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A review on bell's palsy: etiology, pathogenesis and management
Corresponding Author(s) : Balaga Rathnamala
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 8 No. 2 (2020): 2020 Volume 8- Issue -2
Abstract
Bell's palsy is a rare disease of facial muscle weakness or paralysis. The disorder is due to inflammation that is directed by the body's immune system against the7th cranial nerve controlling the movement of the face. A specific cause of Bell's palsy is unknown, Finally, it results in inflammatory, demyelinating, ischemic, or compressive processes may impair neural conduction at this site. The main complication was unable to close the eye on the affected side, it is treated with corticosteroids and antivirals.
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- . Hauser WA, Karnes WE, Annis J, Kurland LT. Incidence and prognosis of Bell's palsy in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 46, 1971, 258–64
- . Adour KK, Byl FM, Hilsinger RL, Jr, Kahn ZM, Sheldon MI. The true nature of Bell's palsy: Analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients. Laryngoscope. 88, 1978, 787–801.
- . Katusic SK, Beard CM, Wiederholt WC, Bergstralh EJ, Kurland LT. Incidence, clinical features, and prognosis in Bell's palsy, Rochester, Minnesota 1968-1982. Ann Neurol. 20, 1986, 622–7
- . Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L. Bell’s palsy and parenteral inactivated influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin. 2(3), 2006, 110-2.
- . Mutsch M, Zhou W, Rhodes P, Bopp M, Chen RT, Linder T, et al. Use of the inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine and the risk of Bell's palsy in Switzerland. N Engl J Med. 350(9), 2004, 896-903.
- . Yanagihara N, Yumoto E, Shibahara T. Familial Bell's palsy: analysis of 25 families. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 137, 1988, 8-10.
- . Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist K. Familial risks for nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders in siblings based on hospitalisations in Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health. 61(1), 2007, 80-4.
- . Seok JI, Lee DK, Kim KJ. The usefulness of clinical findings in localising lesions in Bell's palsy: comparison with MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 79(4), 2008, 418-20.
- . He L, Zhou D, Wu B, Li N, Zhou MK. Acupuncture for Bell's palsy. Cochrane Database Syst
- . Bulstrode NW, Harrison DH. The phenomenon of the late recovered Bell's palsy: treatment options to improve facial symmetry. Plast Reconstr Surg. 115, 2005, 1466–71.Rev. 1, 2004, CD002914.
- . Dhruvashree Somasundara, General practitioner and Frank Sullivan, Gordon F Cheesbrough research chair, Director of UTOPIAN FMTU, Professor and Adjunct scientist Aust Prescr. 40(3), 2017, 94–97. Published online 2017 doi: 10.18773/austprescr. 2017, 030, PMCID: PMC5478391, PMID: 28798513
- . Peitersen E. Bell’s palsy: the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 549, 2002, 4-30.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/00016480276037073610.1080/000164802760370736
- . Sullivan FM, Swan IR, Donnan PT, Morrison JM, Smith BH, McKinstry B, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell’s palsy. N Engl J Med 357, 2007, 1598-607.
- https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa07200610.1056/NEJMoa072006
- . Saito O, Aoyagi M, Tojima H, Koike Y. Diagnosis and treatment for Bell’s palsy associated with diabetes mellitus. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 511, 1994, 153-5.
- https://doi.org/10.3109/0001648940912832210.3109/00016489409128322
- . Hato N, Yamada H, Kohno H, Matsumoto S, Honda N, Gyo K, et al. Valacyclovir and prednisolone treatment for Bell’s palsy: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Otol Neurotol 28, 2007, 408-13.
- https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mao.0000265190.29969.1210.1097/01.mao.0000265190.29969.12
- . Holland NJ, Weiner GM. Recent developments in Bell’s palsy. BMJ. 329, 2004, 553-557.
- . Tiemstra JD, Khatkhate N. Bell’s palsy: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 76, 2007, 997-1002, 1004.
- . Bennett JC, Plum F., eds. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co; 20, 1996, 2157
- . Adams, RD, et al., eds. Principles of Neurology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Companies;: 6, 1997, 1376 [20]. Halperin JJ, Golightly M. Lyme borreliosis in Bell's palsy. Long Island Neuroborreliosis Collaborative Study Group. Neurology. 42(7), 1992, 1268-70.
- . Peitersen E. Bell's palsy: the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2002, 4-30.
- . Liu J, Li Y, Yuan X, Lin Z. Bell's palsy may have relations to bacterial infection. Med Hypotheses. 72(2), 2009, 169-70.
- . Unlu Z, Aslan A, Ozbakkaloglu B, Tunger O, Surucuoglu S. Serologic examinations of hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, and rubella in patients with Bell's palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 82(1), 2003, 28-32.
- . Morgan M, Moffat M, Ritchie L, Collacott I, Brown T. Is Bell's palsy a reactivation of varicella zoster virus?. J Infect. 30(1), 1995, 29-36.
- . Kawaguchi K, Inamura H, Abe Y, Koshu H, Takashita E, Muraki Y, et al. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus and therapeutic effects of combination therapy with prednisolone and valacyclovir in patients with Bell's palsy. Laryngoscope. 117(1), 2007, 147-56.
- . Jeffrey D. Tiemstra, MD, and Nandini Khatkhate, MD, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Am Fam Physician. 76(7), 2007, 997-1002.
- . Health line, Bell’s Palsy,www.healthline.com
- . Columbia university department of neurology, Bell's Palsy,www.columbianneurology.org
- . Clinical Pharmacology [online database]. Tampa, FL: Gold Standard, Inc; 2010.
