Establishing Normative Data for Fine Manual Control Composite of Bruininks Ose-Retsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2nd Edition, for Children of 4-5 Years in Western Maharashtra Region
Corresponding Author(s) : Dr. Bhagyashree Gokhale
gobhagyashree@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 8 No. 2 (2020): 2020 Volume 8- Issue -2
Abstract
Gain in normal fine motor skills is essential for activities like, eating, zipping, and dressing, undressing, so delay in attaining such activities can hinder day-to-day activities can affect schooling and social participation thus affecting self image. Culture, Environment, socio-economic status, Gender, mother?s education and presence of siblings are some of the factors that can influence motor development. Children from different areas or regions may show different pattern of development. Using the same logic, the present study was planned with the aim to Establish Normative Data for Fine manual control composite of Bruininks Ose-retsky test of Motor Proficiency-2nd edition, for Children of 4-5 years in Western Maharashtra region. BOT-2(test re-test reliability -0.86 to 0.89, and validity - 0.78), is a standardised measure to evaluate Fine and Gross Motor Skills in individuals aged 4-21 year. One of the composite of BOT-2 (Fine manual control) was used as an outcome measure with total 15 items. This cross-sectional study involved 307 healthy participants (146 females, 161 males), screened from various schools and day-care centres of western Maharashtra region. The normative data for the same was obtained using Mean and standard deviation. The normal ranges of standard scores for Fine manual composite of BOT-2 between the age of 4-5 years female, male and combined were 58-70, 60-72, 56-68 respectively. Female and male scores comparison using Unpaired t- test (p value- 0.0205) showed significant difference. The Obtained data can be used for appropriate analysis, motor delay detection, clinical analysis and future researches.
Keywords
Normative Data
Fine Motor skills
Bruininks Ose-retsky test of Motor Proficiency-2nd edition (BOT-2)
1.
Dr. Bhagyashree Gokhale. Establishing Normative Data for Fine Manual Control Composite of Bruininks Ose-Retsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2nd Edition, for Children of 4-5 Years in Western Maharashtra Region. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 15 [cited 2026 Apr. 16];8(2):323-3. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/869
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References
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[1]. Martin Bellman, Orlaith Byme, Robert Sege; Development Assessment of Children; Clinical Review; 346, 2013, 31-35.
[2]. Sally Grantham Mcgregor, Santiagocueto, Paul Glewwe, Lindarichter, Barbarastrupp; Developmental Potential in the first 5 Years for children in developing countries; The Lancet 369, 2007, 60-70.
[3]. Nancy G Guerra, Ariel A Williamson and Beatriz Lucas; Iacapap Textbook of Child and Adolscent Mental Health, 2, 1-39.
[4]. Darcy A. Umphred, Gurdon U Buyton , Neurological Rehabilitation 6.
[5]. Jane Case-Smith, Teri Heaphy, Deborah Marr, Barrie Galvin, Vera Koch; Fine Motor and Functional Motor Outcomes in Preschool Children; The American Journal Of Occupatioal Therapy; 52/10, 1998, 788-796.
[6]. Anne Shumway Cook, Marjorie Woollacot, Motor control; Translating Research into Practice, 4, 502-528.
[7]. Wouter Cools, Kristine De Martelaer, Christiane Samaey, and Caroline Andries; Movement Skill Assessment Of Typically Developing Preschool Children: A Review Of Seven Movement Skill Assessment Tool; Journal Of Sport?s Science And Medicin, 8, 2009, 154-168.[8]. Jahir Abbas, Jaya Shankar Tedia and Shyam Krishnan. Normative Data for Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) in Children of 91/2 -141/2 years, Critical reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation medicine; 24(1-2), 2012, 125136.
[9]. Nilay Comuk Balci, Birgul Bayoglu, Agah Tekindal; Screening Preschool Children for Fine Motor Skills: Environment Influence; The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(3), 2016, 1026-1031.
[10]. Sophie levitt, Treatment of Cerebral Palsy and Motor delay, fifth edition.
