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A Comprehensive Review on Tuberculosis
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): 2025 Volume -13 - Issue 2
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health challenge, affecting millions of people annually. Despite advancements in diagnostics and therapeutics, the disease continues to be a leading cause of mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. TB is a complex infectious disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach for effective control. This review explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for TB. Emphasis is placed on recent advancements in molecular diagnostics, novel therapeutic approaches, and the impact of socio-economic factors on disease spread. Furthermore, the review highlights the challenges in TB control, including drug resistance, vaccine development, and the role of public health interventions in combating the disease.
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- World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2021.
- Lawn SD, Zumla AI. Tuberculosis. Lancet. 2011;378(9785):57-72.
- WHO. Tuberculosis: Key Facts. 2021.
- Esmail H, et al. The ongoing challenge of latent tuberculosis. New Engl J Med. 2018;379(14):1356-1366.
- Dheda K, et al. The epidemiology of tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med. 2019;40(4):653-677.
- Pai M, et al. Tuberculosis diagnostics: Challenges and opportunities. Microbiol Spectr. 2017;5(1):TNMI7-0030-2016.
- Nahid P, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(7):e147-e195.
- Udwadia ZF, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in India. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):28-40.
- Gygli SM, et al. Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(4):887-920.
- Lange C, et al. Perspectives for personalized therapy for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Intern Med. 2018;284(2):163-188.
- Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N. Executive summary: Official ATS/CDC/IDSA clinical practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(7):853-867.
- Zhang Y, Yew WW. Mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(11):1276-1287.
- Furin J, Cox H, Pai M. Tuberculosis. Lancet. 2019;393(10181):1642-1656.
- McShane H. Tuberculosis vaccines: Beyond BCG. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1671):20140306.
- Lönnroth K, et al. Towards tuberculosis elimination: An action framework for low-incidence countries. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(4):928-952.
References
World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2021.
Lawn SD, Zumla AI. Tuberculosis. Lancet. 2011;378(9785):57-72.
WHO. Tuberculosis: Key Facts. 2021.
Esmail H, et al. The ongoing challenge of latent tuberculosis. New Engl J Med. 2018;379(14):1356-1366.
Dheda K, et al. The epidemiology of tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med. 2019;40(4):653-677.
Pai M, et al. Tuberculosis diagnostics: Challenges and opportunities. Microbiol Spectr. 2017;5(1):TNMI7-0030-2016.
Nahid P, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(7):e147-e195.
Udwadia ZF, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in India. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):28-40.
Gygli SM, et al. Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(4):887-920.
Lange C, et al. Perspectives for personalized therapy for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Intern Med. 2018;284(2):163-188.
Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N. Executive summary: Official ATS/CDC/IDSA clinical practice guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(7):853-867.
Zhang Y, Yew WW. Mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(11):1276-1287.
Furin J, Cox H, Pai M. Tuberculosis. Lancet. 2019;393(10181):1642-1656.
McShane H. Tuberculosis vaccines: Beyond BCG. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1671):20140306.
Lönnroth K, et al. Towards tuberculosis elimination: An action framework for low-incidence countries. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(4):928-952.