyarso and M. Kanedi, “Impacts of Herbicide Exposure on Seminal Parameters among Oil Palm Plantation Workers in Lampung Province, Indonesia,” Am. J. Biomed. Res., 2(4), 2014, 83–87.
[8]. M. Isidori., “A critical analysis of the role of testosterone in erectile function: From pathophysiology to treatment - A systematic review,” European Urology. 2014.
[9]. J. C. Kefer, A. Agarwal, and E. Sabanegh, “Role of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility,” International Journal of Urology. 2009.
[10]. R. Milczarek, A. Hallmann, E. Soko?owska, K. Kaletha, and J. Klimek, “Melatonin enhances antioxidant action of ?-tocopherol and ascorbate against NADPH- and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in human placental mitochondria,” J. Pineal Res., 2010.
[11]. R. Nandha, H. Singh, K. Garg, and S. Rani, “Therapeutic Potential of Sunflower Seeds: an Overview,” Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. Life Sci., 3(3), 2014.
[12]. R. T. Islam, M. M. Hossain, K. Majumder, and A. H. Tipu, “In vitro Phytochemical Investigation of Helianthus annuus Seeds,” Bangladesh Pharm. J., 2016.
[13]. P. H. Special and I. Group, “Pre-Conception Health Special Interest Group Micronutrient (Zinc and Selenium) supplements and subfertility Micronutrient (Zinc and Selenium) supplements and subfertility,” 2015, 1–3.
[14]. D. Press, “Selenium – vitamin E supplementation in infertile men : effects on semen parameters and pregnancy rate”, 2011, 99–104.
[15]. S. R. Santoso, “Pengaruh Ekstrak Biji Bunga Matahari Terhadap Diameter Tubulus Seminiferus Testis Mencit (MusMusculus) Yang DipaparAsap Rokok”.
[16]. https://fk.uns.ac.id/index.php/abstrakskripsi/baca/137, 2019.
[17]. S. M. Malik, V. K. Shrivastava, A. Q. Naik, and T. Manzoor, “Protective role of ginger (Zingiber officinal) against toxicity of paraquat on testis of mice with special reference to biochemical and histopathological study”, 2018, 138–143.
[18]. S. Srivastava, P. Desai, E. Coutinho, and G. Govil, “Mechanism of Action of L-arginine on the Vitality of Spermatozoa is Primarily Through Increased Biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide,” Biol. Reprod., 2006.
[19]. G. Mateljan, “Jahe”, http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=72, 2019.
[20]. Anggraini Dian; Sutyarso; Kanedi M; Busman H, “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Jahe Merah (Zingiber Officinale Roxb Var Rubrum) Terhadap Kuantitas Dan Kualitas Spermatozoa Mencit Jantan (Mus Musculus L.) Yang Diinduksi Paraquat Diklorida,” J. Biol. Eksperimen dan Keanekaragaman Hayati, 5(2), 2019, 47–54.
[21]. D. Kusumawati, “Mencit,” in Bersahabat Dengan Hewan Coba, Yogayakarta, 2004, 136.
[22]. Mae Sri Hartati Wahyuningsih, “Penghitungan Dosis Herbal untuk Hewan dan Manusia,” Yogayakarta, 2018.
[23]. B. C. Gbaruko, E. I. Ogwo, J. C. Igwe, and H. Yu, “Organophosphate induced chronic neurotoxicity : Health, environmental and risk exposure issues in developing nations of the world,” African J. Biotechnol., 8, 2009, 5137–5141.
[24]. W. Mnif, A. I. H. Hassine, A. Bouaziz, A. Bartegi, O. Thomas, and B. Roig, “Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: A review,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 8(6), 2011, 2265–2303.
[25]. Morales, “The Long and Tortuous History of the Discovery of Testosterone and Its Clinical Application,” J. Sex. Med, 2013.
