Copyright (c) 2020 Atta Abbas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Comparision of in Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Cefoperazone and Levofloxacin Against Different Clinical Isolates.
Corresponding Author(s) : Atta Abbas
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 2 No. 1 (2014): 2014 Volume 2- Issue -1
Abstract
Cefoperazone (a third generation cephalosporin) has effective in vitro activity against majority of pathogens. Levofloxacin (a flouroquinolone) is one which prescribed more due to its increased antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria. Microbial resistance to antibiotics is now prevalent and poses a serious clinical threat. An attempt has been made to evaluate sensitivity of Cefoperazone and Levofloxacin against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. A total of 120 isolates were collected from different pathological laboratories and medical centers in Karachi, Pakistan. The above stated clinical isolates were extracted from urine/stool, skin, blood and sputum samples. Results show least resistance of Levofloxacin as compare to Cefoperazone against Escherichia coli (32.5% and 42.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36% and 48%) while Staphylococcus aureus is still susceptible towards Cefoperazone and least sensitive to Levofloxacin by showing 26.6% and 50% resistance respectively. Study concluded that the prevalent pathogens are still susceptible towards Levofloxacin and Cefoperazone but the gradual increase in resistance is alarming to the general practice of prescribing antibiotic which require routine evaluation and surveillance to ensure the effectiveness of the antibacterial agents.
Keywords
In vitro
Cefoperazone
Levofloxacin
Antibacterial activity
Clinical Isolates
References
-
1. Nicodemo A.C., M. C. M. F., Oplustil C.P. And Sinto S. In vitro Activity of Fluoroquinolones (Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin and Trovafloxacin) and Seven Other Antibiotics Against Streptococcus. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001. (5).
2. Raymond P. Smitha, B, Aldona L. Baltcha,B, Mary A. Frankea, Phyllis B. Michelsena And Lawrence H. Boppa. Levofloxacin penetrates human monocytes and enhances intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2000. (45) 83-88 P.
3. Fish DN. Gatifloxacin: An Advanced 8-Methoxy Fluoroquinolone. Pharmacotherapy. 2001. 21(1): 35-59 P.
4. C.-J. Soussy, M. C., M.-C. Ploy, M.-D. Kitzis, C. Morel,A.Bryskier, And P. Courvalin. Invitro antibacterial activity of levofloxacin against hospital isolates a multicentre study. journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 1999. (43), 43-50 P.
5. Vadlamudi, R. S. M., MPH; Smalligan, Roger D. MD, MPH; Ismail, Hassan M. MD, MPH, July. Interaction between Warfarin and Levofloxacin. Southern Medical Journal. 2007. (100) 720-724 P.
6. Acar, J. F. A Comparison of Side Effects of Levofloxacin to Other Agents Concerning the Ecological and Microbiological Effects on Normal Human Flora. International journal of experimental and clinical chemotherapy. 2001. (47) 15-23 P.
7. Cambau E, G. L. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. pubmed. US national library of medicine National institute of health. 1993. (45) 15-23 P.
8. Jones, R. N. A Review of Its Antimicrobial Spectrum, ?-Lactamase Stability, Enzyme Inhibition, and Other in Vitro Characteristics. Oxford Journal. 1983. (5) 108-126 P.
9. Shampa Aunupurba, A. B., Atul Garg, Malay Ranjan Sen,. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound infections. Indian journal of dermatology. 2007. (51) 286-288 P.
10. PA, R. D. Bacterial resistance to cephalosporins as a function of outer membrane permeability and access to their target. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 1996. (8) 37-47 P.
11. L. Stratchounski, I. E., A. Narezkina, M. Edelstein, M. Pimkin. In vitro activity of cefoperazone/sulbactam vs amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactam against extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. 12th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Poster # P1413. 2006
12. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial susceptibility Testings , Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute 2012.
13. Bushra R, Rizvi M,Ahmed M, Alam S ,Bano N. In-vitro Susceptibility of Levofloxacin against Different Clinical Isolates. Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry. 2013. 2(03): 8-12 P.
14. Nasiri MI, Naqvi SBS, Zaidi AA, Saeed R, Raza G. Report - Comparative study on resistant pattern of clinical isolates against Levofloxacin and Cefepime. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013. 26(2):415-419 P.
15. Chinedum, I. E. Microbial resistance to antibiotics. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2005. (4): 1606-1611 P.
16. Drago L, De Vecchi E, Mombelli B, Nicola L, Valli M and Gismondo MR. Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. J.Antimicrob. Chemother., 2001. 48(1): 37-45 P.
