New Advanced Analytical Methodologies Developed For Quality Control of Herbal Extracts of Cuscuta Reflexa Roxb Formulation
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): 2020 Volume - 8 Issue-4
Abstract
The quality control of plant products is a general requirement to be fulfilled. Good quality assurance is necessary when dealing with the plant products, intended to be released in market as drug constituents or as test substances in basic pharmacological experiments. objective of study: Quality control is crucial to ensure the safety and correct handling of herbal medicines. .The pharmaceutical approach of analyzing a single ingredient cannot be applied to discern the quality of herbal preparation. Thus, quality control methods which reflect the holistic approach of complementary medicine have to be developed in order to determine the chemical basis of herbal medicines. Plan of work: it includes, Selection of formulations, Physico-chemical evaluation of formulations, Description, Loss on drying, Moisture content determination by Karl-Fischer method, Total ash, Acid insoluble ash, Water soluble ash, pH of 1% solution, pH of 10% solution. Research methodology Selection of formulations Unani formulations to be included in Unani Pharmacopeia/Formulary. Results and discussion: Physico-chemical evaluations like organoleptic characteristics, loss on drying, ash content, extractive values etc. were carried. The HPTLC fingerprint analysis of methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of Itrifal-e-Aftimoon was carried out. Heavy metal analysis of arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium was performed for all the test samples by using the atomic absorption spectrophometer. Calibration curve for each heavy metals were set to ensure the accuracy of the Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Quantification of Aflatoxins in Itrifal-e-Aftimoon by HPLC-PDA By using the developed and validated extraction and HPLC-PDA methods of three different batches of Itrifal-e-Aftimoon were investigated. All the samples were successfully analyzed for the content of aflatoxins and found that the samples were free from aflatoxins and safe for the use. The mobile phase was selected using different compositions of methanol–water and acetonitrile– water; it was found that the all four aflatoxin are successfully separated by using a mixture of acetonitrile and water in 1:1, v/v composition. A simple rapid and economic simultaneous HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantification of gallic acid, ellagic acid and ascorbic acid.
Keywords
HPLC, Unani, physicochemical evaluation, Atomic absorption, spectrophotometer, Quantification of Aflatoxins
1.
Mohammed Minhajuddin. New Advanced Analytical Methodologies Developed For Quality Control of Herbal Extracts of Cuscuta Reflexa Roxb Formulation. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2023 Apr. 6 [cited 2025 Sep. 20];8(4):807-13. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/1308
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References
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1. Agrawal, H., Kaul, N., Paradkar, A.R., Mahadik, K.R., 2004. HPTLC method for guggulsterone. I. Quantitative determination of E- and Z-guggulsterone in herbal extract and pharmaceutical dosage form. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 21, 33-41.
2. Carmen, S., Wafaa, N., Naim, O., Lara, H.W., 2011. Rapid screening for synthetic adulterant drugs in herbal dietary supplements sold on the Lebanese market. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 65, 187-201.
3. Chang, L.S., Run-Huai, Z., Moses, S.S., Chow, Zhong, Z., 2008. Simultaneous determination of ten active components in traditional Chinese medicinal products containing both Gegen (Pueraria lobata) and Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) by High-performance Liquid Chromatography. Phytochem. Anal. 19, 368–375.
4. Chashoo, G., Singh, S.K., Mondhe, D.M., Sharma, P.R., Andotra, S.S., Shah, B.A., Taneja, S.C., Saxena, A.K., 2011. Potentiation of the antitumor effect of 11-keto-?-boswellic acid by its 3-?-hexanoyloxy derivative. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 15, 390-400.
5. Chi, M.C., Horng, C.C., 1995. Determination of berberine in plasma, urine and bile by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B. 665, 117-123.
6. Choi, D.W., Kim, J.H., Cho, S.Y., Kim, D.H., Chang, S.Y., 2002. Regulation and quality control of herbal drugs in Korea. Toxicology, 182, 581-586.