[11]. Janice Sweet McElhoe, Learning/play quilt for development of toddler?s fine motor skills, US Patent application Publication; 2006.
[12]. Ghai Essential Paediatrics, 8, 49-50.
[13]. Cara F Dosman, Debbi Andrews, Keith J Goulden; Evidence Based Milestones Ages as A Frame-Work for Developmental Surveillance; Paediatr Child Health; 17/10, 2012, 561-568.
[14]. Fischer U, Suggate Sp, Schmirl J, Stoeger H; Counting on Fine Motor Skills, Development Science; 2016.
[15]. Kathleeen McHale, Sharon A. Cermak; Fine motor activities in Elementary School: Preliminary Findings and Provisional Implications for Children with Fine Motor problems; The American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 46/10, 1992, 898903.
[16]. Jan J, Martin M and Filips Mess, Test of Motor proficiency (BOT-2): Compatibility of the complete and short form and its usefulness for middle aged school children, Frontiers in Paediatrics, 2, 2019.
[17]. Jan S. Tecklin .Paediatric Physical Therapy, the reliability and validity of Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency. 4, 82-83.
[18]. Robert H. Bruininks, Bruininks Ose-retsky Test for Motor Proficiency. Examiner?s manual. Circle Pines, MN American Guidance Service 1978.
[19]. Robert H.Bruininks, Brett D. Bruininks, Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency, (BOT-2); Pearson clinical Assessment ; 2, 2005.
[20]. Apoorva D.Dighe, Dr. Sanjivani Dhote, Dr. Tushar Palekar, Assessment of upper limb coordination using BOT-2 in 5-15 year, International Journal of Health Care and Biomedical Research, 5(3), 2017.
[21]. Freitus TC, Gabbard C, Cacola P; Family Socioeconomic status and provision of motor affordances in the home; Brazillian Journal physical Therapy; 17/4, 2013, 319-327.
[22]. Amita Gupta, Early Childhood, Education, Postcolonial Theory, and Teaching Practices in India, 127.
[23]. Anett Nyaradi, Jianghong Li, The role of nutrition in children?s neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood, Human Neuroscience, 7, 2013.
[24]. Audrey C. Rule, Roger A. Stewart, Effects of Practical Life Materials on Kindergartners' Fine Motor Skills, which assessed the use of practical life materials on fine motor skill development, Early childhood Educational Journal, 30/1, 2002, 9-13.
[25]. Magda Damiani Victora, Cesar Gomes Victora, Fernando C, Barros ,Cross-Cultural differences In Developmental Rates, Child care Health Development;16(9), 1990, 151-164.
[26]. Jakub Koks, Martin Musa, James J. Tufan in 2016 did a study titled, Are sex differences in fundamental motor skills uniform throughout the entire preschool period?, PLoS ONE 12(4), 2016
[27]. Vlachos F, Papadimitriou A, Bonoti F. An investigation of age and gender differences in preschool children?s specific motor skills. European Psychomotricity, Journal. 6(1), 2014, 16–18.
[28]. Morris A, Williams J, Atwater A, Wilmore J. Age and sex differences in motor performance of 3 through 6 year old children. Res Q Exerc Sport.; 53(3), 1982, 214–221.
[29]. Alexander G, Wilcox T. Sex Differences in Early Infancy. Child Dev Perspect. 64, 2012, 400–406.
[30]. Piek J, Gasson N, Barrett N, Case I. Limb and gender differences in the development of coordination in early infancy. Hum Mov Sci. 21(5–6), 2002, 621–639.
[31]. Thomas JR, French KE, Gender differences across age in motor performance a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 98(2), 260-282.
[32]. Hanlon H, Thatcher R, Cline M. Gender differences in the development of EEG coherence in normal children. Dev Neuropsychol. 16(3), 1999, 479–506.
[33]. Gregory L, Jantz et.al, Brain Differences between Genders, 2014.
