Copyright (c) 2020 Atta Abbas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Resistance Pattern of Cephadroxil Monohydrate and Ceftrixone Against Different Clinical Isolates
Corresponding Author(s) : Atta Abbas
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 2 No. 1 (2014): 2014 Volume 2- Issue -1
Abstract
Resistance pattern of cephadroxil monohydrate and ceftrixone against different clinical isolates was the aim of the study and 90 clinical isolates comprising of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas aerogenosa were collected from different local pathological laboratories and their resistant pattern against cephadroxil monohydrate and ceftrixone were studied using disc diffusion method. Klebsiella, (86.6% against cephadroxil monohydrate and 53.33% against ceftrixone) and Proteus (66.67% against cephadroxil monohydrate and 33.33% against ceftrixone). In case of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, resistance found was 41.18% and 48% against ceftrixone,82.35% and 97.62% against cephadroxil monohydrate respectively and in case of Pseudomonas aerogenosa resistance found was 40% against ceftrixone and 90% against cephadroxil monohydrate. It is concluded from these figures that microbial resistance against these cephalosporins are increasing in the population which is alarming and therefore it is recommended to physicians to prescribe these antibiotics only of no other alternate is available in clinical practices.
Keywords
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella
Proteus
cephalosporin
References
-
1. Brigitte, B.B. Resistance mechanisms of Gram-positive bacteria. 2002. Inter J of Med Microbiology. 292(1); 27-35 P.
2. Rekha Bisht, Alok Katiyar, Rajat Sing, Piyushmittal. Antibiotic Resistance-A Global issue of concern. 2009. Asian J of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2(2); 34-39 P.
3. Bhullar K. Exploring the World of Antibiotic Resistance. 2012. The Meducator: 1 (13); 1-4 P.
4. Naveed Wali Khan et al. Antimicrobial activity of Erythomycin and Clarithromycin against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellla and Proteus by disc diffusion method. 2011. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 24(1); 25-29 P.
5. Adalet Altunsoy, Cenk Aypak, Alpay Azap, Onder Ergonul, Ismail Balik. The Impact of a Nationwide Antibiotic Restriction Program on Antibiotic Usage and Resistance against Nosocomial Pathogens in Turkey. 2011. Int. J. Med. Sci. 8(4): 339-344 P.
6. Bryson, V. and M. Demerec. "Bacterial resistance." 1955. The Am J of Med. 18(5): 723-737.
7. M.Harris Shoaib,S.Baqir Shyum Naqvi,Dilnawaz Sheikh and H.Khurshid Hashimi. Cephalosorin resistance and B –Lactamase production in clinical isolates of staphylococcus aureus in Karachi. 2011. Pak J of Pharma Sci.14(2); 23-32 P.
8. E. Buck and K.E Price. Cephadroxil, a new Broad Spectrum cephalosporin antimicrobial 1977. Journal of chemotherap. 11( 2 ); 324-330 P.
9. Arthur L.Barry, Ronald N.Jones and The Collaborative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Group. Evaluation of in Vitro Method For Testing Ceftrixone Against Anaerobic Bacteria, Including Quality Control Guidelines. 1988. J of Clin Micro.26(4); 776-777 P.
10. Atif A. Ahmed, Hani Osman, Alawayiam Mansour, Hassan A. Musa, Abdallab.B. Ahmed, Zein Karrar and Hassan Sidahmed Hassan. Antimicrobial Agent Resistance in Bacterial Isolates From Patient With Diarrhea and Urinary Tract Infection in the Sudan. 2000. The Am Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 63(5, 6), 259–263 P.
11. Fishman N. Antimicrobial Stewardship. 2006. Am J Med.119(6 Suppl 1):S53-61; discussion S62-70.
12. S Saghir, M.Faiz, M.Saleem, A.Younus and H Aziz. Characterization and anti - microbial susceptibility of gram - negative bacteria isolated from bloodstream infections of cancer patients on chemotherapy in Pakistan. 2009. Ind J of med micro. 27(4); 341-347 P.
13. Seema Irfan, Faiza Idrees, Vikram Mehraj, Faizah Habib, Salman Adil and Rumina Hasan. Emergence of Carbapenem resistant Gram negative and vancomycin resistant Gram positive organisms in bacteremic isolates of febrile neutropenic patients: A descriptive study. 2008. BMC Infectious Disease. 8(80); 1-6 P.