7. Choi, E.M., 2010. Protective effect of quercitrin against hydrogen peroxide- induced dysfunction in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. In press.
8. Ciulu, M., Solinas, S., Floris, I., Panzanelli, A., Pilo, M.I., Piu, P.C., Spano, N., Sanna, G., 2011. RP-HPLC determination of water-soluble vitamins in honey. Talanta 15, 924-929.
9. Cools, K., Terry, L.A., 2012. Comparative study between extraction techniques and column separation for the quantification of sinigrin and total isothiocyanates in mustard seed. J. Chromatogr. B. 901, 115-118
10. Dan S., Julie, R.K, Majid, S., Matthias, W., Javad A., Seyed, A.E., Jerzy, W.J., 2009. Accelerated dereplication of crude extracts using HPLC–PDA– MS–SPE–NMR: Quinolinone alkaloids of Haplophyllum acutifolium. Phytochem. 70, 1055–1061.
11. Dhooghe, L., Meert, H., Cimanga, R.K., Vlietinck, A.J., Pieters, L., Apers. S., 2011. The quantification of ellagic acid in the crude extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae). Phytochem. Anal. 22, 361-366.
12. Ding, M., Zhao, J., Bowman, L., Lu, Y., Shi, X., 2010. Inhibition of AP-1 and MAPK signaling and activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway by quercitrin. Int. J. Oncol. 36, 59-67.
13. Fukai, T., Marumo, A., Kaitou, K., Kanda, T., Terada, S., Nomura, T., 2002. Anti-Helicobacter pylori flavonoids from licorice extract. Life Sci. 9, 1449- 1463.
14. Imark, C., Kneubuehl, M., Bodmer, S., 2001. Occurrence and activity of natural antioxidants in herbal spirits. Innovat. Food Sci. Emerg. Tech. 1, 239- 242.
15. Mao, Q.Q., Xian, Y.F., Ip, S.P., Che, C.T., 2011. Involvement of serotonergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of piperine. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 1144-1147.
16. Rong, Q.X., Liu, C.S., Duan, T.X., 2006. Content determination of glycyrrhizic acid in cortex glycyrrhizae. Zhong Yao Cai. 29, 891-892.
17. Saleem, A., Husheem, M., Harkonen, P., Pihlaja, K., 2002. Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz. fruit. J. Ethnopharmacol. 81, 327-336.
18. Torres, Y., Torres, J.L., Rosazza, J.P., 2001. Reactions of p-coumaric acid with nitrite: product isolation and mechanism studies. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 1486-1492.
19. Tripathy, D.R., Singha, R.A., Dasgupta, S., 2011. Complex formation of rutin and quercetin with copper alters the mode of inhibition of Ribonuclease A. FEBS Lett. 20, 3270-3276.
20. Verma, J.K., Joshi, A.V., 2007. Rapid HPTLC method for identification and quantification of curcumin, piperine and thymol in an Ayurvedic formulation.J. Planar. Chromatogr. 19, 398-400.
21. Verma, N., Singh, S.K., Gupta, R.C., 1998. Simultaneous determination of the stereoisomers of guggulsterone in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B. 24, 243-248.
22. Yang, C., Liang, G.Y., He, Z.Y., Cao, P.X., Tian, W.Y., Cai, L., 2007. Determination of glycyrrhizic acid in different decoctions of sanaotang by HPLC and comparison with antifugal effects in vitro. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 32, 1031-1034.
23. Yang, G., Zhong, L., Jiang, L., Geng, C., Cao, J., Sun, X., Liu, X., Chen, M., Ma, Y., 2011. 6-Gingerol Prevents Patulin-induced Genotoxicity in HepG2 Cells. Phytother. Res. 25, 1480-1485.
24. Zhou, C., Yang, C., Wang, J., Gao, R., 1998. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in Herba Asari by GC. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 23, 588-590.
25. Zhou, X., Chen, S., Liu, B., Zhang, R., Wangd, Y., Li, P., Guo, Y., Zhang, H., Gao, Z., Yan, X., 2010. Development of traditional Chinese medicine clinical data warehouse for medical knowledge discovery and decision support. Artif. Intell. Med. 48, 139-152.