[34]. Witelson SF, Glezer et al.Women have greater density of neurons in posterior temporal cortex, The journal of neuroscience: 15(51), 1995, 3418-28.
[35]. Spessato B, Gabbard C, Valentini N, Rudisill M. Gender differences in Brazilian children?s fundamental movement skill performance. Early Child Dev Care. 183(7), 2013, 916–923.
[36]. Karla Monica, Andreza Gusmao, Andrea Lemos; Do Environmental Influences Alter Motor Abilities Acquisition? ; Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 61(2), 2003, 170-5.
[37]. Jaya Shanker Tedla, Sourov Saha, Sailakshmi Ganesan , Normative Data for the Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency in Indian Children of 61/2 -91/2 years old,Physical and Rehab Medicine : 24/1-2, 2013, 125-126.
[38]. Fotini Venetsanou, Antonis Kambas, Environmental factors Affecting preschoolers motor development, Early Childhood Education Journal, 37/4, 2010, 319-327.
[39]. T. Balakrishnan; Chavan Sasidhar Rao, Interrater Reliability Of Bilateral Coordination Of Bruininks Ose-retsky Test Of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) & Performance Of Indian Children Compared With USA Norms,Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy, XXXVIII(3), 2007.
[40]. Ozgur Mulazimoglu Balt,Motor Proficiency and Body Mass Index of preschool children, Journal of education and Training studies, 4(4), 2016.
[41]. Annabel Hickey, Elspeth H. Froude, Annette Willams, Tanya Hart, Janet Summers, Performance of Australian children on Miller assessment for preschoolers compared to USA, Australian Occupational Therapy Journal; 27(2), 2000, 86-94.
[42]. Mandy M.Y. Chui, Agnes M.Y. Ng, Anita K.H. Fong, Lenzs S.Y. Lin and Miranda W.F.Ng, Differences in the fine motor performance of children in Hong Kong and the United states on BOTMP, Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy 17(1), 2007, 1-9.
[43]. Waelvelde H, Peersman W, Smits Engelsman et.al. The movement assessment battery for children: Similarities and differences between 4 and 5 year old children from Flanders and the United States, Pediatric Physical Therapy, 20, 2008, 30-38.
[44]. D Livesey et.al, Performance on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children by Auustralian 3 to 5 year old children, Child: care, health and development, 33(6), 2007, 7139.
[45]. Moumita Dey, Impact of Globalisation on Childhood: A case study of the children of Suburban area, International Journal of Research in Social Sciences 7(7), 567-576.
[46]. Thussu D., The English Hegemony: the impact of western television on broadcasting in India, 2000, 293-311.
[47]. Overguaard, L., “An analysis of Culture in an era of Globalisation” working Paper, Department of Language, 2010.
[48]. Cuffaro M. Fine motor skills, Encyclopedia of child behaviour and development, 2011.
References
[1]. Martin Bellman, Orlaith Byme, Robert Sege; Development Assessment of Children; Clinical Review; 346, 2013, 31-35.
[2]. Sally Grantham Mcgregor, Santiagocueto, Paul Glewwe, Lindarichter, Barbarastrupp; Developmental Potential in the first 5 Years for children in developing countries; The Lancet 369, 2007, 60-70.
[3]. Nancy G Guerra, Ariel A Williamson and Beatriz Lucas; Iacapap Textbook of Child and Adolscent Mental Health, 2, 1-39.
[4]. Darcy A. Umphred, Gurdon U Buyton , Neurological Rehabilitation 6.
[5]. Jane Case-Smith, Teri Heaphy, Deborah Marr, Barrie Galvin, Vera Koch; Fine Motor and Functional Motor Outcomes in Preschool Children; The American Journal Of Occupatioal Therapy; 52/10, 1998, 788-796.
[6]. Anne Shumway Cook, Marjorie Woollacot, Motor control; Translating Research into Practice, 4, 502-528.