14. Syed Hakim Masood and Nousheen Aslam. In Vitro Susceptibility Test of Different Clinical Isolates against Ceftriaxone. 2009. Oman Med J. 25(3): 199–202 P.
15. Li-Yang Hsu, Thean-Yen Tan, Vincent H. Tam, Andrea Kwa, Dale Andrew Fisher, Tse-Hsien Koh and the Network for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (Singapore). Surveillance and Correlation of Antibiotic Prescription and Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria iN SINGAPOREAN HOSPITALS. 2010. Antimicrob. Agents and Chemotherapy. 54(3); 1173-1178 P.
16. Tahira Mansoor, Mohammed Ayub MusaNI, GULNAZ KHALID, MUSTAFA KAMAL. Pseudomonas Aerogenosa in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media:Sensitivity Spectrum Against Various antibiotics in KaraCHI. 2009. J AYUB MED COLL ABBOTTABAD. 21(2); 120-3 P.
17. G Kumarasinghe, H Y Liew, C Chow. Antimicrobial resistance: patterns and trends in the National University Hospital, Singapore(1989-1991). 1992. Malays J Pathol. 14(2); 95-103 P.
18. Kalsoom Farzana, Abdul Hameed, MUHAMMAD KHURRAM WAQAS,GHULAM Murtaza,Qazi, Najam-Us-Saqib, Amir Waseem, Muhhad Hassam Hassan Bin Asad And Izhar Hussain. Bactericidal Activity Of Various Brands Of Cephradine Against Staphylococcus aureus INTER J OF PHYS SCI. 6(6); 1501-1507 P.
19. Himanshu Rajpurohit, Vinay Kumar BM, KC Sharadamma, PM Radhakrishna. In-Vitro Activity of Ceftriaxone in Combination with Sulbactam and Tazobactam against ESCHERICHIA COLI. 2011. IJPBS. 1(4); 545-550 P.
20. Maksum Radji,Siti Fauziah,Nurgani Aribinuko. Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattren Of Bacterial Pathogens in the Intensive care unit Of FATIMA WATI HOSPITAL, INDONESIA. 2011. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 39-42 P.
21. Buck RE and Price KE. Cefadroxil, a new broadspectrumcephalosporin. 1980. Infection. 8(Suppl. 5): S532-S537.
22. Masroor Ahmed,Baqir S Naqvi ,Muhammad Harris Shoab,Dilnawaz SHEIKH AND KHURSHEED HASMI. Comparative Antimicrobial Evaluation Of Cephalosporins and Quinolones in Commmon Peadiatric Infections. 2002. PAK J Of Pharma Sci. I5(2); 13-19 P.
23. Akimoto Y, Komiya M, Kaneko K, Fuiji A AND PETERSON LJ. Cefadroxil concentrations in human serum,gingiva and mandibular bone following a single oraladministration. 1994. J Oral and Maxillofacial Surg. 52:397-401 P.
24. D.H.Tamberkar,D.V.DhannorKAR,S.R.GULHANE AND M.N.DUDHANE. PREVALENCE, profile and antibiotic suscEptibility PATTeRn of bacterial isolates from blood 2007. J.MED SCI. 7(3); 473-442 P.
25. Goldstein, E. J. C. AND D. M. CITRON. Resistance Trends in Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Anaerobic Bacteria, Part II. 2011. Clinical MICROBIOLOGY. [NEWSLETTER]. 33(2); 9-15 P.
26. Mehwish Rizvi, Zeb-Un-Nisa, Maqsood Ahmed, Baqar Naqvi, Atta Abbas and Arif Sabah. Comparison of invitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxacin against different clinical isolates. 2014. Inter J of allied med sci and clin res. 2(1); 1-5 P. [in press].
References
1. Brigitte, B.B. Resistance mechanisms of Gram-positive bacteria. 2002. Inter J of Med Microbiology. 292(1); 27-35 P.
2. Rekha Bisht, Alok Katiyar, Rajat Sing, Piyushmittal. Antibiotic Resistance-A Global issue of concern. 2009. Asian J of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2(2); 34-39 P.
3. Bhullar K. Exploring the World of Antibiotic Resistance. 2012. The Meducator: 1 (13); 1-4 P.
4. Naveed Wali Khan et al. Antimicrobial activity of Erythomycin and Clarithromycin against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellla and Proteus by disc diffusion method. 2011. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 24(1); 25-29 P.