26. Zuin, V.G., Yariwake, J.H., Bicchi, C., 2003. Fast supercritical fluid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography with electron-capture and flame photometric detection for multiresidue screening of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in Brazil’s medicinal plants. J. Chrom. A. 985, 159-166.
References
1. Agrawal, H., Kaul, N., Paradkar, A.R., Mahadik, K.R., 2004. HPTLC method for guggulsterone. I. Quantitative determination of E- and Z-guggulsterone in herbal extract and pharmaceutical dosage form. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 21, 33-41.
2. Carmen, S., Wafaa, N., Naim, O., Lara, H.W., 2011. Rapid screening for synthetic adulterant drugs in herbal dietary supplements sold on the Lebanese market. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 65, 187-201.
3. Chang, L.S., Run-Huai, Z., Moses, S.S., Chow, Zhong, Z., 2008. Simultaneous determination of ten active components in traditional Chinese medicinal products containing both Gegen (Pueraria lobata) and Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) by High-performance Liquid Chromatography. Phytochem. Anal. 19, 368–375.
4. Chashoo, G., Singh, S.K., Mondhe, D.M., Sharma, P.R., Andotra, S.S., Shah, B.A., Taneja, S.C., Saxena, A.K., 2011. Potentiation of the antitumor effect of 11-keto-?-boswellic acid by its 3-?-hexanoyloxy derivative. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 15, 390-400.
5. Chi, M.C., Horng, C.C., 1995. Determination of berberine in plasma, urine and bile by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B. 665, 117-123.
6. Choi, D.W., Kim, J.H., Cho, S.Y., Kim, D.H., Chang, S.Y., 2002. Regulation and quality control of herbal drugs in Korea. Toxicology, 182, 581-586.
7. Choi, E.M., 2010. Protective effect of quercitrin against hydrogen peroxide- induced dysfunction in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. In press.
8. Ciulu, M., Solinas, S., Floris, I., Panzanelli, A., Pilo, M.I., Piu, P.C., Spano, N., Sanna, G., 2011. RP-HPLC determination of water-soluble vitamins in honey. Talanta 15, 924-929.
9. Cools, K., Terry, L.A., 2012. Comparative study between extraction techniques and column separation for the quantification of sinigrin and total isothiocyanates in mustard seed. J. Chromatogr. B. 901, 115-118
10. Dan S., Julie, R.K, Majid, S., Matthias, W., Javad A., Seyed, A.E., Jerzy, W.J., 2009. Accelerated dereplication of crude extracts using HPLC–PDA– MS–SPE–NMR: Quinolinone alkaloids of Haplophyllum acutifolium. Phytochem. 70, 1055–1061.
11. Dhooghe, L., Meert, H., Cimanga, R.K., Vlietinck, A.J., Pieters, L., Apers. S., 2011. The quantification of ellagic acid in the crude extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae). Phytochem. Anal. 22, 361-366.
12. Ding, M., Zhao, J., Bowman, L., Lu, Y., Shi, X., 2010. Inhibition of AP-1 and MAPK signaling and activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway by quercitrin. Int. J. Oncol. 36, 59-67.
13. Fukai, T., Marumo, A., Kaitou, K., Kanda, T., Terada, S., Nomura, T., 2002. Anti-Helicobacter pylori flavonoids from licorice extract. Life Sci. 9, 1449- 1463.
14. Imark, C., Kneubuehl, M., Bodmer, S., 2001. Occurrence and activity of natural antioxidants in herbal spirits. Innovat. Food Sci. Emerg. Tech. 1, 239- 242.
15. Mao, Q.Q., Xian, Y.F., Ip, S.P., Che, C.T., 2011. Involvement of serotonergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of piperine. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 1144-1147.
16. Rong, Q.X., Liu, C.S., Duan, T.X., 2006. Content determination of glycyrrhizic acid in cortex glycyrrhizae. Zhong Yao Cai. 29, 891-892.
