Hepatocellular Carcinoma: an Overview of Disease Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Corresponding Author(s) : Ahmed Abdalla Mohamed Aly Abdalla
bg29lj@student.sunderland.ac.uk
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 2 No. 3 (2014): 2014 Volume 2- Issue -3
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Consequently, the epidemiology of this fatal disease is well considered and studied. Although hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are amongst the most prominent risk factors for this cancer, there are some other factors participating in the high incidence of HCC such as cirrhosis, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, obesity and metabolic disorders.
Keywords
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatitis C virus
Risk factors
1.
Ahmed Abdalla Mohamed Aly Abdalla. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: an Overview of Disease Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 1 [cited 2026 Apr. 15];2(3):205-9. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/78
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References
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[1] Motola-Kuba D, Zamora-Valdés D, Uribe M and Méndez-Sánchez N. Hepatocellular carcinoma. An overview. Ann Hepatol., 2006; 5(1):16-24.
[2] El-Serag HB and Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology, 2007; 132(7):2557-2576.
[3] Poustchi H, Sepanlou S, Esmaili S, Mehrabi M and Ansary moghadam A. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the World and the Middle East. Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2010; 2 (1):31-41.
[4] Silva M and Sherman M. Criteria for liver transplantation for HCC: What should the limits be?. Journal of Hepatology. 2011; 55(5):1137-1147.
[5] Venook A, Papandreou C, Furuse J and de Guevara L. The Incidence and Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Global and Regional Perspective. The Oncologist. 2010;15(4):5-13.
[6] Calvisi D, Evert M and Dombrowski F. Review Article Pathogenetic and Prognostic Significance of Inactivation of RASSF Proteins in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecular Biology International. 2012;Vol (2012):1-9.
[7] Cabibbo G and Craxi A. Epidemiology, risk factors and surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2010; 14:352-355.
[8] Altekruse SF, Mcglynn KA and Reichman ME. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005. Journal of clinical oncology. 2009; 27(9): 1485-1491.
[9] Gomaa A, Khan S, Toledano M, Waked I and Taylor-Robinson S. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis. World Journal Gastroenterology. 2008; 14(27): 4300–4308.
[10] Liu CJ and Kao JH. Hepatitis B Virus-related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Epidemiology and Pathogenic Role of Viral Factors. J Chin Med Assoc. 2007; 70(4):141- 145.
[11] Jing-Lin X, Sharma D, Bing-Hui Y, Bo-Heng Z, Zeng-Chen M, Zhi-Quan W, Jia F, Xin Z, Lun-Xiu Q and Zhao-You X. Analysis of the Clinicopathological Features of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Elderly Patients. JNMA. 2008; 47(171):132-135.
[12] Chuang SC, La Vecchia C and Boffetta P. Liver cancer: Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors other than HBV and HCV infection. Cancer Lett. 2009; 286(1):9-14.
[13] Bruix J, Boix L, Sala M and Llovet J. Focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell, 2004; 5(3):215-219.
[14] Franceschi S and Raza S. Epidemiology and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett., 2009; 286(1):5-8.
[15] Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer, 2006; 118(12):3030–3044.
[16] Liaw Y, Sung J, Chow W, Farrell G, Lee C, Yuen H, Tanwandee T, Tao Q, Shue K, Keene O, Dixon J, Gray D and Sabbat J. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med., 2004; 351(15):1521–1531.
[17] El-Serag H, Marrero J, Rudolph L and Reddy K. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2008; 134:1752–1763.
[18] Chen E, Wang L, Lei J, Xu L and Tang H. Meta-analysis: Adefovir dipivoxil in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. Virol J., 2009;6:163-172.
[19] Gao J, Xie L, Yang W, Zhang W, Gao S, Wang J and Xiang Y. Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Current Status and Perspectives. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev., 2012; 13(3):743-752.
[20] Abdel-Hamid NM. Review Update to risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2009;1(3): 038-043.
[21] El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular Carcinoma. N Engl J Med., 2011; 365:1118-1127.
[22] Andrade L, D'Oliveira A, Melo R, De Souza E, Silva C and Paraná R. Association between Hepatitis C and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Journal Global Infectious Diseases. 2009; 1(1): 33–37.
[23] Ohki T, Tateishi R, Sato T, Masuzaki R, Imamura J, Goto T, Yamashiki N, Yoshida H, Kanai F, Kato N, Shiina S, Yoshida H, Kawabe T and Omata M. Obesity is an independent risk factor for HCC development in CHC patient. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol., 2008; 6(4):459-464.
[24] Bruno S, Crosignani A, Maisonneuve P, Rossi S, Silini E and Mondelli M. Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b as a major risk factor associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a seventeen-year prospective cohort study. Journal of Hepatology, 2007; 46(5): 1350-1356.
