Copyright (c) 2022 S.Sivakalai, J Saminathan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Investigate the Alterations in the Haematological and Urinal Parameters Due to the Exposure of” Bancroftian Filariasis” in Rural Areas of Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
Corresponding Author(s) : S.Sivakalai
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 10 No. 4 (2022): 2022 Volume -10 - Issue 4
Abstract
Background: Filariasis is a communicable tropical disease instigated predominantly by two species of thread-like parasitic roundworms (Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi). The larval form of the parasite transmits the infection by the bite of a mosquito to humans. Exposure to the parasite is a serious public health problem because of acute and chronic morbidity. Bancroftian filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti is widely outspread in the Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Vellore district is one of the thirteen highly endemic districts of filariasis. In 2018, 51 million people were infected. However, due to the involvement of the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Program, there has been a drastic decline (74%) in the cases.
Gap in the current literature: The changes in the haematological and urinary paraments/markers due to the exposure of Bancroftian filariasis are unknown.
Aim: Establish the effect of Bancroftian filariasis on various haematological and urinary parameters/markers in humans.
Methodology: The blood and urine samples were collected from patients exposed to filaria in and around the Vellore district (Arcot, Walajapet, Thimiri, Vellore, Sumaithangi, and Gudiyatham) with due consent. Haematological and urine tests were performed using an auto haem analyzer and uritest – 50.
Result: The most susceptible age group for the exposure is above 40 years. Among the various blood group, the blood group ‘O’ was predominant among filarial patients in the current study. Filarial-infected patients showed significant changes in the haematological and urinary parameters. Patients exposed to filaria had haematocrit (HCT) haemoglobin concentration (HGB), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) significantly increased as compared to the controls. Regarding the urine test, there was a significant increase in the calcium and creatinine content. Interestingly, females had significantly higher pathological insults as compared to males.
Conclusion: Identification of haematological and urinary markers, can help in the appropriate therapy of filariasis and this can substantially reduce morbidity, decrease the cost of treatment, and increase healthcare management.
Gap in the current literature: The changes in the haematological and urinary paraments/markers due to the exposure of Bancroftian filariasis are unknown.
Aim: Establish the effect of Bancroftian filariasis on various haematological and urinary parameters/markers in humans.
Methodology: The blood and urine samples were collected from patients exposed to filaria in and around the Vellore district (Arcot, Walajapet, Thimiri, Vellore, Sumaithangi, and Gudiyatham) with due consent. Haematological and urine tests were performed using an auto haem analyzer and uritest – 50.
Result: The most susceptible age group for the exposure is above 40 years. Among the various blood group, the blood group ‘O’ was predominant among filarial patients in the current study. Filarial-infected patients showed significant changes in the haematological and urinary parameters. Patients exposed to filaria had haematocrit (HCT) haemoglobin concentration (HGB), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) significantly increased as compared to the controls. Regarding the urine test, there was a significant increase in the calcium and creatinine content. Interestingly, females had significantly higher pathological insults as compared to males.
Conclusion: Identification of haematological and urinary markers, can help in the appropriate therapy of filariasis and this can substantially reduce morbidity, decrease the cost of treatment, and increase healthcare management.
Keywords
Wchereria bancrofti, haematological analysis, urine analysis, Filariasis,
References
-
1. Center for Disease control and Prevention. Lymphatic filariasis. Retrieved; 2016.
2. Knopp S, Steinmann P, Hatz C, Keiser J, Utzinger J. Nematode infections: filariases. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2012;26(2):359-81. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2012.02.005, PMID 22632644.
3. Okon OE, Iboh CI, Opara KN. Bancroftian filariasis among the Mbembe people of Cross River state, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. 2010;47(2):91-6. PMID 20539046.
4. Addiss DG, Louis-Charles J, Roberts J, Leconte F, Wendt JM, Milord MD, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of basic lymphedema management in Leogane, Haiti, an area endemic or bancoftian filariasis. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(4):668.
5. Mathieu E, Dorkenoo A, Otogbe FK, Budge PJ, Sodahlon YK. A laboratory-based surveillance system for Wuchereria bancrofti in Togo: a practical model for resource-poor settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84(6):988-93. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0610, PMID 21633038.
6. Uttah EC. Prevalence of endemic bancroftian filariasis in the high altitude region of south-eastern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. 2011;48(2):78-84. PMID 21715729.
7. Molyneux DH. Tropical lymphedemas--control and prevention. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(13):1169-71. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1202011, PMID 22455411.
8. Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE, Garred P, Dalgaard M, Magesa SM, Alifrangis M. Association between mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms and Wuchereria bancrofti infection in two communities in North-Eastern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82(1):115-20. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0342, PMID 20065005.
9. Jupp PG, Kemp A, Grobbelaar A, Lema P, Burt FJ, Alahmed AM et al., editors. The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies. Med Vet Entomol. 2002;16(3):245-52. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00371.x, PMID 12243225.
10. Zouré HG, Wanji S, Noma M, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Tekle AH, et al. The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA). PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(6):e1210. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001210, PMID 21738809.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Progress toward elimination of lymphatic filariasis—Togo, 2000-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(29):989-91. PMID 21796097.