[26]. Y. M. Syarif, M. S. Bachri, and L. H. Nurani, “Potensi ekstrak etanol 70% akar saluang balum (Lavanga sarmentosa blume kurz) terhadap kualitas dan viabilitas sperma mencit,” Pharmaciana, 6(2), 2016, 131–138.
[27]. P. N. Lefaan, F. Bioteknologi, U. Kristen, and D. Wacana, “Pengaruh Infusa Rumput Kebar ( Biophytum petersianum ) terhadap Spermatogenesis Mencit ( Mus musculus ) The Influence of Kebar Grass Infuse to Mice ( Mus musculus ) Spermatogenesis”, 32(1), 2014, 55–67.
[28]. Fadholly et al., “Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Pulp Extract Increases the Sperm Characteristics in Rattus norvegicus,” Indian Vet. J., 96(10), 2019, 32–35.
[29]. K. Makker, A. Agarwal, and R. Sharma, “Oxidative stress & male infertility,” Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2009.
[30]. Hamada, S. C. Esteves, and A. Agarwal, “Definitions and Epidemiology,” in Varikokel dan Infertilitas Pria: Konsep Saat Ini, Kontroversi, dan Konsensus, 2016, 1–3.
[31]. H. R. Momeni and N. Eskandari, “Effect of vitamin E on sperm parameters and DNA integrity in sodium arsenite-treated rats,” Iran. J. Reprod. Med., 10(3), 2012, 249–256.
[32]. D. R. Intakes et al., Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, D.C.: NATIONAL ACADEMY, 2000.
[33]. Pp, I. A. I. Skp, and F. Kusmana, “Selenium : Peranannya dalam Berbagai Penyakit dan Alergi”, 44(4), 2017, 289–294, Cdk-251.
[34]. D. Hanim, “Pengaruh Pemberian Suplemen Selenium dan Iodium terhadap Profil Darah, Status Gizi dan Skor IQ Anak dengan Tanda Khas Kretin,” IPB (Bogor Agricultural University), 2008.
References
[1]. J. Poongothai, T. S. Gopenath, S. Manonayaki, and S. Poongothai, “Genetics of human male infertility,” Singapore Medical Journal. 2009.
[2]. G. W. K. dkk Duarsa, “Defisiensi Testikuler,” in Guidelines of Male Infertility, Jakarta: Ikatan Ahli Urologi Indonesia, 2, 2015, 7–47.
[3]. B. Gawarammana and N. A. Buckley, “Medical management of paraquat ingestion”, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacology, 2011.
[4]. F. Arfi, S. Safni, and Z. Abdullah, “Degradasi Senyawa Paraquat Dalam Pestisida Gramoxone Secara Sonolisis Dengan Penambahan Zno,” Lantanida J., 2017.
[5]. M. Sutyarso, M.Kanedi, “Effect of Herbicides Exposure on Testosterone and Erectile Function among Oil Palm Plantation Workers Erectile Function among Oil Palm Plantation Workers,” J Indon Med Asocc, 64, 2014.
[6]. A. El-Kashoury, A. F. Salama, A. I. Selim, and R. A. Mohamed, “Animal model study of reproductive toxicity of the chronic exposure of dicofol,” Life Sci. J., 6(3), 2009, 1-8.3
[7]. S. Sutyarso and M. Kanedi, “Impacts of Herbicide Exposure on Seminal Parameters among Oil Palm Plantation Workers in Lampung Province, Indonesia,” Am. J. Biomed. Res., 2(4), 2014, 83–87.
[8]. M. Isidori., “A critical analysis of the role of testosterone in erectile function: From pathophysiology to treatment - A systematic review,” European Urology. 2014.
[9]. J. C. Kefer, A. Agarwal, and E. Sabanegh, “Role of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility,” International Journal of Urology. 2009.
[10]. R. Milczarek, A. Hallmann, E. Soko?owska, K. Kaletha, and J. Klimek, “Melatonin enhances antioxidant action of ?-tocopherol and ascorbate against NADPH- and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in human placental mitochondria,” J. Pineal Res., 2010.
