A Clinical Study on the Management of Hyperkalemia in a Secondary Care Hospital, Palakkad, Kerala
Corresponding Author(s) : Aiswarya. A.T
aiswaryaprime23@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 6 No. 1 (2018): 2018 Volume 6- Issue -1
Abstract
Background
To study the management of hyperkalemia association between potassium monitoring and serious hyperkalemia associated adverse outcomes among the patients with diabetes mellitus, CKD, IHD, hypothyroidism and anemia.
Materials and methods
The study was designed as a hospital based prospective study. A total of 264 patient case data entry form were collected from the medical records department and they are included in the study.
Results
The hyperkalemic events, 32.95% more occurred in patients were in age group of 61 to 70 years. The rate of hyperkalemia was higher in patients with diabetes mellitus among individual treated with 33.33% of insulin. Patients who experienced hyperkalemia were more likely to be male and 85.95% patients’ showed severity at mild level. 81.43% therapies recommended elimination of potassium from the body by the use of diuretics.
Conclusion
Hyperkalemia is a significant problem among the patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, CKD, IHD and hypothyroid. Various therapeutic options exit for the immediate treatment of the condition including insulin, diuretics, calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, salbutamol and calcium polystyrene sulfonate. Prevention currently rests largely upon compliance with diet and a thoughtful use of medication regimen.
Keywords
Potassium
Prospective study
Severity
Diuretics
Prevention
1.
Aiswarya. A.T. A Clinical Study on the Management of Hyperkalemia in a Secondary Care Hospital, Palakkad, Kerala. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 10 [cited 2026 May 2];6(1):83-100. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/486
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References
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Allan J. Collins, Bertram pitt, Nancy Reaven et al., Association of Serum Potassium with All-Cause Mortality in Patients with and without Heart Failure, Chronic Kidney Disease, and/or Diabetes. American journal of Nephrology. 47, 2017, 213-221.
[2]. Michael Allon, Nirupama putcha,. Management of Hyperkalemia in Dialysis Patients. 20(5), 2007, -439.
[3]. Anja Lehnhardt, Markusj.Kemper. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of hyperkalemia. 26, 2011, 377-384.
[4]. Fiona E. Karet, Mechanisms in Hyperkalemic Renal Tubular Acidosis. 20, 2009, 251-254.
[5]. Walter A. Parham et al., Hypertension variable. 33, 2006, 40-47.
Aiswarya A T et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-6(1) 2018 [83-100]
100
[6]. Klemm SA et al., The syndrome of hypertension hyperkalemia with normal GFR (Gordon's syndrome): is the increased proximal sodium reabsorption. 14(6), 1991, 551-558.
[7]. Joy M. Weinberg, Mlawrence J. Appel, George Bakris et al., Risk of Hyperkalemia in Nondiabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving Antihypertensive Therapy. 169(17), 2009, 1587-1968.
[8]. Marsha A. Raebel, Colleen Ross, Stanley Xu et al., Diabetes and Drug-Associated Hyperkalemia: Effect of potassium Monitoring. 25(4), 2010, 326-333.
[9]. Juan Jesus Carrero, Erik Nilsson,Alessandro Gasparini et al., Incidence and determinants of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia in a large healthcare system. 245, 2017, 277-284.
[10]. Anil K. Mandal, Management and Prevention of Hyperkalemia Diabetes. 3(1), 2016, 1-3.
[11]. Michael H. Alderman et al.,Clinical Significance of Incident Hypokalemia 12 And Hyperkalemia in Treated Hypertensive Patients in the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack. Trial. 59, 2012, 926-933.
[12]. Kamel S. Kamel et al., Optimal Dose and Method of Administration of Intravenous Insulin in the Management of Emergency Hyperkalemia: A Systematic Review. 11(5), 2016, 1-12.
[13]. Lisa M. Einhorn, Min Zhan, Van Doren Hsu et al., The frequency of hyperkalemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease. 169(12), 2009, 1156-1162.
[14]. Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Yuki Saito, Hideki Makajima et al. , of and risk factors for newly diagnosed hyperkalemia after hospital discharge in non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients treated with RAS inhibitors. 12(9), 2017, 1-11.