12. World Health Organization. Lymphatic filarisis; 2000.
13. Health and Family Welfare Government of Tamil Nadu. Available from: http://www.tnhealth.org.
14. Sharma MC, Pachauria SP. Blood cellular and biochemical studies in Canine dirofilariais. Veterinary Research Community; 1982; 5(3). p. 295-300.
15. Atwell RB, Buoro IB. Clinical presentations of Canine dirofilariasis with relation to their haematological and microfilarial status. Res Vet Sci. 1983;35(3):364-6. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32034-4, PMID 6665321.
16. Niwetopathomwat S, Das PK, Manoharan A, Sirividya A, Grenfell BT, Bundy DAP, et al. Frequency distribution of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria in human populations and its relationship age and sex. Parasitology. 1990;101:429-34.
17. Mukherjee K, L. Medical Laboratory technology. A procedure manual for routine diagnostic tests. Vol. I & III 215-303; 2006. p. 985-1076.
18. John Bernard Henry MD, clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 17th ed. W B Saunders.
19. Sarojini S, SenthilKumar P. Haematological studies of lymphatic filariae, Wuchereria bancroti affected patients in Arakkonam area, Tamil Nadu, India. Eur J Exp Biol. 2013;3(2):194-200. Available from: https://www.primescholars.com/articles/haematological-studies-of-lymphatic-filariae-wuchereria-bancrofti-affected-patients-in-arakkonam-area-tamil-nadu-india.pdf
20. Desowitz RS, Palumbo NE, Tamashiro WK. Inhibition of the adverse reaction to Di-ethyl carbamazine in Dirofilaria immitis – infected dogs by diazepam. Tropenmed Parasitol. 1984;35(1):50-2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6710600/
21. Martini M, Poglayen G, Capelli G, Roda R. Diagnosis of Canine filariosis: relative sensitivity and specificity of some haematological techniques. Angew Parasitol. 1991;32(3):133-6. PMID 1928796.
22. Wong MM, Guest MF, Lim KC, Sivanadam S. Experimental Brugia malai infection in the rhesus monkey. S East Asia J Trop Med Public Health. 1977;8(2):265-73. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/411182/
References
1. Center for Disease control and Prevention. Lymphatic filariasis. Retrieved; 2016.
2. Knopp S, Steinmann P, Hatz C, Keiser J, Utzinger J. Nematode infections: filariases. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2012;26(2):359-81. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2012.02.005, PMID 22632644.
3. Okon OE, Iboh CI, Opara KN. Bancroftian filariasis among the Mbembe people of Cross River state, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. 2010;47(2):91-6. PMID 20539046.
4. Addiss DG, Louis-Charles J, Roberts J, Leconte F, Wendt JM, Milord MD, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of basic lymphedema management in Leogane, Haiti, an area endemic or bancoftian filariasis. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(4):668.
5. Mathieu E, Dorkenoo A, Otogbe FK, Budge PJ, Sodahlon YK. A laboratory-based surveillance system for Wuchereria bancrofti in Togo: a practical model for resource-poor settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84(6):988-93. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0610, PMID 21633038.
6. Uttah EC. Prevalence of endemic bancroftian filariasis in the high altitude region of south-eastern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. 2011;48(2):78-84. PMID 21715729.
7. Molyneux DH. Tropical lymphedemas--control and prevention. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(13):1169-71. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1202011, PMID 22455411.
8. Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE, Garred P, Dalgaard M, Magesa SM, Alifrangis M. Association between mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms and Wuchereria bancrofti infection in two communities in North-Eastern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82(1):115-20. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0342, PMID 20065005.
9. Jupp PG, Kemp A, Grobbelaar A, Lema P, Burt FJ, Alahmed AM et al., editors. The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies. Med Vet Entomol. 2002;16(3):245-52. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00371.x, PMID 12243225.
10. Zouré HG, Wanji S, Noma M, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Tekle AH, et al. The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA). PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(6):e1210. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001210, PMID 21738809.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Progress toward elimination of lymphatic filariasis—Togo, 2000-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(29):989-91. PMID 21796097.
12. World Health Organization. Lymphatic filarisis; 2000.
13. Health and Family Welfare Government of Tamil Nadu. Available from: http://www.tnhealth.org.
14. Sharma MC, Pachauria SP. Blood cellular and biochemical studies in Canine dirofilariais. Veterinary Research Community; 1982; 5(3). p. 295-300.
15. Atwell RB, Buoro IB. Clinical presentations of Canine dirofilariasis with relation to their haematological and microfilarial status. Res Vet Sci. 1983;35(3):364-6. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32034-4, PMID 6665321.
16. Niwetopathomwat S, Das PK, Manoharan A, Sirividya A, Grenfell BT, Bundy DAP, et al. Frequency distribution of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria in human populations and its relationship age and sex. Parasitology. 1990;101:429-34.
17. Mukherjee K, L. Medical Laboratory technology. A procedure manual for routine diagnostic tests. Vol. I & III 215-303; 2006. p. 985-1076.