5. Adalet Altunsoy, Cenk Aypak, Alpay Azap, Onder Ergonul, Ismail Balik. The Impact of a Nationwide Antibiotic Restriction Program on Antibiotic Usage and Resistance against Nosocomial Pathogens in Turkey. 2011. Int. J. Med. Sci. 8(4): 339-344 P.
6. Bryson, V. and M. Demerec. "Bacterial resistance." 1955. The Am J of Med. 18(5): 723-737.
7. M.Harris Shoaib,S.Baqir Shyum Naqvi,Dilnawaz Sheikh and H.Khurshid Hashimi. Cephalosorin resistance and B –Lactamase production in clinical isolates of staphylococcus aureus in Karachi. 2011. Pak J of Pharma Sci.14(2); 23-32 P.
8. E. Buck and K.E Price. Cephadroxil, a new Broad Spectrum cephalosporin antimicrobial 1977. Journal of chemotherap. 11( 2 ); 324-330 P.
9. Arthur L.Barry, Ronald N.Jones and The Collaborative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Group. Evaluation of in Vitro Method For Testing Ceftrixone Against Anaerobic Bacteria, Including Quality Control Guidelines. 1988. J of Clin Micro.26(4); 776-777 P.
10. Atif A. Ahmed, Hani Osman, Alawayiam Mansour, Hassan A. Musa, Abdallab.B. Ahmed, Zein Karrar and Hassan Sidahmed Hassan. Antimicrobial Agent Resistance in Bacterial Isolates From Patient With Diarrhea and Urinary Tract Infection in the Sudan. 2000. The Am Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 63(5, 6), 259–263 P.
11. Fishman N. Antimicrobial Stewardship. 2006. Am J Med.119(6 Suppl 1):S53-61; discussion S62-70.
12. S Saghir, M.Faiz, M.Saleem, A.Younus and H Aziz. Characterization and anti - microbial susceptibility of gram - negative bacteria isolated from bloodstream infections of cancer patients on chemotherapy in Pakistan. 2009. Ind J of med micro. 27(4); 341-347 P.
13. Seema Irfan, Faiza Idrees, Vikram Mehraj, Faizah Habib, Salman Adil and Rumina Hasan. Emergence of Carbapenem resistant Gram negative and vancomycin resistant Gram positive organisms in bacteremic isolates of febrile neutropenic patients: A descriptive study. 2008. BMC Infectious Disease. 8(80); 1-6 P.
14. Syed Hakim Masood and Nousheen Aslam. In Vitro Susceptibility Test of Different Clinical Isolates against Ceftriaxone. 2009. Oman Med J. 25(3): 199–202 P.
15. Li-Yang Hsu, Thean-Yen Tan, Vincent H. Tam, Andrea Kwa, Dale Andrew Fisher, Tse-Hsien Koh and the Network for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (Singapore). Surveillance and Correlation of Antibiotic Prescription and Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria iN SINGAPOREAN HOSPITALS. 2010. Antimicrob. Agents and Chemotherapy. 54(3); 1173-1178 P.
16. Tahira Mansoor, Mohammed Ayub MusaNI, GULNAZ KHALID, MUSTAFA KAMAL. Pseudomonas Aerogenosa in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media:Sensitivity Spectrum Against Various antibiotics in KaraCHI. 2009. J AYUB MED COLL ABBOTTABAD. 21(2); 120-3 P.
17. G Kumarasinghe, H Y Liew, C Chow. Antimicrobial resistance: patterns and trends in the National University Hospital, Singapore(1989-1991). 1992. Malays J Pathol. 14(2); 95-103 P.
18. Kalsoom Farzana, Abdul Hameed, MUHAMMAD KHURRAM WAQAS,GHULAM Murtaza,Qazi, Najam-Us-Saqib, Amir Waseem, Muhhad Hassam Hassan Bin Asad And Izhar Hussain. Bactericidal Activity Of Various Brands Of Cephradine Against Staphylococcus aureus INTER J OF PHYS SCI. 6(6); 1501-1507 P.
19. Himanshu Rajpurohit, Vinay Kumar BM, KC Sharadamma, PM Radhakrishna. In-Vitro Activity of Ceftriaxone in Combination with Sulbactam and Tazobactam against ESCHERICHIA COLI. 2011. IJPBS. 1(4); 545-550 P.
