Copyright (c) 2020 Agung Nugroho Setiawan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Exposure Index and Entrance Surface Dose of ANSI Chest Phantom with Computed Radiography
Corresponding Author(s) : Agung Nugroho Setiawan
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 5 No. 4 (2017): 2017 Volume 5- Issue -4
Abstract
Background
Radiographer shall ensure the radiation safety of the patient. Posteroanterior chest projection is a frequent
examination in the radiology unit. Each radiographic projection must have a safe dose that justifies the dose reference
level. One method for estimating the patient dose is using a patient equivalent phantom as an object of radiation
exposure. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) chest phantom was used to simulate chest radiographic
examination. Computed Radiography is used for image receptor and provide the exposure index value.
Objective
The objective of this study is to describe the correlation between Exposure Index (EI) and Entrance Surface Dose
(ESD) of ANSI chest phantom that mimicking the patient condition using Computed Radiography.
Method
Phantom was irradiated with an X-ray equipment using exposure factors for chest examinations. X-ray equipment,
dosimeter, imaging plate and CR programs were well calibrated. EI on the Carestream CR system, as seen on the
monitor. ESD measured with calculation method (indirect assessment of incident air kerma). The correlation between
EI and ESD is obtained by statistical calculations.
Result
The result showed a positive, very strong and significant correlation between EI and ESD of ANSI chest phantom
radiographic examination (r = 0.819 and p-value <0.01). Under the controlled conditions used in this study, the EI
values were stable.
Conclusions
Entrance Surface Dose can be estimated through Exposure Index value in this Carestream CR. EI can be used as a
dose control mechanism on exposure with the same radiation object.
Keywords
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IAEA. IAEA Technical Report Series No. 457 Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology: an International Code of Practice. 2007.
[2]. Seeram E, Davidson R, Bushong S, Swan H. Radiation dose optimization research: Exposure technique approaches in CR imaging – A literature review. Radiography 19, 2013, 331–8. doi:10.1016/j.radi.2013.07.005.
[3]. Schaefer-Prokop C, Neitzel U, Venema HW, Uffmann M, Prokop M. Digital chest radiography: an
Agung N S et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-5(4) 2017 [947-953]
2
update on modern technology, dose containment and control of image quality. Eur Radiol 18, 2008, 1818–30. doi:10.1007/s00330-008-0948-3.
[4]. Hobbs DL. Chest radiography for radiologic technologists. Radiol Technol 78, 2007, 494–9.
[5]. Bor D, Unal E, Uslu A. Comparison of different phantoms used in digital diagnostic imaging. Nucl Instruments Methods Phys Res Sect A Accel Spectrometers, Detect Assoc Equip 795, 2015, 160–6. doi:10.1016/j.nima. 2015.05.013.
[6]. Glaze S, Gray JE. AAPM Report No. 31 Standardized Methods for Measuring Diagnostic X-Ray Exposures Published for the American Association of Physicists in Medicine by the American Institute of Physics. Physics (College Park Md) 20,
[7]. Bapeten. Perka Bapeten Nomor 9 Tahun 2011 tentang Uji Kesesuaian Pesawat Sinar-X Radiologi Diagnostik dan Intervensional. Jakarta: 2011.
[8]. Group AT. Acceptance Testing and Quality Control of Photostimulable Storage Phosphor Imaging Systems Report of AAPM Task Group 10 October 2006. 2006.
[9]. Setiawan AN, Suryono, Hadisaputro S, Santoso AG, Wibowo GM. Profil Dosis Radiasi, Exposure Index dan Nilai Piksel Citra Radiografi Toraks Proyeksi Posteroanterior pada Variasi Ketebalan Modifikasi “ANSI Chest Phantom.” M.App.Sc Thesis. Magister Terapan Kesehatan, Prodi Imaging Diagnostik, Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia, 2017.
[10]. Seibert JA, Morin RL. The standardized exposure index for digital radiography: an opportunity for optimization of radiation dose to the pediatric population. Pediatr Radiol 41, 2011, 573–81. doi:10.1007/s00247-010-1954-6.
[11]. Bapeten. Perka Bapeten Nomor 8 Tahun 2011 tentang Keselamatan Radiasi dalam Penggunaan Pesawat Sinar-X Radiologi Diagnostik dan Intervensional. Jakarta: 2011.