[7]. Wouter Cools, Kristine De Martelaer, Christiane Samaey, and Caroline Andries; Movement Skill Assessment Of Typically Developing Preschool Children: A Review Of Seven Movement Skill Assessment Tool; Journal Of Sport?s Science And Medicin, 8, 2009, 154-168.[8]. Jahir Abbas, Jaya Shankar Tedia and Shyam Krishnan. Normative Data for Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) in Children of 91/2 -141/2 years, Critical reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation medicine; 24(1-2), 2012, 125136.
[9]. Nilay Comuk Balci, Birgul Bayoglu, Agah Tekindal; Screening Preschool Children for Fine Motor Skills: Environment Influence; The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(3), 2016, 1026-1031.
[10]. Sophie levitt, Treatment of Cerebral Palsy and Motor delay, fifth edition.
[11]. Janice Sweet McElhoe, Learning/play quilt for development of toddler?s fine motor skills, US Patent application Publication; 2006.
[12]. Ghai Essential Paediatrics, 8, 49-50.
[13]. Cara F Dosman, Debbi Andrews, Keith J Goulden; Evidence Based Milestones Ages as A Frame-Work for Developmental Surveillance; Paediatr Child Health; 17/10, 2012, 561-568.
[14]. Fischer U, Suggate Sp, Schmirl J, Stoeger H; Counting on Fine Motor Skills, Development Science; 2016.
[15]. Kathleeen McHale, Sharon A. Cermak; Fine motor activities in Elementary School: Preliminary Findings and Provisional Implications for Children with Fine Motor problems; The American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 46/10, 1992, 898903.
[16]. Jan J, Martin M and Filips Mess, Test of Motor proficiency (BOT-2): Compatibility of the complete and short form and its usefulness for middle aged school children, Frontiers in Paediatrics, 2, 2019.
[17]. Jan S. Tecklin .Paediatric Physical Therapy, the reliability and validity of Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency. 4, 82-83.
[18]. Robert H. Bruininks, Bruininks Ose-retsky Test for Motor Proficiency. Examiner?s manual. Circle Pines, MN American Guidance Service 1978.
[19]. Robert H.Bruininks, Brett D. Bruininks, Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency, (BOT-2); Pearson clinical Assessment ; 2, 2005.
[20]. Apoorva D.Dighe, Dr. Sanjivani Dhote, Dr. Tushar Palekar, Assessment of upper limb coordination using BOT-2 in 5-15 year, International Journal of Health Care and Biomedical Research, 5(3), 2017.
[21]. Freitus TC, Gabbard C, Cacola P; Family Socioeconomic status and provision of motor affordances in the home; Brazillian Journal physical Therapy; 17/4, 2013, 319-327.
[22]. Amita Gupta, Early Childhood, Education, Postcolonial Theory, and Teaching Practices in India, 127.
[23]. Anett Nyaradi, Jianghong Li, The role of nutrition in children?s neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood, Human Neuroscience, 7, 2013.
[24]. Audrey C. Rule, Roger A. Stewart, Effects of Practical Life Materials on Kindergartners' Fine Motor Skills, which assessed the use of practical life materials on fine motor skill development, Early childhood Educational Journal, 30/1, 2002, 9-13.
[25]. Magda Damiani Victora, Cesar Gomes Victora, Fernando C, Barros ,Cross-Cultural differences In Developmental Rates, Child care Health Development;16(9), 1990, 151-164.
[26]. Jakub Koks, Martin Musa, James J. Tufan in 2016 did a study titled, Are sex differences in fundamental motor skills uniform throughout the entire preschool period?, PLoS ONE 12(4), 2016
[27]. Vlachos F, Papadimitriou A, Bonoti F. An investigation of age and gender differences in preschool children?s specific motor skills. European Psychomotricity, Journal. 6(1), 2014, 16–18.
[28]. Morris A, Williams J, Atwater A, Wilmore J. Age and sex differences in motor performance of 3 through 6 year old children. Res Q Exerc Sport.; 53(3), 1982, 214–221.
[29]. Alexander G, Wilcox T. Sex Differences in Early Infancy. Child Dev Perspect. 64, 2012, 400–406.