20. Maksum Radji,Siti Fauziah,Nurgani Aribinuko. Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattren Of Bacterial Pathogens in the Intensive care unit Of FATIMA WATI HOSPITAL, INDONESIA. 2011. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 39-42 P.
21. Buck RE and Price KE. Cefadroxil, a new broadspectrumcephalosporin. 1980. Infection. 8(Suppl. 5): S532-S537.
22. Masroor Ahmed,Baqir S Naqvi ,Muhammad Harris Shoab,Dilnawaz SHEIKH AND KHURSHEED HASMI. Comparative Antimicrobial Evaluation Of Cephalosporins and Quinolones in Commmon Peadiatric Infections. 2002. PAK J Of Pharma Sci. I5(2); 13-19 P.
23. Akimoto Y, Komiya M, Kaneko K, Fuiji A AND PETERSON LJ. Cefadroxil concentrations in human serum,gingiva and mandibular bone following a single oraladministration. 1994. J Oral and Maxillofacial Surg. 52:397-401 P.
24. D.H.Tamberkar,D.V.DhannorKAR,S.R.GULHANE AND M.N.DUDHANE. PREVALENCE, profile and antibiotic suscEptibility PATTeRn of bacterial isolates from blood 2007. J.MED SCI. 7(3); 473-442 P.
25. Goldstein, E. J. C. AND D. M. CITRON. Resistance Trends in Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Anaerobic Bacteria, Part II. 2011. Clinical MICROBIOLOGY. [NEWSLETTER]. 33(2); 9-15 P.
26. Mehwish Rizvi, Zeb-Un-Nisa, Maqsood Ahmed, Baqar Naqvi, Atta Abbas and Arif Sabah. Comparison of invitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxacin against different clinical isolates. 2014. Inter J of allied med sci and clin res. 2(1); 1-5 P. [in press].
2. Rekha Bisht, Alok Katiyar, Rajat Sing, Piyushmittal. Antibiotic Resistance-A Global issue of concern. 2009. Asian J of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2(2); 34-39 P.
3. Bhullar K. Exploring the World of Antibiotic Resistance. 2012. The Meducator: 1 (13); 1-4 P.
4. Naveed Wali Khan et al. Antimicrobial activity of Erythomycin and Clarithromycin against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellla and Proteus by disc diffusion method. 2011. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 24(1); 25-29 P.
5. Adalet Altunsoy, Cenk Aypak, Alpay Azap, Onder Ergonul, Ismail Balik. The Impact of a Nationwide Antibiotic Restriction Program on Antibiotic Usage and Resistance against Nosocomial Pathogens in Turkey. 2011. Int. J. Med. Sci. 8(4): 339-344 P.
6. Bryson, V. and M. Demerec. "Bacterial resistance." 1955. The Am J of Med. 18(5): 723-737.
7. M.Harris Shoaib,S.Baqir Shyum Naqvi,Dilnawaz Sheikh and H.Khurshid Hashimi. Cephalosorin resistance and B –Lactamase production in clinical isolates of staphylococcus aureus in Karachi. 2011. Pak J of Pharma Sci.14(2); 23-32 P.
8. E. Buck and K.E Price. Cephadroxil, a new Broad Spectrum cephalosporin antimicrobial 1977. Journal of chemotherap. 11( 2 ); 324-330 P.
9. Arthur L.Barry, Ronald N.Jones and The Collaborative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Group. Evaluation of in Vitro Method For Testing Ceftrixone Against Anaerobic Bacteria, Including Quality Control Guidelines. 1988. J of Clin Micro.26(4); 776-777 P.
10. Atif A. Ahmed, Hani Osman, Alawayiam Mansour, Hassan A. Musa, Abdallab.B. Ahmed, Zein Karrar and Hassan Sidahmed Hassan. Antimicrobial Agent Resistance in Bacterial Isolates From Patient With Diarrhea and Urinary Tract Infection in the Sudan. 2000. The Am Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 63(5, 6), 259–263 P.
