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Schizophrenia Research: From Epidemiological Trends to Experimental Models, In Vitro Studies, and Emerging Treatments
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 13 No. 1 (2025): 2025 Volume -13 - Issue 1
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness affecting over 21 million individuals worldwide, leading to cognitive, social, and emotional impairments. It is characterized by positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions), negative symptoms (anhedonia, avolition), and cognitive deficits. While traditionally viewed as a distinct disorder, emerging perspectives suggest schizophrenia exists on a psychosis spectrum. The condition has strong genetic links, with environmental factors such as fetal development issues, urban residence, and cannabis use increasing risk. Neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly in dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate pathways, contribute to its pathophysiology. Treatment strategies primarily rely on antipsychotic medications, but one-third of patients exhibit treatment resistance. Clozapine remains the standard for refractory cases, while psychosocial interventions improve long-term outcomes. Emerging treatments include novel pharmacologic agents like TAAR-1 agonists, transdermal asenapine, and long-acting injectables, targeting cognition, negative symptoms, and adherence issues. Despite advancements, schizophrenia remains a complex and multifaceted disorder, requiring continued research to improve therapeutic outcomes and quality of life for affected individuals.
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- Orsolini L, Pompili S, Volpe U. Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review of Etiopathogenetic, Diagnostic and Treatment Aspects. Clin Med. 2022;11(17):5040.
- Saparia P, Patel A, Shah H, Solanki K, Patel A, Sahayata M. Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Clin Exp Psychol. 2022;8(7):65-70.
- Chaudhary S, Chaudhary S, Tyagi V. A Review on Schizophrenia: Outline and Treatment. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2022;73(2):35-46.
- Volkan K. Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Causes, Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. J Health Med Sci. 2020;3(4):487-521.
- Stilo SA, Murray RM. The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Replacing Dogma with Knowledge. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2022;12(3):305-315
- Jones CA, Watson DJG, Fone KCF. Animal models of schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(5):1-13.
- 7.Malik JA, Yaseen Z, Thotapalli L, Ahmed S, Shaikh MF, Anwar S. Understanding translational research in schizophrenia: A novel insight into animal models. [Journal Name]. 2023 Jan 24.
- Ang MJ, Lee S, Kim JC, Kim SH, Moon C. Behavioral tasks evaluating schizophrenia-like symptoms in animal models: A recent update. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021 Apr 29;19(5):641–664.
- Dubonyte U, Asenjo-Martinez A, Werge T, Lage K, Kirkeby A. Current advancements of modelling schizophrenia using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2022;10(1):125
- Wilk CM, Gold JM, Bartko JJ, Dickerson F, Fenton WS, Knable M, Randolph C, Buchanan RW. Test-retest stability of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(5):838-844.
- Keefe RSE, Poe M, Walker TM, Harvey PD. The relationship of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) to functional capacity and real-world functional outcome. Schizophr Res. 2006;28(2):260-269.
- Keefe RSE, Harvey PD, Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Walker TM, Kennel C, Hawkins K. Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Schizophr Res. 2008;102(1-3):108-115.
- Hany M, Rehman B, Rizvi A, Chapman J. Schizophrenia. [Updated 2024 Feb 23]. In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-.
- Maroney M. A Managed Care Review of Schizophrenia: Evaluating Unmet Medical Needs, New Treatments, and Health Economics. Managed Care. 2020;26(3):42-48.
References
Orsolini L, Pompili S, Volpe U. Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review of Etiopathogenetic, Diagnostic and Treatment Aspects. Clin Med. 2022;11(17):5040.
Saparia P, Patel A, Shah H, Solanki K, Patel A, Sahayata M. Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Clin Exp Psychol. 2022;8(7):65-70.
Chaudhary S, Chaudhary S, Tyagi V. A Review on Schizophrenia: Outline and Treatment. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2022;73(2):35-46.
Volkan K. Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Causes, Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. J Health Med Sci. 2020;3(4):487-521.
Stilo SA, Murray RM. The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Replacing Dogma with Knowledge. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2022;12(3):305-315
Jones CA, Watson DJG, Fone KCF. Animal models of schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(5):1-13.
7.Malik JA, Yaseen Z, Thotapalli L, Ahmed S, Shaikh MF, Anwar S. Understanding translational research in schizophrenia: A novel insight into animal models. [Journal Name]. 2023 Jan 24.
Ang MJ, Lee S, Kim JC, Kim SH, Moon C. Behavioral tasks evaluating schizophrenia-like symptoms in animal models: A recent update. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021 Apr 29;19(5):641–664.
Dubonyte U, Asenjo-Martinez A, Werge T, Lage K, Kirkeby A. Current advancements of modelling schizophrenia using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2022;10(1):125
Wilk CM, Gold JM, Bartko JJ, Dickerson F, Fenton WS, Knable M, Randolph C, Buchanan RW. Test-retest stability of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(5):838-844.
Keefe RSE, Poe M, Walker TM, Harvey PD. The relationship of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) to functional capacity and real-world functional outcome. Schizophr Res. 2006;28(2):260-269.
Keefe RSE, Harvey PD, Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Walker TM, Kennel C, Hawkins K. Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Schizophr Res. 2008;102(1-3):108-115.
Hany M, Rehman B, Rizvi A, Chapman J. Schizophrenia. [Updated 2024 Feb 23]. In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-.
Maroney M. A Managed Care Review of Schizophrenia: Evaluating Unmet Medical Needs, New Treatments, and Health Economics. Managed Care. 2020;26(3):42-48.