- www.clinicalpharmacology.com [subscription required]. Accessed 2010.
- . De Almeida JR, Al Khabori M, Guyatt GH, et al. Combined corticosteroid and antiviral treatment for Bell palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 302, 2009, 985-993.
References
. Hauser WA, Karnes WE, Annis J, Kurland LT. Incidence and prognosis of Bell's palsy in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 46, 1971, 258–64
. Adour KK, Byl FM, Hilsinger RL, Jr, Kahn ZM, Sheldon MI. The true nature of Bell's palsy: Analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients. Laryngoscope. 88, 1978, 787–801.
. Katusic SK, Beard CM, Wiederholt WC, Bergstralh EJ, Kurland LT. Incidence, clinical features, and prognosis in Bell's palsy, Rochester, Minnesota 1968-1982. Ann Neurol. 20, 1986, 622–7
. Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L. Bell’s palsy and parenteral inactivated influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin. 2(3), 2006, 110-2.
. Mutsch M, Zhou W, Rhodes P, Bopp M, Chen RT, Linder T, et al. Use of the inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine and the risk of Bell's palsy in Switzerland. N Engl J Med. 350(9), 2004, 896-903.
. Yanagihara N, Yumoto E, Shibahara T. Familial Bell's palsy: analysis of 25 families. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 137, 1988, 8-10.
. Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist K. Familial risks for nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders in siblings based on hospitalisations in Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health. 61(1), 2007, 80-4.
. Seok JI, Lee DK, Kim KJ. The usefulness of clinical findings in localising lesions in Bell's palsy: comparison with MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 79(4), 2008, 418-20.
. He L, Zhou D, Wu B, Li N, Zhou MK. Acupuncture for Bell's palsy. Cochrane Database Syst
. Bulstrode NW, Harrison DH. The phenomenon of the late recovered Bell's palsy: treatment options to improve facial symmetry. Plast Reconstr Surg. 115, 2005, 1466–71.Rev. 1, 2004, CD002914.
. Dhruvashree Somasundara, General practitioner and Frank Sullivan, Gordon F Cheesbrough research chair, Director of UTOPIAN FMTU, Professor and Adjunct scientist Aust Prescr. 40(3), 2017, 94–97. Published online 2017 doi: 10.18773/austprescr. 2017, 030, PMCID: PMC5478391, PMID: 28798513
. Peitersen E. Bell’s palsy: the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 549, 2002, 4-30.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00016480276037073610.1080/000164802760370736
. Sullivan FM, Swan IR, Donnan PT, Morrison JM, Smith BH, McKinstry B, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell’s palsy. N Engl J Med 357, 2007, 1598-607.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa07200610.1056/NEJMoa072006
. Saito O, Aoyagi M, Tojima H, Koike Y. Diagnosis and treatment for Bell’s palsy associated with diabetes mellitus. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 511, 1994, 153-5.
https://doi.org/10.3109/0001648940912832210.3109/00016489409128322
. Hato N, Yamada H, Kohno H, Matsumoto S, Honda N, Gyo K, et al. Valacyclovir and prednisolone treatment for Bell’s palsy: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Otol Neurotol 28, 2007, 408-13.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mao.0000265190.29969.1210.1097/01.mao.0000265190.29969.12
. Holland NJ, Weiner GM. Recent developments in Bell’s palsy. BMJ. 329, 2004, 553-557.
. Tiemstra JD, Khatkhate N. Bell’s palsy: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 76, 2007, 997-1002, 1004.
. Bennett JC, Plum F., eds. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co; 20, 1996, 2157
. Adams, RD, et al., eds. Principles of Neurology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Companies;: 6, 1997, 1376 [20]. Halperin JJ, Golightly M. Lyme borreliosis in Bell's palsy. Long Island Neuroborreliosis Collaborative Study Group. Neurology. 42(7), 1992, 1268-70.
. Peitersen E. Bell's palsy: the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2002, 4-30.
. Liu J, Li Y, Yuan X, Lin Z. Bell's palsy may have relations to bacterial infection. Med Hypotheses. 72(2), 2009, 169-70.
. Unlu Z, Aslan A, Ozbakkaloglu B, Tunger O, Surucuoglu S. Serologic examinations of hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, and rubella in patients with Bell's palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 82(1), 2003, 28-32.
. Morgan M, Moffat M, Ritchie L, Collacott I, Brown T. Is Bell's palsy a reactivation of varicella zoster virus?. J Infect. 30(1), 1995, 29-36.
. Kawaguchi K, Inamura H, Abe Y, Koshu H, Takashita E, Muraki Y, et al. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus and therapeutic effects of combination therapy with prednisolone and valacyclovir in patients with Bell's palsy. Laryngoscope. 117(1), 2007, 147-56.
. Jeffrey D. Tiemstra, MD, and Nandini Khatkhate, MD, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, Am Fam Physician. 76(7), 2007, 997-1002.
. Health line, Bell’s Palsy,www.healthline.com
. Columbia university department of neurology, Bell's Palsy,www.columbianneurology.org
. Clinical Pharmacology [online database]. Tampa, FL: Gold Standard, Inc; 2010.
www.clinicalpharmacology.com [subscription required]. Accessed 2010.
. De Almeida JR, Al Khabori M, Guyatt GH, et al. Combined corticosteroid and antiviral treatment for Bell palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 302, 2009, 985-993.