17. Weber P, Dip C, Durand C and Moniot-ville N.Evaluation of levofloxacin susceptibility against strains isolated from lower urinary tract infections in the community. Patho. Biol. 2005. 53(2): 125 P.
18. Matsuzaki K, Koyama H, Chiba A, Omika K, Harada S,Sato Y, Hasegawa M, Kobayashi I, Kaneko A and Sasaki J. In vitro activities of levofloxacin and other antibiotics against fresh clinical isolates.Jpn.J.Antibiot. 1999. 52(9): 571-584 P.
19. Algun U, Arisoy A, Gunduz T and Ozbakkaloglu B(2004). The resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics. Int. J.Med. Microbiol. 2004. 22(2): 112-114 P.
20. Polk RE, Johnson CK, McClish D, Wenzel RP and Edmond MB. Predicting Hospital Rates of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Fluoroquinolone use in US Hospitals and their surrounding communities. Clin. Infect Dis. 2004. (39): 497-503 P.
21. Muller-Serieys C, Decré D, Benoit C, Bigot C, Maubert B, Carbon C. Levofloxacin: serum bactericidal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999. (43) Suppl C:67-70 P.
22. Beatriz Guerra, Burkhard Malorny, Andreas Schroeter and Reiner Helmuth. Multiple Resistance Mechanisms in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella Isolates from Germany. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 2003. 47(6): 2059 P.
23. Thomas M. File Jr. James S. Tan, Ian Baird, James W. Simon and Jack L. Summers. Evaluation of cefoperazone in the therapy of urinary tract infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1982. 9(3): 223-230 P.
24. R Cooksey, J Swenson, N Clark , E Gay and C Thornsberry. Patterns and mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance among isolates of Escherichia coli from hospitals in the United States. 1990.
25. 25. Hui Wang, Minjun Chen, Yuxing Ni,Yudong Liu,Hongli Sun,Yunsong Yu, Xiujuan Yu,Min Liu,Ziyong Sun,Yunzhuo Chu,Zhidong Hu, Xinhong Huang. Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates from the Chinese Meropenem Surveillance Study (CMSS), 2003–2008. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2010. 35(3): 227–234 P.
26. Wai C. Chana, R. C. L.,Julia M. Lingb, Augustine F. Chengb And Jerome J. Schentagc. Markedly different rates and resistance profiles exhibited by seven commonly used and newer ?-lactams on the selection of resistant variants of Enterobacter cloacae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1999. (43): 55-60 P.
References
1. Nicodemo A.C., M. C. M. F., Oplustil C.P. And Sinto S. In vitro Activity of Fluoroquinolones (Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin and Trovafloxacin) and Seven Other Antibiotics Against Streptococcus. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001. (5).
2. Raymond P. Smitha, B, Aldona L. Baltcha,B, Mary A. Frankea, Phyllis B. Michelsena And Lawrence H. Boppa. Levofloxacin penetrates human monocytes and enhances intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2000. (45) 83-88 P.
3. Fish DN. Gatifloxacin: An Advanced 8-Methoxy Fluoroquinolone. Pharmacotherapy. 2001. 21(1): 35-59 P.
4. C.-J. Soussy, M. C., M.-C. Ploy, M.-D. Kitzis, C. Morel,A.Bryskier, And P. Courvalin. Invitro antibacterial activity of levofloxacin against hospital isolates a multicentre study. journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 1999. (43), 43-50 P.
5. Vadlamudi, R. S. M., MPH; Smalligan, Roger D. MD, MPH; Ismail, Hassan M. MD, MPH, July. Interaction between Warfarin and Levofloxacin. Southern Medical Journal. 2007. (100) 720-724 P.
6. Acar, J. F. A Comparison of Side Effects of Levofloxacin to Other Agents Concerning the Ecological and Microbiological Effects on Normal Human Flora. International journal of experimental and clinical chemotherapy. 2001. (47) 15-23 P.
7. Cambau E, G. L. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. pubmed. US national library of medicine National institute of health. 1993. (45) 15-23 P.
8. Jones, R. N. A Review of Its Antimicrobial Spectrum, ?-Lactamase Stability, Enzyme Inhibition, and Other in Vitro Characteristics. Oxford Journal. 1983. (5) 108-126 P.
9. Shampa Aunupurba, A. B., Atul Garg, Malay Ranjan Sen,. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound infections. Indian journal of dermatology. 2007. (51) 286-288 P.
