A Comprehensive Review of Neem (Azadirachta Indica): Extraction Methods, Properties, and Diverse Applications

Abstract

Azadirachta indica, commonly known as Neem, is a highly versatile tree with a rich history of traditional use in various cultures, particularly in India, for over two millennia. Scientific investigations have consistently validated its broad spectrum of biological activities, classifying it as one of the most adaptable plants due to the myriad of bioactive compounds present in all its parts, including leaves, seeds, fruits, roots, bark, and flowers.This review compiles recent research on Neem, focusing on efficient extraction methodologies, physicochemical properties of its extracts, and a diverse range of applications spanning medicinal, agricultural, and environmental sectors. Studies highlight the efficacy of solvents like ethanol and methanol in yielding high extract percentages from leaves and seeds. Neem extracts exhibit significant antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties, supporting their use in wound healing, disease management, and as natural larvicides. Agriculturally, Neem formulations prove effective as nematicides and insecticides, demonstrating systemic effects and persistence against pests like root-knot nematodes. Environmentally, Neem root extracts show promise in crude oil degradation in polluted soils, and innovative mechanical systems are being developed for efficient fruit collection, addressing economic and labor challenges. This review underscores Neem's potential as a sustainable and eco-friendly source for developing novel products and solutions