[11]. R. Nandha, H. Singh, K. Garg, and S. Rani, “Therapeutic Potential of Sunflower Seeds: an Overview,” Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. Life Sci., 3(3), 2014.
[12]. R. T. Islam, M. M. Hossain, K. Majumder, and A. H. Tipu, “In vitro Phytochemical Investigation of Helianthus annuus Seeds,” Bangladesh Pharm. J., 2016.
[13]. P. H. Special and I. Group, “Pre-Conception Health Special Interest Group Micronutrient (Zinc and Selenium) supplements and subfertility Micronutrient (Zinc and Selenium) supplements and subfertility,” 2015, 1–3.
[14]. D. Press, “Selenium – vitamin E supplementation in infertile men : effects on semen parameters and pregnancy rate”, 2011, 99–104.
[15]. S. R. Santoso, “Pengaruh Ekstrak Biji Bunga Matahari Terhadap Diameter Tubulus Seminiferus Testis Mencit (MusMusculus) Yang DipaparAsap Rokok”.
[16]. https://fk.uns.ac.id/index.php/abstrakskripsi/baca/137, 2019.
[17]. S. M. Malik, V. K. Shrivastava, A. Q. Naik, and T. Manzoor, “Protective role of ginger (Zingiber officinal) against toxicity of paraquat on testis of mice with special reference to biochemical and histopathological study”, 2018, 138–143.
[18]. S. Srivastava, P. Desai, E. Coutinho, and G. Govil, “Mechanism of Action of L-arginine on the Vitality of Spermatozoa is Primarily Through Increased Biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide,” Biol. Reprod., 2006.
[19]. G. Mateljan, “Jahe”, http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=72, 2019.
[20]. Anggraini Dian; Sutyarso; Kanedi M; Busman H, “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Jahe Merah (Zingiber Officinale Roxb Var Rubrum) Terhadap Kuantitas Dan Kualitas Spermatozoa Mencit Jantan (Mus Musculus L.) Yang Diinduksi Paraquat Diklorida,” J. Biol. Eksperimen dan Keanekaragaman Hayati, 5(2), 2019, 47–54.
[21]. D. Kusumawati, “Mencit,” in Bersahabat Dengan Hewan Coba, Yogayakarta, 2004, 136.
[22]. Mae Sri Hartati Wahyuningsih, “Penghitungan Dosis Herbal untuk Hewan dan Manusia,” Yogayakarta, 2018.
[23]. B. C. Gbaruko, E. I. Ogwo, J. C. Igwe, and H. Yu, “Organophosphate induced chronic neurotoxicity : Health, environmental and risk exposure issues in developing nations of the world,” African J. Biotechnol., 8, 2009, 5137–5141.
[24]. W. Mnif, A. I. H. Hassine, A. Bouaziz, A. Bartegi, O. Thomas, and B. Roig, “Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: A review,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 8(6), 2011, 2265–2303.
[25]. Morales, “The Long and Tortuous History of the Discovery of Testosterone and Its Clinical Application,” J. Sex. Med, 2013.
[26]. Y. M. Syarif, M. S. Bachri, and L. H. Nurani, “Potensi ekstrak etanol 70% akar saluang balum (Lavanga sarmentosa blume kurz) terhadap kualitas dan viabilitas sperma mencit,” Pharmaciana, 6(2), 2016, 131–138.
[27]. P. N. Lefaan, F. Bioteknologi, U. Kristen, and D. Wacana, “Pengaruh Infusa Rumput Kebar ( Biophytum petersianum ) terhadap Spermatogenesis Mencit ( Mus musculus ) The Influence of Kebar Grass Infuse to Mice ( Mus musculus ) Spermatogenesis”, 32(1), 2014, 55–67.
[28]. Fadholly et al., “Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Pulp Extract Increases the Sperm Characteristics in Rattus norvegicus,” Indian Vet. J., 96(10), 2019, 32–35.
[29]. K. Makker, A. Agarwal, and R. Sharma, “Oxidative stress & male infertility,” Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2009.