[25] Koike K. Hepatitis C virus contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis by modulating metabolic and intracellular signaling pathways. J Gastroenterol Hepatol., 2007; 22(1):108-111.
[26] Farinati F, Cardin R, Bortolami M, Burra P, Russo F, Rugge M, Guido M, Sergio A and Naccarato R. Hepatitis C virus: From oxygen free radicals to hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal Viral Hepatology, 2007; 14(12):821-830.
[27] Jelic S and Sotiropoulos G. clinical practice guidelines Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology, 2010; 21 (5): 59–64.
References
[1] Motola-Kuba D, Zamora-Valdés D, Uribe M and Méndez-Sánchez N. Hepatocellular carcinoma. An overview. Ann Hepatol., 2006; 5(1):16-24.
[2] El-Serag HB and Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology, 2007; 132(7):2557-2576.
[3] Poustchi H, Sepanlou S, Esmaili S, Mehrabi M and Ansary moghadam A. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the World and the Middle East. Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2010; 2 (1):31-41.
[4] Silva M and Sherman M. Criteria for liver transplantation for HCC: What should the limits be?. Journal of Hepatology. 2011; 55(5):1137-1147.
[5] Venook A, Papandreou C, Furuse J and de Guevara L. The Incidence and Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Global and Regional Perspective. The Oncologist. 2010;15(4):5-13.
[6] Calvisi D, Evert M and Dombrowski F. Review Article Pathogenetic and Prognostic Significance of Inactivation of RASSF Proteins in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecular Biology International. 2012;Vol (2012):1-9.
[7] Cabibbo G and Craxi A. Epidemiology, risk factors and surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2010; 14:352-355.
[8] Altekruse SF, Mcglynn KA and Reichman ME. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005. Journal of clinical oncology. 2009; 27(9): 1485-1491.
[9] Gomaa A, Khan S, Toledano M, Waked I and Taylor-Robinson S. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis. World Journal Gastroenterology. 2008; 14(27): 4300–4308.
[10] Liu CJ and Kao JH. Hepatitis B Virus-related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Epidemiology and Pathogenic Role of Viral Factors. J Chin Med Assoc. 2007; 70(4):141- 145.
[11] Jing-Lin X, Sharma D, Bing-Hui Y, Bo-Heng Z, Zeng-Chen M, Zhi-Quan W, Jia F, Xin Z, Lun-Xiu Q and Zhao-You X. Analysis of the Clinicopathological Features of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Elderly Patients. JNMA. 2008; 47(171):132-135.
[12] Chuang SC, La Vecchia C and Boffetta P. Liver cancer: Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors other than HBV and HCV infection. Cancer Lett. 2009; 286(1):9-14.
[13] Bruix J, Boix L, Sala M and Llovet J. Focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell, 2004; 5(3):215-219.
[14] Franceschi S and Raza S. Epidemiology and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett., 2009; 286(1):5-8.
[15] Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer, 2006; 118(12):3030–3044.
[16] Liaw Y, Sung J, Chow W, Farrell G, Lee C, Yuen H, Tanwandee T, Tao Q, Shue K, Keene O, Dixon J, Gray D and Sabbat J. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med., 2004; 351(15):1521–1531.
[17] El-Serag H, Marrero J, Rudolph L and Reddy K. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2008; 134:1752–1763.
[18] Chen E, Wang L, Lei J, Xu L and Tang H. Meta-analysis: Adefovir dipivoxil in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. Virol J., 2009;6:163-172.
[19] Gao J, Xie L, Yang W, Zhang W, Gao S, Wang J and Xiang Y. Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Current Status and Perspectives. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev., 2012; 13(3):743-752.
[20] Abdel-Hamid NM. Review Update to risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2009;1(3): 038-043.
[21] El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular Carcinoma. N Engl J Med., 2011; 365:1118-1127.
[22] Andrade L, D'Oliveira A, Melo R, De Souza E, Silva C and Paraná R. Association between Hepatitis C and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Journal Global Infectious Diseases. 2009; 1(1): 33–37.
[23] Ohki T, Tateishi R, Sato T, Masuzaki R, Imamura J, Goto T, Yamashiki N, Yoshida H, Kanai F, Kato N, Shiina S, Yoshida H, Kawabe T and Omata M. Obesity is an independent risk factor for HCC development in CHC patient. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol., 2008; 6(4):459-464.
[24] Bruno S, Crosignani A, Maisonneuve P, Rossi S, Silini E and Mondelli M. Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b as a major risk factor associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a seventeen-year prospective cohort study. Journal of Hepatology, 2007; 46(5): 1350-1356.
[25] Koike K. Hepatitis C virus contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis by modulating metabolic and intracellular signaling pathways. J Gastroenterol Hepatol., 2007; 22(1):108-111.