[12]. Kathy McQuillen Martensen. Radiographic Image Analysis. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Inc.; 2015.
[13]. Warren-Forward HM, Arthur L, Hobson L, Skinner R, Watts A, Clapham K, et al. An assessment of exposure indices in computed radiography for the posterior-anterior chest and the lateral lumbar spine. Br J Radiol 2007;80:26–31. doi:10.1259/bjr/59538862.
[14]. Butler ML, Rainford L, Last J, Brennan PC. Optimization of exposure index values for the antero-posterior pelvis and antero-posterior knee examination. Proc SPIE 7263, 2009, 726302-726302–8. doi:10.1117/12.810748.
[15]. Silva TR, Yoshimura EM. Patient dose, gray level and exposure index with a computed radiography system. Radiat Phys Chem 95, 2014, 271–3. doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem. 2012.12.043.
References
[2]. Seeram E, Davidson R, Bushong S, Swan H. Radiation dose optimization research: Exposure technique approaches in CR imaging – A literature review. Radiography 19, 2013, 331–8. doi:10.1016/j.radi.2013.07.005.
[3]. Schaefer-Prokop C, Neitzel U, Venema HW, Uffmann M, Prokop M. Digital chest radiography: an
Agung N S et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-5(4) 2017 [947-953]
2
update on modern technology, dose containment and control of image quality. Eur Radiol 18, 2008, 1818–30. doi:10.1007/s00330-008-0948-3.
[4]. Hobbs DL. Chest radiography for radiologic technologists. Radiol Technol 78, 2007, 494–9.
[5]. Bor D, Unal E, Uslu A. Comparison of different phantoms used in digital diagnostic imaging. Nucl Instruments Methods Phys Res Sect A Accel Spectrometers, Detect Assoc Equip 795, 2015, 160–6. doi:10.1016/j.nima. 2015.05.013.
[6]. Glaze S, Gray JE. AAPM Report No. 31 Standardized Methods for Measuring Diagnostic X-Ray Exposures Published for the American Association of Physicists in Medicine by the American Institute of Physics. Physics (College Park Md) 20,
[7]. Bapeten. Perka Bapeten Nomor 9 Tahun 2011 tentang Uji Kesesuaian Pesawat Sinar-X Radiologi Diagnostik dan Intervensional. Jakarta: 2011.
[8]. Group AT. Acceptance Testing and Quality Control of Photostimulable Storage Phosphor Imaging Systems Report of AAPM Task Group 10 October 2006. 2006.
[9]. Setiawan AN, Suryono, Hadisaputro S, Santoso AG, Wibowo GM. Profil Dosis Radiasi, Exposure Index dan Nilai Piksel Citra Radiografi Toraks Proyeksi Posteroanterior pada Variasi Ketebalan Modifikasi “ANSI Chest Phantom.” M.App.Sc Thesis. Magister Terapan Kesehatan, Prodi Imaging Diagnostik, Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia, 2017.
[10]. Seibert JA, Morin RL. The standardized exposure index for digital radiography: an opportunity for optimization of radiation dose to the pediatric population. Pediatr Radiol 41, 2011, 573–81. doi:10.1007/s00247-010-1954-6.
[11]. Bapeten. Perka Bapeten Nomor 8 Tahun 2011 tentang Keselamatan Radiasi dalam Penggunaan Pesawat Sinar-X Radiologi Diagnostik dan Intervensional. Jakarta: 2011.
[12]. Kathy McQuillen Martensen. Radiographic Image Analysis. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Inc.; 2015.
[13]. Warren-Forward HM, Arthur L, Hobson L, Skinner R, Watts A, Clapham K, et al. An assessment of exposure indices in computed radiography for the posterior-anterior chest and the lateral lumbar spine. Br J Radiol 2007;80:26–31. doi:10.1259/bjr/59538862.
[14]. Butler ML, Rainford L, Last J, Brennan PC. Optimization of exposure index values for the antero-posterior pelvis and antero-posterior knee examination. Proc SPIE 7263, 2009, 726302-726302–8. doi:10.1117/12.810748.
[15]. Silva TR, Yoshimura EM. Patient dose, gray level and exposure index with a computed radiography system. Radiat Phys Chem 95, 2014, 271–3. doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem. 2012.12.043.