10. PA, R. D. Bacterial resistance to cephalosporins as a function of outer membrane permeability and access to their target. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 1996. (8) 37-47 P.
11. L. Stratchounski, I. E., A. Narezkina, M. Edelstein, M. Pimkin. In vitro activity of cefoperazone/sulbactam vs amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactam against extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. 12th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Poster # P1413. 2006
12. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial susceptibility Testings , Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute 2012.
13. Bushra R, Rizvi M,Ahmed M, Alam S ,Bano N. In-vitro Susceptibility of Levofloxacin against Different Clinical Isolates. Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry. 2013. 2(03): 8-12 P.
14. Nasiri MI, Naqvi SBS, Zaidi AA, Saeed R, Raza G. Report - Comparative study on resistant pattern of clinical isolates against Levofloxacin and Cefepime. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013. 26(2):415-419 P.
15. Chinedum, I. E. Microbial resistance to antibiotics. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2005. (4): 1606-1611 P.
16. Drago L, De Vecchi E, Mombelli B, Nicola L, Valli M and Gismondo MR. Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. J.Antimicrob. Chemother., 2001. 48(1): 37-45 P.
17. Weber P, Dip C, Durand C and Moniot-ville N.Evaluation of levofloxacin susceptibility against strains isolated from lower urinary tract infections in the community. Patho. Biol. 2005. 53(2): 125 P.
18. Matsuzaki K, Koyama H, Chiba A, Omika K, Harada S,Sato Y, Hasegawa M, Kobayashi I, Kaneko A and Sasaki J. In vitro activities of levofloxacin and other antibiotics against fresh clinical isolates.Jpn.J.Antibiot. 1999. 52(9): 571-584 P.
19. Algun U, Arisoy A, Gunduz T and Ozbakkaloglu B(2004). The resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics. Int. J.Med. Microbiol. 2004. 22(2): 112-114 P.
20. Polk RE, Johnson CK, McClish D, Wenzel RP and Edmond MB. Predicting Hospital Rates of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Fluoroquinolone use in US Hospitals and their surrounding communities. Clin. Infect Dis. 2004. (39): 497-503 P.
21. Muller-Serieys C, Decré D, Benoit C, Bigot C, Maubert B, Carbon C. Levofloxacin: serum bactericidal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999. (43) Suppl C:67-70 P.
22. Beatriz Guerra, Burkhard Malorny, Andreas Schroeter and Reiner Helmuth. Multiple Resistance Mechanisms in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella Isolates from Germany. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 2003. 47(6): 2059 P.
23. Thomas M. File Jr. James S. Tan, Ian Baird, James W. Simon and Jack L. Summers. Evaluation of cefoperazone in the therapy of urinary tract infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1982. 9(3): 223-230 P.
24. R Cooksey, J Swenson, N Clark , E Gay and C Thornsberry. Patterns and mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance among isolates of Escherichia coli from hospitals in the United States. 1990.
25. 25. Hui Wang, Minjun Chen, Yuxing Ni,Yudong Liu,Hongli Sun,Yunsong Yu, Xiujuan Yu,Min Liu,Ziyong Sun,Yunzhuo Chu,Zhidong Hu, Xinhong Huang. Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates from the Chinese Meropenem Surveillance Study (CMSS), 2003–2008. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2010. 35(3): 227–234 P.
26. Wai C. Chana, R. C. L.,Julia M. Lingb, Augustine F. Chengb And Jerome J. Schentagc. Markedly different rates and resistance profiles exhibited by seven commonly used and newer ?-lactams on the selection of resistant variants of Enterobacter cloacae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1999. (43): 55-60 P.
2. Raymond P. Smitha, B, Aldona L. Baltcha,B, Mary A. Frankea, Phyllis B. Michelsena And Lawrence H. Boppa. Levofloxacin penetrates human monocytes and enhances intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2000. (45) 83-88 P.
3. Fish DN. Gatifloxacin: An Advanced 8-Methoxy Fluoroquinolone. Pharmacotherapy. 2001. 21(1): 35-59 P.
4. C.-J. Soussy, M. C., M.-C. Ploy, M.-D. Kitzis, C. Morel,A.Bryskier, And P. Courvalin. Invitro antibacterial activity of levofloxacin against hospital isolates a multicentre study. journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 1999. (43), 43-50 P.
5. Vadlamudi, R. S. M., MPH; Smalligan, Roger D. MD, MPH; Ismail, Hassan M. MD, MPH, July. Interaction between Warfarin and Levofloxacin. Southern Medical Journal. 2007. (100) 720-724 P.