[26] Farinati F, Cardin R, Bortolami M, Burra P, Russo F, Rugge M, Guido M, Sergio A and Naccarato R. Hepatitis C virus: From oxygen free radicals to hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal Viral Hepatology, 2007; 14(12):821-830.
[27] Jelic S and Sotiropoulos G. clinical practice guidelines Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology, 2010; 21 (5): 59–64.
[2] El-Serag HB and Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology, 2007; 132(7):2557-2576.
[3] Poustchi H, Sepanlou S, Esmaili S, Mehrabi M and Ansary moghadam A. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the World and the Middle East. Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2010; 2 (1):31-41.
[4] Silva M and Sherman M. Criteria for liver transplantation for HCC: What should the limits be?. Journal of Hepatology. 2011; 55(5):1137-1147.
[5] Venook A, Papandreou C, Furuse J and de Guevara L. The Incidence and Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Global and Regional Perspective. The Oncologist. 2010;15(4):5-13.
[6] Calvisi D, Evert M and Dombrowski F. Review Article Pathogenetic and Prognostic Significance of Inactivation of RASSF Proteins in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecular Biology International. 2012;Vol (2012):1-9.
[7] Cabibbo G and Craxi A. Epidemiology, risk factors and surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2010; 14:352-355.
[8] Altekruse SF, Mcglynn KA and Reichman ME. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005. Journal of clinical oncology. 2009; 27(9): 1485-1491.
[9] Gomaa A, Khan S, Toledano M, Waked I and Taylor-Robinson S. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis. World Journal Gastroenterology. 2008; 14(27): 4300–4308.
[10] Liu CJ and Kao JH. Hepatitis B Virus-related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Epidemiology and Pathogenic Role of Viral Factors. J Chin Med Assoc. 2007; 70(4):141- 145.
[11] Jing-Lin X, Sharma D, Bing-Hui Y, Bo-Heng Z, Zeng-Chen M, Zhi-Quan W, Jia F, Xin Z, Lun-Xiu Q and Zhao-You X. Analysis of the Clinicopathological Features of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Elderly Patients. JNMA. 2008; 47(171):132-135.
[12] Chuang SC, La Vecchia C and Boffetta P. Liver cancer: Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors other than HBV and HCV infection. Cancer Lett. 2009; 286(1):9-14.
[13] Bruix J, Boix L, Sala M and Llovet J. Focus on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell, 2004; 5(3):215-219.
[14] Franceschi S and Raza S. Epidemiology and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett., 2009; 286(1):5-8.
[15] Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer, 2006; 118(12):3030–3044.
[16] Liaw Y, Sung J, Chow W, Farrell G, Lee C, Yuen H, Tanwandee T, Tao Q, Shue K, Keene O, Dixon J, Gray D and Sabbat J. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med., 2004; 351(15):1521–1531.
[17] El-Serag H, Marrero J, Rudolph L and Reddy K. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2008; 134:1752–1763.
[18] Chen E, Wang L, Lei J, Xu L and Tang H. Meta-analysis: Adefovir dipivoxil in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. Virol J., 2009;6:163-172.
[19] Gao J, Xie L, Yang W, Zhang W, Gao S, Wang J and Xiang Y. Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Current Status and Perspectives. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev., 2012; 13(3):743-752.
[20] Abdel-Hamid NM. Review Update to risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2009;1(3): 038-043.
[21] El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular Carcinoma. N Engl J Med., 2011; 365:1118-1127.
[22] Andrade L, D'Oliveira A, Melo R, De Souza E, Silva C and Paraná R. Association between Hepatitis C and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Journal Global Infectious Diseases. 2009; 1(1): 33–37.
[23] Ohki T, Tateishi R, Sato T, Masuzaki R, Imamura J, Goto T, Yamashiki N, Yoshida H, Kanai F, Kato N, Shiina S, Yoshida H, Kawabe T and Omata M. Obesity is an independent risk factor for HCC development in CHC patient. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol., 2008; 6(4):459-464.
[24] Bruno S, Crosignani A, Maisonneuve P, Rossi S, Silini E and Mondelli M. Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b as a major risk factor associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a seventeen-year prospective cohort study. Journal of Hepatology, 2007; 46(5): 1350-1356.
[25] Koike K. Hepatitis C virus contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis by modulating metabolic and intracellular signaling pathways. J Gastroenterol Hepatol., 2007; 22(1):108-111.
[26] Farinati F, Cardin R, Bortolami M, Burra P, Russo F, Rugge M, Guido M, Sergio A and Naccarato R. Hepatitis C virus: From oxygen free radicals to hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal Viral Hepatology, 2007; 14(12):821-830.
[27] Jelic S and Sotiropoulos G. clinical practice guidelines Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology, 2010; 21 (5): 59–64.