[30]. Piek J, Gasson N, Barrett N, Case I. Limb and gender differences in the development of coordination in early infancy. Hum Mov Sci. 21(5–6), 2002, 621–639.
[31]. Thomas JR, French KE, Gender differences across age in motor performance a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 98(2), 260-282.
[32]. Hanlon H, Thatcher R, Cline M. Gender differences in the development of EEG coherence in normal children. Dev Neuropsychol. 16(3), 1999, 479–506.
[33]. Gregory L, Jantz et.al, Brain Differences between Genders, 2014.
[34]. Witelson SF, Glezer et al.Women have greater density of neurons in posterior temporal cortex, The journal of neuroscience: 15(51), 1995, 3418-28.
[35]. Spessato B, Gabbard C, Valentini N, Rudisill M. Gender differences in Brazilian children?s fundamental movement skill performance. Early Child Dev Care. 183(7), 2013, 916–923.
[36]. Karla Monica, Andreza Gusmao, Andrea Lemos; Do Environmental Influences Alter Motor Abilities Acquisition? ; Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 61(2), 2003, 170-5.
[37]. Jaya Shanker Tedla, Sourov Saha, Sailakshmi Ganesan , Normative Data for the Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency in Indian Children of 61/2 -91/2 years old,Physical and Rehab Medicine : 24/1-2, 2013, 125-126.
[38]. Fotini Venetsanou, Antonis Kambas, Environmental factors Affecting preschoolers motor development, Early Childhood Education Journal, 37/4, 2010, 319-327.
[39]. T. Balakrishnan; Chavan Sasidhar Rao, Interrater Reliability Of Bilateral Coordination Of Bruininks Ose-retsky Test Of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) & Performance Of Indian Children Compared With USA Norms,Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy, XXXVIII(3), 2007.
[40]. Ozgur Mulazimoglu Balt,Motor Proficiency and Body Mass Index of preschool children, Journal of education and Training studies, 4(4), 2016.
[41]. Annabel Hickey, Elspeth H. Froude, Annette Willams, Tanya Hart, Janet Summers, Performance of Australian children on Miller assessment for preschoolers compared to USA, Australian Occupational Therapy Journal; 27(2), 2000, 86-94.
[42]. Mandy M.Y. Chui, Agnes M.Y. Ng, Anita K.H. Fong, Lenzs S.Y. Lin and Miranda W.F.Ng, Differences in the fine motor performance of children in Hong Kong and the United states on BOTMP, Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy 17(1), 2007, 1-9.
[43]. Waelvelde H, Peersman W, Smits Engelsman et.al. The movement assessment battery for children: Similarities and differences between 4 and 5 year old children from Flanders and the United States, Pediatric Physical Therapy, 20, 2008, 30-38.
[44]. D Livesey et.al, Performance on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children by Auustralian 3 to 5 year old children, Child: care, health and development, 33(6), 2007, 7139.
[45]. Moumita Dey, Impact of Globalisation on Childhood: A case study of the children of Suburban area, International Journal of Research in Social Sciences 7(7), 567-576.
[46]. Thussu D., The English Hegemony: the impact of western television on broadcasting in India, 2000, 293-311.
[47]. Overguaard, L., “An analysis of Culture in an era of Globalisation” working Paper, Department of Language, 2010.
[48]. Cuffaro M. Fine motor skills, Encyclopedia of child behaviour and development, 2011.
[2]. Sally Grantham Mcgregor, Santiagocueto, Paul Glewwe, Lindarichter, Barbarastrupp; Developmental Potential in the first 5 Years for children in developing countries; The Lancet 369, 2007, 60-70.
[3]. Nancy G Guerra, Ariel A Williamson and Beatriz Lucas; Iacapap Textbook of Child and Adolscent Mental Health, 2, 1-39.
[4]. Darcy A. Umphred, Gurdon U Buyton , Neurological Rehabilitation 6.