17. Saleem, A., Husheem, M., Harkonen, P., Pihlaja, K., 2002. Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz. fruit. J. Ethnopharmacol. 81, 327-336.
18. Torres, Y., Torres, J.L., Rosazza, J.P., 2001. Reactions of p-coumaric acid with nitrite: product isolation and mechanism studies. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 1486-1492.
19. Tripathy, D.R., Singha, R.A., Dasgupta, S., 2011. Complex formation of rutin and quercetin with copper alters the mode of inhibition of Ribonuclease A. FEBS Lett. 20, 3270-3276.
20. Verma, J.K., Joshi, A.V., 2007. Rapid HPTLC method for identification and quantification of curcumin, piperine and thymol in an Ayurvedic formulation.J. Planar. Chromatogr. 19, 398-400.
21. Verma, N., Singh, S.K., Gupta, R.C., 1998. Simultaneous determination of the stereoisomers of guggulsterone in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B. 24, 243-248.
22. Yang, C., Liang, G.Y., He, Z.Y., Cao, P.X., Tian, W.Y., Cai, L., 2007. Determination of glycyrrhizic acid in different decoctions of sanaotang by HPLC and comparison with antifugal effects in vitro. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 32, 1031-1034.
23. Yang, G., Zhong, L., Jiang, L., Geng, C., Cao, J., Sun, X., Liu, X., Chen, M., Ma, Y., 2011. 6-Gingerol Prevents Patulin-induced Genotoxicity in HepG2 Cells. Phytother. Res. 25, 1480-1485.
24. Zhou, C., Yang, C., Wang, J., Gao, R., 1998. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in Herba Asari by GC. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 23, 588-590.
25. Zhou, X., Chen, S., Liu, B., Zhang, R., Wangd, Y., Li, P., Guo, Y., Zhang, H., Gao, Z., Yan, X., 2010. Development of traditional Chinese medicine clinical data warehouse for medical knowledge discovery and decision support. Artif. Intell. Med. 48, 139-152.
26. Zuin, V.G., Yariwake, J.H., Bicchi, C., 2003. Fast supercritical fluid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography with electron-capture and flame photometric detection for multiresidue screening of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in Brazil’s medicinal plants. J. Chrom. A. 985, 159-166.
2. Carmen, S., Wafaa, N., Naim, O., Lara, H.W., 2011. Rapid screening for synthetic adulterant drugs in herbal dietary supplements sold on the Lebanese market. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 65, 187-201.
3. Chang, L.S., Run-Huai, Z., Moses, S.S., Chow, Zhong, Z., 2008. Simultaneous determination of ten active components in traditional Chinese medicinal products containing both Gegen (Pueraria lobata) and Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) by High-performance Liquid Chromatography. Phytochem. Anal. 19, 368–375.
4. Chashoo, G., Singh, S.K., Mondhe, D.M., Sharma, P.R., Andotra, S.S., Shah, B.A., Taneja, S.C., Saxena, A.K., 2011. Potentiation of the antitumor effect of 11-keto-?-boswellic acid by its 3-?-hexanoyloxy derivative. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 15, 390-400.
5. Chi, M.C., Horng, C.C., 1995. Determination of berberine in plasma, urine and bile by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B. 665, 117-123.
6. Choi, D.W., Kim, J.H., Cho, S.Y., Kim, D.H., Chang, S.Y., 2002. Regulation and quality control of herbal drugs in Korea. Toxicology, 182, 581-586.
7. Choi, E.M., 2010. Protective effect of quercitrin against hydrogen peroxide- induced dysfunction in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. In press.
8. Ciulu, M., Solinas, S., Floris, I., Panzanelli, A., Pilo, M.I., Piu, P.C., Spano, N., Sanna, G., 2011. RP-HPLC determination of water-soluble vitamins in honey. Talanta 15, 924-929.