6. Acar, J. F. A Comparison of Side Effects of Levofloxacin to Other Agents Concerning the Ecological and Microbiological Effects on Normal Human Flora. International journal of experimental and clinical chemotherapy. 2001. (47) 15-23 P.
7. Cambau E, G. L. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones. pubmed. US national library of medicine National institute of health. 1993. (45) 15-23 P.
8. Jones, R. N. A Review of Its Antimicrobial Spectrum, ?-Lactamase Stability, Enzyme Inhibition, and Other in Vitro Characteristics. Oxford Journal. 1983. (5) 108-126 P.
9. Shampa Aunupurba, A. B., Atul Garg, Malay Ranjan Sen,. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound infections. Indian journal of dermatology. 2007. (51) 286-288 P.
10. PA, R. D. Bacterial resistance to cephalosporins as a function of outer membrane permeability and access to their target. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 1996. (8) 37-47 P.
11. L. Stratchounski, I. E., A. Narezkina, M. Edelstein, M. Pimkin. In vitro activity of cefoperazone/sulbactam vs amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactam against extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. 12th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Poster # P1413. 2006
12. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial susceptibility Testings , Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute 2012.
13. Bushra R, Rizvi M,Ahmed M, Alam S ,Bano N. In-vitro Susceptibility of Levofloxacin against Different Clinical Isolates. Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry. 2013. 2(03): 8-12 P.
14. Nasiri MI, Naqvi SBS, Zaidi AA, Saeed R, Raza G. Report - Comparative study on resistant pattern of clinical isolates against Levofloxacin and Cefepime. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013. 26(2):415-419 P.
15. Chinedum, I. E. Microbial resistance to antibiotics. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2005. (4): 1606-1611 P.
16. Drago L, De Vecchi E, Mombelli B, Nicola L, Valli M and Gismondo MR. Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against urinary pathogens. J.Antimicrob. Chemother., 2001. 48(1): 37-45 P.
17. Weber P, Dip C, Durand C and Moniot-ville N.Evaluation of levofloxacin susceptibility against strains isolated from lower urinary tract infections in the community. Patho. Biol. 2005. 53(2): 125 P.
18. Matsuzaki K, Koyama H, Chiba A, Omika K, Harada S,Sato Y, Hasegawa M, Kobayashi I, Kaneko A and Sasaki J. In vitro activities of levofloxacin and other antibiotics against fresh clinical isolates.Jpn.J.Antibiot. 1999. 52(9): 571-584 P.
19. Algun U, Arisoy A, Gunduz T and Ozbakkaloglu B(2004). The resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics. Int. J.Med. Microbiol. 2004. 22(2): 112-114 P.
20. Polk RE, Johnson CK, McClish D, Wenzel RP and Edmond MB. Predicting Hospital Rates of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Fluoroquinolone use in US Hospitals and their surrounding communities. Clin. Infect Dis. 2004. (39): 497-503 P.
21. Muller-Serieys C, Decré D, Benoit C, Bigot C, Maubert B, Carbon C. Levofloxacin: serum bactericidal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999. (43) Suppl C:67-70 P.
22. Beatriz Guerra, Burkhard Malorny, Andreas Schroeter and Reiner Helmuth. Multiple Resistance Mechanisms in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella Isolates from Germany. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 2003. 47(6): 2059 P.
23. Thomas M. File Jr. James S. Tan, Ian Baird, James W. Simon and Jack L. Summers. Evaluation of cefoperazone in the therapy of urinary tract infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1982. 9(3): 223-230 P.
24. R Cooksey, J Swenson, N Clark , E Gay and C Thornsberry. Patterns and mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance among isolates of Escherichia coli from hospitals in the United States. 1990.
25. 25. Hui Wang, Minjun Chen, Yuxing Ni,Yudong Liu,Hongli Sun,Yunsong Yu, Xiujuan Yu,Min Liu,Ziyong Sun,Yunzhuo Chu,Zhidong Hu, Xinhong Huang. Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates from the Chinese Meropenem Surveillance Study (CMSS), 2003–2008. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2010. 35(3): 227–234 P.
26. Wai C. Chana, R. C. L.,Julia M. Lingb, Augustine F. Chengb And Jerome J. Schentagc. Markedly different rates and resistance profiles exhibited by seven commonly used and newer ?-lactams on the selection of resistant variants of Enterobacter cloacae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1999. (43): 55-60 P.