[5]. Jane Case-Smith, Teri Heaphy, Deborah Marr, Barrie Galvin, Vera Koch; Fine Motor and Functional Motor Outcomes in Preschool Children; The American Journal Of Occupatioal Therapy; 52/10, 1998, 788-796.
[6]. Anne Shumway Cook, Marjorie Woollacot, Motor control; Translating Research into Practice, 4, 502-528.
[7]. Wouter Cools, Kristine De Martelaer, Christiane Samaey, and Caroline Andries; Movement Skill Assessment Of Typically Developing Preschool Children: A Review Of Seven Movement Skill Assessment Tool; Journal Of Sport?s Science And Medicin, 8, 2009, 154-168.[8]. Jahir Abbas, Jaya Shankar Tedia and Shyam Krishnan. Normative Data for Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) in Children of 91/2 -141/2 years, Critical reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation medicine; 24(1-2), 2012, 125136.
[9]. Nilay Comuk Balci, Birgul Bayoglu, Agah Tekindal; Screening Preschool Children for Fine Motor Skills: Environment Influence; The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(3), 2016, 1026-1031.
[10]. Sophie levitt, Treatment of Cerebral Palsy and Motor delay, fifth edition.
[11]. Janice Sweet McElhoe, Learning/play quilt for development of toddler?s fine motor skills, US Patent application Publication; 2006.
[12]. Ghai Essential Paediatrics, 8, 49-50.
[13]. Cara F Dosman, Debbi Andrews, Keith J Goulden; Evidence Based Milestones Ages as A Frame-Work for Developmental Surveillance; Paediatr Child Health; 17/10, 2012, 561-568.
[14]. Fischer U, Suggate Sp, Schmirl J, Stoeger H; Counting on Fine Motor Skills, Development Science; 2016.
[15]. Kathleeen McHale, Sharon A. Cermak; Fine motor activities in Elementary School: Preliminary Findings and Provisional Implications for Children with Fine Motor problems; The American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 46/10, 1992, 898903.
[16]. Jan J, Martin M and Filips Mess, Test of Motor proficiency (BOT-2): Compatibility of the complete and short form and its usefulness for middle aged school children, Frontiers in Paediatrics, 2, 2019.
[17]. Jan S. Tecklin .Paediatric Physical Therapy, the reliability and validity of Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency. 4, 82-83.
[18]. Robert H. Bruininks, Bruininks Ose-retsky Test for Motor Proficiency. Examiner?s manual. Circle Pines, MN American Guidance Service 1978.
[19]. Robert H.Bruininks, Brett D. Bruininks, Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency, (BOT-2); Pearson clinical Assessment ; 2, 2005.
[20]. Apoorva D.Dighe, Dr. Sanjivani Dhote, Dr. Tushar Palekar, Assessment of upper limb coordination using BOT-2 in 5-15 year, International Journal of Health Care and Biomedical Research, 5(3), 2017.
[21]. Freitus TC, Gabbard C, Cacola P; Family Socioeconomic status and provision of motor affordances in the home; Brazillian Journal physical Therapy; 17/4, 2013, 319-327.
[22]. Amita Gupta, Early Childhood, Education, Postcolonial Theory, and Teaching Practices in India, 127.
[23]. Anett Nyaradi, Jianghong Li, The role of nutrition in children?s neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood, Human Neuroscience, 7, 2013.
[24]. Audrey C. Rule, Roger A. Stewart, Effects of Practical Life Materials on Kindergartners' Fine Motor Skills, which assessed the use of practical life materials on fine motor skill development, Early childhood Educational Journal, 30/1, 2002, 9-13.
[25]. Magda Damiani Victora, Cesar Gomes Victora, Fernando C, Barros ,Cross-Cultural differences In Developmental Rates, Child care Health Development;16(9), 1990, 151-164.