[15]. Dr.Rathiroopavathy, Dr Ajamanjulla devi , Dr Kalai Selviet, Correlation of serum potassium level with chronic kidney disease-an observation study. 5(2), 2014, 667-673.
[16]. Akshay S. Desai, Karl Swedverg, John J.V.Mc Nurray et al., Incidence and Predictors of Hyperkalemia in Patients with Heart Failure. 50(20), 2007, 1959-1966.
[17]. Juan-Jesus Carrere, Ghassan Bandak,Yingying Sang et al., Hyperkalemia after Initiating Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade: The Stockholm Creatinine Measurements (SCREAM) Project. 2017.
[18]. N. KarunaSree , R.Narasimha Rao, Salbutamol Nebulization in the Treatment of Hyperkalemia. 2(4), 2011, 104-118.
[19]. Ju –Hyun lee, Young Eum Kwon, Jung Tak Park et al., The effect of rennin – angiotensin system blockade on renal protection in chronic kidney disease patients with hyperkalemia. Journal of the renin- angiotensen aldosterone system. 15(4), 2014, 491-497.
References
Allan J. Collins, Bertram pitt, Nancy Reaven et al., Association of Serum Potassium with All-Cause Mortality in Patients with and without Heart Failure, Chronic Kidney Disease, and/or Diabetes. American journal of Nephrology. 47, 2017, 213-221.
[2]. Michael Allon, Nirupama putcha,. Management of Hyperkalemia in Dialysis Patients. 20(5), 2007, -439.
[3]. Anja Lehnhardt, Markusj.Kemper. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of hyperkalemia. 26, 2011, 377-384.
[4]. Fiona E. Karet, Mechanisms in Hyperkalemic Renal Tubular Acidosis. 20, 2009, 251-254.
[5]. Walter A. Parham et al., Hypertension variable. 33, 2006, 40-47.
Aiswarya A T et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-6(1) 2018 [83-100]
100
[6]. Klemm SA et al., The syndrome of hypertension hyperkalemia with normal GFR (Gordon's syndrome): is the increased proximal sodium reabsorption. 14(6), 1991, 551-558.
[7]. Joy M. Weinberg, Mlawrence J. Appel, George Bakris et al., Risk of Hyperkalemia in Nondiabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving Antihypertensive Therapy. 169(17), 2009, 1587-1968.
[8]. Marsha A. Raebel, Colleen Ross, Stanley Xu et al., Diabetes and Drug-Associated Hyperkalemia: Effect of potassium Monitoring. 25(4), 2010, 326-333.
[9]. Juan Jesus Carrero, Erik Nilsson,Alessandro Gasparini et al., Incidence and determinants of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia in a large healthcare system. 245, 2017, 277-284.
[10]. Anil K. Mandal, Management and Prevention of Hyperkalemia Diabetes. 3(1), 2016, 1-3.
[11]. Michael H. Alderman et al.,Clinical Significance of Incident Hypokalemia 12 And Hyperkalemia in Treated Hypertensive Patients in the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack. Trial. 59, 2012, 926-933.
[12]. Kamel S. Kamel et al., Optimal Dose and Method of Administration of Intravenous Insulin in the Management of Emergency Hyperkalemia: A Systematic Review. 11(5), 2016, 1-12.
[13]. Lisa M. Einhorn, Min Zhan, Van Doren Hsu et al., The frequency of hyperkalemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease. 169(12), 2009, 1156-1162.
[14]. Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Yuki Saito, Hideki Makajima et al. , of and risk factors for newly diagnosed hyperkalemia after hospital discharge in non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients treated with RAS inhibitors. 12(9), 2017, 1-11.
[15]. Dr.Rathiroopavathy, Dr Ajamanjulla devi , Dr Kalai Selviet, Correlation of serum potassium level with chronic kidney disease-an observation study. 5(2), 2014, 667-673.
[16]. Akshay S. Desai, Karl Swedverg, John J.V.Mc Nurray et al., Incidence and Predictors of Hyperkalemia in Patients with Heart Failure. 50(20), 2007, 1959-1966.