18. John Bernard Henry MD, clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 17th ed. W B Saunders.
19. Sarojini S, SenthilKumar P. Haematological studies of lymphatic filariae, Wuchereria bancroti affected patients in Arakkonam area, Tamil Nadu, India. Eur J Exp Biol. 2013;3(2):194-200. Available from: https://www.primescholars.com/articles/haematological-studies-of-lymphatic-filariae-wuchereria-bancrofti-affected-patients-in-arakkonam-area-tamil-nadu-india.pdf
20. Desowitz RS, Palumbo NE, Tamashiro WK. Inhibition of the adverse reaction to Di-ethyl carbamazine in Dirofilaria immitis – infected dogs by diazepam. Tropenmed Parasitol. 1984;35(1):50-2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6710600/
21. Martini M, Poglayen G, Capelli G, Roda R. Diagnosis of Canine filariosis: relative sensitivity and specificity of some haematological techniques. Angew Parasitol. 1991;32(3):133-6. PMID 1928796.
22. Wong MM, Guest MF, Lim KC, Sivanadam S. Experimental Brugia malai infection in the rhesus monkey. S East Asia J Trop Med Public Health. 1977;8(2):265-73. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/411182/
2. Knopp S, Steinmann P, Hatz C, Keiser J, Utzinger J. Nematode infections: filariases. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2012;26(2):359-81. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2012.02.005, PMID 22632644.
3. Okon OE, Iboh CI, Opara KN. Bancroftian filariasis among the Mbembe people of Cross River state, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. 2010;47(2):91-6. PMID 20539046.
4. Addiss DG, Louis-Charles J, Roberts J, Leconte F, Wendt JM, Milord MD, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of basic lymphedema management in Leogane, Haiti, an area endemic or bancoftian filariasis. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(4):668.
5. Mathieu E, Dorkenoo A, Otogbe FK, Budge PJ, Sodahlon YK. A laboratory-based surveillance system for Wuchereria bancrofti in Togo: a practical model for resource-poor settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84(6):988-93. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0610, PMID 21633038.
6. Uttah EC. Prevalence of endemic bancroftian filariasis in the high altitude region of south-eastern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. 2011;48(2):78-84. PMID 21715729.
7. Molyneux DH. Tropical lymphedemas--control and prevention. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(13):1169-71. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1202011, PMID 22455411.
8. Meyrowitsch DW, Simonsen PE, Garred P, Dalgaard M, Magesa SM, Alifrangis M. Association between mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms and Wuchereria bancrofti infection in two communities in North-Eastern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82(1):115-20. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0342, PMID 20065005.
9. Jupp PG, Kemp A, Grobbelaar A, Lema P, Burt FJ, Alahmed AM et al., editors. The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies. Med Vet Entomol. 2002;16(3):245-52. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00371.x, PMID 12243225.
10. Zouré HG, Wanji S, Noma M, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Tekle AH, et al. The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA). PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(6):e1210. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001210, PMID 21738809.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Progress toward elimination of lymphatic filariasis—Togo, 2000-2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(29):989-91. PMID 21796097.
12. World Health Organization. Lymphatic filarisis; 2000.
13. Health and Family Welfare Government of Tamil Nadu. Available from: http://www.tnhealth.org.
14. Sharma MC, Pachauria SP. Blood cellular and biochemical studies in Canine dirofilariais. Veterinary Research Community; 1982; 5(3). p. 295-300.
15. Atwell RB, Buoro IB. Clinical presentations of Canine dirofilariasis with relation to their haematological and microfilarial status. Res Vet Sci. 1983;35(3):364-6. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32034-4, PMID 6665321.
16. Niwetopathomwat S, Das PK, Manoharan A, Sirividya A, Grenfell BT, Bundy DAP, et al. Frequency distribution of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria in human populations and its relationship age and sex. Parasitology. 1990;101:429-34.
17. Mukherjee K, L. Medical Laboratory technology. A procedure manual for routine diagnostic tests. Vol. I & III 215-303; 2006. p. 985-1076.
18. John Bernard Henry MD, clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 17th ed. W B Saunders.
19. Sarojini S, SenthilKumar P. Haematological studies of lymphatic filariae, Wuchereria bancroti affected patients in Arakkonam area, Tamil Nadu, India. Eur J Exp Biol. 2013;3(2):194-200. Available from: https://www.primescholars.com/articles/haematological-studies-of-lymphatic-filariae-wuchereria-bancrofti-affected-patients-in-arakkonam-area-tamil-nadu-india.pdf
20. Desowitz RS, Palumbo NE, Tamashiro WK. Inhibition of the adverse reaction to Di-ethyl carbamazine in Dirofilaria immitis – infected dogs by diazepam. Tropenmed Parasitol. 1984;35(1):50-2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6710600/
21. Martini M, Poglayen G, Capelli G, Roda R. Diagnosis of Canine filariosis: relative sensitivity and specificity of some haematological techniques. Angew Parasitol. 1991;32(3):133-6. PMID 1928796.
22. Wong MM, Guest MF, Lim KC, Sivanadam S. Experimental Brugia malai infection in the rhesus monkey. S East Asia J Trop Med Public Health. 1977;8(2):265-73. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/411182/