[30]. Hamada, S. C. Esteves, and A. Agarwal, “Definitions and Epidemiology,” in Varikokel dan Infertilitas Pria: Konsep Saat Ini, Kontroversi, dan Konsensus, 2016, 1–3.
[31]. H. R. Momeni and N. Eskandari, “Effect of vitamin E on sperm parameters and DNA integrity in sodium arsenite-treated rats,” Iran. J. Reprod. Med., 10(3), 2012, 249–256.
[32]. D. R. Intakes et al., Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, D.C.: NATIONAL ACADEMY, 2000.
[33]. Pp, I. A. I. Skp, and F. Kusmana, “Selenium : Peranannya dalam Berbagai Penyakit dan Alergi”, 44(4), 2017, 289–294, Cdk-251.
[34]. D. Hanim, “Pengaruh Pemberian Suplemen Selenium dan Iodium terhadap Profil Darah, Status Gizi dan Skor IQ Anak dengan Tanda Khas Kretin,” IPB (Bogor Agricultural University), 2008.
[2]. G. W. K. dkk Duarsa, “Defisiensi Testikuler,” in Guidelines of Male Infertility, Jakarta: Ikatan Ahli Urologi Indonesia, 2, 2015, 7–47.
[3]. B. Gawarammana and N. A. Buckley, “Medical management of paraquat ingestion”, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacology, 2011.
[4]. F. Arfi, S. Safni, and Z. Abdullah, “Degradasi Senyawa Paraquat Dalam Pestisida Gramoxone Secara Sonolisis Dengan Penambahan Zno,” Lantanida J., 2017.
[5]. M. Sutyarso, M.Kanedi, “Effect of Herbicides Exposure on Testosterone and Erectile Function among Oil Palm Plantation Workers Erectile Function among Oil Palm Plantation Workers,” J Indon Med Asocc, 64, 2014.
[6]. A. El-Kashoury, A. F. Salama, A. I. Selim, and R. A. Mohamed, “Animal model study of reproductive toxicity of the chronic exposure of dicofol,” Life Sci. J., 6(3), 2009, 1-8.3
[7]. S. Sutyarso and M. Kanedi, “Impacts of Herbicide Exposure on Seminal Parameters among Oil Palm Plantation Workers in Lampung Province, Indonesia,” Am. J. Biomed. Res., 2(4), 2014, 83–87.
[8]. M. Isidori., “A critical analysis of the role of testosterone in erectile function: From pathophysiology to treatment - A systematic review,” European Urology. 2014.
[9]. J. C. Kefer, A. Agarwal, and E. Sabanegh, “Role of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility,” International Journal of Urology. 2009.
[10]. R. Milczarek, A. Hallmann, E. Soko?owska, K. Kaletha, and J. Klimek, “Melatonin enhances antioxidant action of ?-tocopherol and ascorbate against NADPH- and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in human placental mitochondria,” J. Pineal Res., 2010.
[11]. R. Nandha, H. Singh, K. Garg, and S. Rani, “Therapeutic Potential of Sunflower Seeds: an Overview,” Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. Life Sci., 3(3), 2014.
[12]. R. T. Islam, M. M. Hossain, K. Majumder, and A. H. Tipu, “In vitro Phytochemical Investigation of Helianthus annuus Seeds,” Bangladesh Pharm. J., 2016.
[13]. P. H. Special and I. Group, “Pre-Conception Health Special Interest Group Micronutrient (Zinc and Selenium) supplements and subfertility Micronutrient (Zinc and Selenium) supplements and subfertility,” 2015, 1–3.
[14]. D. Press, “Selenium – vitamin E supplementation in infertile men : effects on semen parameters and pregnancy rate”, 2011, 99–104.
[15]. S. R. Santoso, “Pengaruh Ekstrak Biji Bunga Matahari Terhadap Diameter Tubulus Seminiferus Testis Mencit (MusMusculus) Yang DipaparAsap Rokok”.
[16]. https://fk.uns.ac.id/index.php/abstrakskripsi/baca/137, 2019.