11. Fishman N. Antimicrobial Stewardship. 2006. Am J Med.119(6 Suppl 1):S53-61; discussion S62-70.
12. S Saghir, M.Faiz, M.Saleem, A.Younus and H Aziz. Characterization and anti - microbial susceptibility of gram - negative bacteria isolated from bloodstream infections of cancer patients on chemotherapy in Pakistan. 2009. Ind J of med micro. 27(4); 341-347 P.
13. Seema Irfan, Faiza Idrees, Vikram Mehraj, Faizah Habib, Salman Adil and Rumina Hasan. Emergence of Carbapenem resistant Gram negative and vancomycin resistant Gram positive organisms in bacteremic isolates of febrile neutropenic patients: A descriptive study. 2008. BMC Infectious Disease. 8(80); 1-6 P.
14. Syed Hakim Masood and Nousheen Aslam. In Vitro Susceptibility Test of Different Clinical Isolates against Ceftriaxone. 2009. Oman Med J. 25(3): 199–202 P.
15. Li-Yang Hsu, Thean-Yen Tan, Vincent H. Tam, Andrea Kwa, Dale Andrew Fisher, Tse-Hsien Koh and the Network for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (Singapore). Surveillance and Correlation of Antibiotic Prescription and Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria iN SINGAPOREAN HOSPITALS. 2010. Antimicrob. Agents and Chemotherapy. 54(3); 1173-1178 P.
16. Tahira Mansoor, Mohammed Ayub MusaNI, GULNAZ KHALID, MUSTAFA KAMAL. Pseudomonas Aerogenosa in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media:Sensitivity Spectrum Against Various antibiotics in KaraCHI. 2009. J AYUB MED COLL ABBOTTABAD. 21(2); 120-3 P.
17. G Kumarasinghe, H Y Liew, C Chow. Antimicrobial resistance: patterns and trends in the National University Hospital, Singapore(1989-1991). 1992. Malays J Pathol. 14(2); 95-103 P.
18. Kalsoom Farzana, Abdul Hameed, MUHAMMAD KHURRAM WAQAS,GHULAM Murtaza,Qazi, Najam-Us-Saqib, Amir Waseem, Muhhad Hassam Hassan Bin Asad And Izhar Hussain. Bactericidal Activity Of Various Brands Of Cephradine Against Staphylococcus aureus INTER J OF PHYS SCI. 6(6); 1501-1507 P.
19. Himanshu Rajpurohit, Vinay Kumar BM, KC Sharadamma, PM Radhakrishna. In-Vitro Activity of Ceftriaxone in Combination with Sulbactam and Tazobactam against ESCHERICHIA COLI. 2011. IJPBS. 1(4); 545-550 P.
20. Maksum Radji,Siti Fauziah,Nurgani Aribinuko. Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattren Of Bacterial Pathogens in the Intensive care unit Of FATIMA WATI HOSPITAL, INDONESIA. 2011. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 39-42 P.
21. Buck RE and Price KE. Cefadroxil, a new broadspectrumcephalosporin. 1980. Infection. 8(Suppl. 5): S532-S537.
22. Masroor Ahmed,Baqir S Naqvi ,Muhammad Harris Shoab,Dilnawaz SHEIKH AND KHURSHEED HASMI. Comparative Antimicrobial Evaluation Of Cephalosporins and Quinolones in Commmon Peadiatric Infections. 2002. PAK J Of Pharma Sci. I5(2); 13-19 P.
23. Akimoto Y, Komiya M, Kaneko K, Fuiji A AND PETERSON LJ. Cefadroxil concentrations in human serum,gingiva and mandibular bone following a single oraladministration. 1994. J Oral and Maxillofacial Surg. 52:397-401 P.
24. D.H.Tamberkar,D.V.DhannorKAR,S.R.GULHANE AND M.N.DUDHANE. PREVALENCE, profile and antibiotic suscEptibility PATTeRn of bacterial isolates from blood 2007. J.MED SCI. 7(3); 473-442 P.
25. Goldstein, E. J. C. AND D. M. CITRON. Resistance Trends in Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Anaerobic Bacteria, Part II. 2011. Clinical MICROBIOLOGY. [NEWSLETTER]. 33(2); 9-15 P.
26. Mehwish Rizvi, Zeb-Un-Nisa, Maqsood Ahmed, Baqar Naqvi, Atta Abbas and Arif Sabah. Comparison of invitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxacin against different clinical isolates. 2014. Inter J of allied med sci and clin res. 2(1); 1-5 P. [in press].