9. Cools, K., Terry, L.A., 2012. Comparative study between extraction techniques and column separation for the quantification of sinigrin and total isothiocyanates in mustard seed. J. Chromatogr. B. 901, 115-118
10. Dan S., Julie, R.K, Majid, S., Matthias, W., Javad A., Seyed, A.E., Jerzy, W.J., 2009. Accelerated dereplication of crude extracts using HPLC–PDA– MS–SPE–NMR: Quinolinone alkaloids of Haplophyllum acutifolium. Phytochem. 70, 1055–1061.
11. Dhooghe, L., Meert, H., Cimanga, R.K., Vlietinck, A.J., Pieters, L., Apers. S., 2011. The quantification of ellagic acid in the crude extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae). Phytochem. Anal. 22, 361-366.
12. Ding, M., Zhao, J., Bowman, L., Lu, Y., Shi, X., 2010. Inhibition of AP-1 and MAPK signaling and activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway by quercitrin. Int. J. Oncol. 36, 59-67.
13. Fukai, T., Marumo, A., Kaitou, K., Kanda, T., Terada, S., Nomura, T., 2002. Anti-Helicobacter pylori flavonoids from licorice extract. Life Sci. 9, 1449- 1463.
14. Imark, C., Kneubuehl, M., Bodmer, S., 2001. Occurrence and activity of natural antioxidants in herbal spirits. Innovat. Food Sci. Emerg. Tech. 1, 239- 242.
15. Mao, Q.Q., Xian, Y.F., Ip, S.P., Che, C.T., 2011. Involvement of serotonergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of piperine. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 1144-1147.
16. Rong, Q.X., Liu, C.S., Duan, T.X., 2006. Content determination of glycyrrhizic acid in cortex glycyrrhizae. Zhong Yao Cai. 29, 891-892.
17. Saleem, A., Husheem, M., Harkonen, P., Pihlaja, K., 2002. Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz. fruit. J. Ethnopharmacol. 81, 327-336.
18. Torres, Y., Torres, J.L., Rosazza, J.P., 2001. Reactions of p-coumaric acid with nitrite: product isolation and mechanism studies. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 1486-1492.
19. Tripathy, D.R., Singha, R.A., Dasgupta, S., 2011. Complex formation of rutin and quercetin with copper alters the mode of inhibition of Ribonuclease A. FEBS Lett. 20, 3270-3276.
20. Verma, J.K., Joshi, A.V., 2007. Rapid HPTLC method for identification and quantification of curcumin, piperine and thymol in an Ayurvedic formulation.J. Planar. Chromatogr. 19, 398-400.
21. Verma, N., Singh, S.K., Gupta, R.C., 1998. Simultaneous determination of the stereoisomers of guggulsterone in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B. 24, 243-248.
22. Yang, C., Liang, G.Y., He, Z.Y., Cao, P.X., Tian, W.Y., Cai, L., 2007. Determination of glycyrrhizic acid in different decoctions of sanaotang by HPLC and comparison with antifugal effects in vitro. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 32, 1031-1034.
23. Yang, G., Zhong, L., Jiang, L., Geng, C., Cao, J., Sun, X., Liu, X., Chen, M., Ma, Y., 2011. 6-Gingerol Prevents Patulin-induced Genotoxicity in HepG2 Cells. Phytother. Res. 25, 1480-1485.
24. Zhou, C., Yang, C., Wang, J., Gao, R., 1998. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in Herba Asari by GC. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 23, 588-590.
25. Zhou, X., Chen, S., Liu, B., Zhang, R., Wangd, Y., Li, P., Guo, Y., Zhang, H., Gao, Z., Yan, X., 2010. Development of traditional Chinese medicine clinical data warehouse for medical knowledge discovery and decision support. Artif. Intell. Med. 48, 139-152.
26. Zuin, V.G., Yariwake, J.H., Bicchi, C., 2003. Fast supercritical fluid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography with electron-capture and flame photometric detection for multiresidue screening of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in Brazil’s medicinal plants. J. Chrom. A. 985, 159-166.