[17]. S. M. Malik, V. K. Shrivastava, A. Q. Naik, and T. Manzoor, “Protective role of ginger (Zingiber officinal) against toxicity of paraquat on testis of mice with special reference to biochemical and histopathological study”, 2018, 138–143.
[18]. S. Srivastava, P. Desai, E. Coutinho, and G. Govil, “Mechanism of Action of L-arginine on the Vitality of Spermatozoa is Primarily Through Increased Biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide,” Biol. Reprod., 2006.
[19]. G. Mateljan, “Jahe”, http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=72, 2019.
[20]. Anggraini Dian; Sutyarso; Kanedi M; Busman H, “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Jahe Merah (Zingiber Officinale Roxb Var Rubrum) Terhadap Kuantitas Dan Kualitas Spermatozoa Mencit Jantan (Mus Musculus L.) Yang Diinduksi Paraquat Diklorida,” J. Biol. Eksperimen dan Keanekaragaman Hayati, 5(2), 2019, 47–54.
[21]. D. Kusumawati, “Mencit,” in Bersahabat Dengan Hewan Coba, Yogayakarta, 2004, 136.
[22]. Mae Sri Hartati Wahyuningsih, “Penghitungan Dosis Herbal untuk Hewan dan Manusia,” Yogayakarta, 2018.
[23]. B. C. Gbaruko, E. I. Ogwo, J. C. Igwe, and H. Yu, “Organophosphate induced chronic neurotoxicity : Health, environmental and risk exposure issues in developing nations of the world,” African J. Biotechnol., 8, 2009, 5137–5141.
[24]. W. Mnif, A. I. H. Hassine, A. Bouaziz, A. Bartegi, O. Thomas, and B. Roig, “Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: A review,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 8(6), 2011, 2265–2303.
[25]. Morales, “The Long and Tortuous History of the Discovery of Testosterone and Its Clinical Application,” J. Sex. Med, 2013.
[26]. Y. M. Syarif, M. S. Bachri, and L. H. Nurani, “Potensi ekstrak etanol 70% akar saluang balum (Lavanga sarmentosa blume kurz) terhadap kualitas dan viabilitas sperma mencit,” Pharmaciana, 6(2), 2016, 131–138.
[27]. P. N. Lefaan, F. Bioteknologi, U. Kristen, and D. Wacana, “Pengaruh Infusa Rumput Kebar ( Biophytum petersianum ) terhadap Spermatogenesis Mencit ( Mus musculus ) The Influence of Kebar Grass Infuse to Mice ( Mus musculus ) Spermatogenesis”, 32(1), 2014, 55–67.
[28]. Fadholly et al., “Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Pulp Extract Increases the Sperm Characteristics in Rattus norvegicus,” Indian Vet. J., 96(10), 2019, 32–35.
[29]. K. Makker, A. Agarwal, and R. Sharma, “Oxidative stress & male infertility,” Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2009.
[30]. Hamada, S. C. Esteves, and A. Agarwal, “Definitions and Epidemiology,” in Varikokel dan Infertilitas Pria: Konsep Saat Ini, Kontroversi, dan Konsensus, 2016, 1–3.
[31]. H. R. Momeni and N. Eskandari, “Effect of vitamin E on sperm parameters and DNA integrity in sodium arsenite-treated rats,” Iran. J. Reprod. Med., 10(3), 2012, 249–256.
[32]. D. R. Intakes et al., Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington, D.C.: NATIONAL ACADEMY, 2000.
[33]. Pp, I. A. I. Skp, and F. Kusmana, “Selenium : Peranannya dalam Berbagai Penyakit dan Alergi”, 44(4), 2017, 289–294, Cdk-251.
[34]. D. Hanim, “Pengaruh Pemberian Suplemen Selenium dan Iodium terhadap Profil Darah, Status Gizi dan Skor IQ Anak dengan Tanda Khas Kretin,” IPB (Bogor Agricultural University), 2008.