[26]. Jakub Koks, Martin Musa, James J. Tufan in 2016 did a study titled, Are sex differences in fundamental motor skills uniform throughout the entire preschool period?, PLoS ONE 12(4), 2016
[27]. Vlachos F, Papadimitriou A, Bonoti F. An investigation of age and gender differences in preschool children?s specific motor skills. European Psychomotricity, Journal. 6(1), 2014, 16–18.
[28]. Morris A, Williams J, Atwater A, Wilmore J. Age and sex differences in motor performance of 3 through 6 year old children. Res Q Exerc Sport.; 53(3), 1982, 214–221.
[29]. Alexander G, Wilcox T. Sex Differences in Early Infancy. Child Dev Perspect. 64, 2012, 400–406.
[30]. Piek J, Gasson N, Barrett N, Case I. Limb and gender differences in the development of coordination in early infancy. Hum Mov Sci. 21(5–6), 2002, 621–639.
[31]. Thomas JR, French KE, Gender differences across age in motor performance a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 98(2), 260-282.
[32]. Hanlon H, Thatcher R, Cline M. Gender differences in the development of EEG coherence in normal children. Dev Neuropsychol. 16(3), 1999, 479–506.
[33]. Gregory L, Jantz et.al, Brain Differences between Genders, 2014.
[34]. Witelson SF, Glezer et al.Women have greater density of neurons in posterior temporal cortex, The journal of neuroscience: 15(51), 1995, 3418-28.
[35]. Spessato B, Gabbard C, Valentini N, Rudisill M. Gender differences in Brazilian children?s fundamental movement skill performance. Early Child Dev Care. 183(7), 2013, 916–923.
[36]. Karla Monica, Andreza Gusmao, Andrea Lemos; Do Environmental Influences Alter Motor Abilities Acquisition? ; Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 61(2), 2003, 170-5.
[37]. Jaya Shanker Tedla, Sourov Saha, Sailakshmi Ganesan , Normative Data for the Bruininks Ose-retsky Test of Motor Proficiency in Indian Children of 61/2 -91/2 years old,Physical and Rehab Medicine : 24/1-2, 2013, 125-126.
[38]. Fotini Venetsanou, Antonis Kambas, Environmental factors Affecting preschoolers motor development, Early Childhood Education Journal, 37/4, 2010, 319-327.
[39]. T. Balakrishnan; Chavan Sasidhar Rao, Interrater Reliability Of Bilateral Coordination Of Bruininks Ose-retsky Test Of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) & Performance Of Indian Children Compared With USA Norms,Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy, XXXVIII(3), 2007.
[40]. Ozgur Mulazimoglu Balt,Motor Proficiency and Body Mass Index of preschool children, Journal of education and Training studies, 4(4), 2016.
[41]. Annabel Hickey, Elspeth H. Froude, Annette Willams, Tanya Hart, Janet Summers, Performance of Australian children on Miller assessment for preschoolers compared to USA, Australian Occupational Therapy Journal; 27(2), 2000, 86-94.
[42]. Mandy M.Y. Chui, Agnes M.Y. Ng, Anita K.H. Fong, Lenzs S.Y. Lin and Miranda W.F.Ng, Differences in the fine motor performance of children in Hong Kong and the United states on BOTMP, Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy 17(1), 2007, 1-9.
[43]. Waelvelde H, Peersman W, Smits Engelsman et.al. The movement assessment battery for children: Similarities and differences between 4 and 5 year old children from Flanders and the United States, Pediatric Physical Therapy, 20, 2008, 30-38.
[44]. D Livesey et.al, Performance on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children by Auustralian 3 to 5 year old children, Child: care, health and development, 33(6), 2007, 7139.
[45]. Moumita Dey, Impact of Globalisation on Childhood: A case study of the children of Suburban area, International Journal of Research in Social Sciences 7(7), 567-576.
[46]. Thussu D., The English Hegemony: the impact of western television on broadcasting in India, 2000, 293-311.
[47]. Overguaard, L., “An analysis of Culture in an era of Globalisation” working Paper, Department of Language, 2010.
[48]. Cuffaro M. Fine motor skills, Encyclopedia of child behaviour and development, 2011.