[17]. Juan-Jesus Carrere, Ghassan Bandak,Yingying Sang et al., Hyperkalemia after Initiating Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade: The Stockholm Creatinine Measurements (SCREAM) Project. 2017.
[18]. N. KarunaSree , R.Narasimha Rao, Salbutamol Nebulization in the Treatment of Hyperkalemia. 2(4), 2011, 104-118.
[19]. Ju –Hyun lee, Young Eum Kwon, Jung Tak Park et al., The effect of rennin – angiotensin system blockade on renal protection in chronic kidney disease patients with hyperkalemia. Journal of the renin- angiotensen aldosterone system. 15(4), 2014, 491-497.
[2]. Michael Allon, Nirupama putcha,. Management of Hyperkalemia in Dialysis Patients. 20(5), 2007, -439.
[3]. Anja Lehnhardt, Markusj.Kemper. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of hyperkalemia. 26, 2011, 377-384.
[4]. Fiona E. Karet, Mechanisms in Hyperkalemic Renal Tubular Acidosis. 20, 2009, 251-254.
[5]. Walter A. Parham et al., Hypertension variable. 33, 2006, 40-47.
Aiswarya A T et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-6(1) 2018 [83-100]
100
[6]. Klemm SA et al., The syndrome of hypertension hyperkalemia with normal GFR (Gordon's syndrome): is the increased proximal sodium reabsorption. 14(6), 1991, 551-558.
[7]. Joy M. Weinberg, Mlawrence J. Appel, George Bakris et al., Risk of Hyperkalemia in Nondiabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving Antihypertensive Therapy. 169(17), 2009, 1587-1968.
[8]. Marsha A. Raebel, Colleen Ross, Stanley Xu et al., Diabetes and Drug-Associated Hyperkalemia: Effect of potassium Monitoring. 25(4), 2010, 326-333.
[9]. Juan Jesus Carrero, Erik Nilsson,Alessandro Gasparini et al., Incidence and determinants of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia in a large healthcare system. 245, 2017, 277-284.
[10]. Anil K. Mandal, Management and Prevention of Hyperkalemia Diabetes. 3(1), 2016, 1-3.
[11]. Michael H. Alderman et al.,Clinical Significance of Incident Hypokalemia 12 And Hyperkalemia in Treated Hypertensive Patients in the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack. Trial. 59, 2012, 926-933.
[12]. Kamel S. Kamel et al., Optimal Dose and Method of Administration of Intravenous Insulin in the Management of Emergency Hyperkalemia: A Systematic Review. 11(5), 2016, 1-12.
[13]. Lisa M. Einhorn, Min Zhan, Van Doren Hsu et al., The frequency of hyperkalemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease. 169(12), 2009, 1156-1162.
[14]. Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Yuki Saito, Hideki Makajima et al. , of and risk factors for newly diagnosed hyperkalemia after hospital discharge in non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients treated with RAS inhibitors. 12(9), 2017, 1-11.
[15]. Dr.Rathiroopavathy, Dr Ajamanjulla devi , Dr Kalai Selviet, Correlation of serum potassium level with chronic kidney disease-an observation study. 5(2), 2014, 667-673.
[16]. Akshay S. Desai, Karl Swedverg, John J.V.Mc Nurray et al., Incidence and Predictors of Hyperkalemia in Patients with Heart Failure. 50(20), 2007, 1959-1966.
[17]. Juan-Jesus Carrere, Ghassan Bandak,Yingying Sang et al., Hyperkalemia after Initiating Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade: The Stockholm Creatinine Measurements (SCREAM) Project. 2017.
[18]. N. KarunaSree , R.Narasimha Rao, Salbutamol Nebulization in the Treatment of Hyperkalemia. 2(4), 2011, 104-118.
[19]. Ju –Hyun lee, Young Eum Kwon, Jung Tak Park et al., The effect of rennin – angiotensin system blockade on renal protection in chronic kidney disease patients with hyperkalemia. Journal of the renin- angiotensen aldosterone system. 15(4), 2014, 491-497.