A Retrospective Comparative Study of Covid-19 Mortality in First, Second and Third Wave of Pandemic in District Sonipat, Haryana
Corresponding Author(s) : Dinesh Chhillar
dinesh.chhillar@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 11 No. 1 (2023): 2023 Volume -11 - Issue 1
Abstract
Background: In the state of Haryana, a total number of 10,54,381 samples were found positive for Covid-19; out of which 10,699 deaths have been occurred since September 2022. Same way, a total of 59,901 samples were found positive for Covid-19 in District Sonipat, Haryana since September 2022. Out of which 277 deaths have been reported.
Aims and Objectives: To compare the age wise distribution, gender distribution, month-wise distribution, vaccination status, co-existing co-morbidities and causes of COVID-19 related deaths during the three COVID-19 pandemic waves in district Sonipat, Haryana.
Materials and method: The study conducted was retrospective analysis of morbidity and mortality parameters of COVID-19 positive deaths during the three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in district Sonipat, Haryana. Three groups were formed corresponding to three consecutive waves of pandemic. First group consisted of the deaths (between July 01, 2020 to December 31, 2020), second group (between March 01, 2021 to June 30, 2021) and the third group (January 01, 2022 to March 15, 2022) corresponding to the Covid-19 deaths in wave-1, wave-2 and wave-3 respectively.
Result: Diabetes was the highly contributing risk factor for Covid-19 positive deaths in first and second wave. Hypertension was the adversely affecting co-morbidity in third wave. Wave-2 was highly mortal consisting of 113 (62%) followed by wave-1 with 62 (34%) and wave -3 with 7(4%) Covid-19 deaths. July-2020 (24.2%), May-2021 (49.6%) and January-2022 (71.4%) were highly mortal months during the pandemic.
Aims and Objectives: To compare the age wise distribution, gender distribution, month-wise distribution, vaccination status, co-existing co-morbidities and causes of COVID-19 related deaths during the three COVID-19 pandemic waves in district Sonipat, Haryana.
Materials and method: The study conducted was retrospective analysis of morbidity and mortality parameters of COVID-19 positive deaths during the three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in district Sonipat, Haryana. Three groups were formed corresponding to three consecutive waves of pandemic. First group consisted of the deaths (between July 01, 2020 to December 31, 2020), second group (between March 01, 2021 to June 30, 2021) and the third group (January 01, 2022 to March 15, 2022) corresponding to the Covid-19 deaths in wave-1, wave-2 and wave-3 respectively.
Result: Diabetes was the highly contributing risk factor for Covid-19 positive deaths in first and second wave. Hypertension was the adversely affecting co-morbidity in third wave. Wave-2 was highly mortal consisting of 113 (62%) followed by wave-1 with 62 (34%) and wave -3 with 7(4%) Covid-19 deaths. July-2020 (24.2%), May-2021 (49.6%) and January-2022 (71.4%) were highly mortal months during the pandemic.
Keywords
Covid-19; Pandemic; Co-morbidity; Covid-19 wave; vaccination status; Hypertension; Diabetes.
1.
Sonam, Jasmine Chhillar, Gaurav Chhillar, Usha Kataria, Jai Kishore, Dinesh Chhillar. A Retrospective Comparative Study of Covid-19 Mortality in First, Second and Third Wave of Pandemic in District Sonipat, Haryana. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2023 Feb. 27 [cited 2026 Apr. 12];11(1):47-54. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/1297
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References
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14. Ssentongo P, Ssentongo AE, Heilbrunn ES, Ba DM, Chinchilli VM. Association of cardiovascular disease and 10 other pre-existing comorbidities with COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2020 Aug 26;15(8):e0238215. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238215, PMID 32845926.
15. Ge E, Li Y, Wu S, Candido E, Wei X. Association of pre-existing comorbidities with mortality and disease severity among 167,500 individuals with COVID-19 in Canada: A population-based cohort study. PLOS ONE. 2021 Oct 5;16(10):e0258154. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258154, PMID 34610047.
16. Djaharuddin I, Munawwarah S, Nurulita A, Ilyas M, Tabri NA, Lihawa N. Comorbidities and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Gac Sanit. 2021 Jan 1;35;Suppl 2:S530-2. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.085, PMID 34929892.
References
1. Khan MMA, Khan MN, Mustagir MG, Rana J, Islam MS, Kabir MI. Effects of underlying morbidities on the occurrence of deaths in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2020 Dec;10(2):020503. doi: 10.7189/jogh.10.020503, PMID 33110586.
2. Tian H, Liu Y, Li Y, Wu CH, Chen B, Kraemer MUG et al. An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science. 2020 May 8;368(6491):638-42. doi: 10.1126/science.abb6105, PMID 32234804.
3. Gavrilova NS, Gavrilov LA. Patterns of mortality during pandemic: an example of Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. Popul Econ. 2020;4(2):56-64. doi: 10.3897/popecon.4.e53492, PMID 32656548.
4. Mathews M, Ramesan K, Kumar A, Kurian S, Divakaran B. Descriptive epidemiology of COVID-19 deaths in the first, second, and third pandemic waves: A comparative study from Southern India. Asian J Med Sci. 2022 Jul 1;13(7):1-7. doi: 10.3126/ajms.v13i7.45249.
5. World health organization. World Health Organization; 2022, Sep 20. [retrieved Sep 20, 2022 from] World Health Organisation. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/.
6. El-Shabasy RM, Nayel MA, Taher MM, Abdelmonem R, Shoueir KR, Kenawy ER. Three wave changes, new variant strains, and vaccination effect against COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022 Jan 22;204:161-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.118.
7. Mission: National Health, H. (2022, September 20). google [cited September 2022]. Available from: http://www.nhmharyana.gov.in. Available from: http://www.nhmharyana.gov.in.
8. Bauer P, Brugger J, König F, Posch M. An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 deaths in 2020: a descriptive analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 27;11(1):19143. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97711-8, PMID 34580322.
9. Kumar P. What impacts have geographical locations on the cases and deaths from COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 36 states and union territories of India:observational analysis in India-V2. 2022 Jan 6; doi:10.32388/DNCO7Z
10. Jain VK, Iyengar K, Vaish A, Vaishya R. Differential mortality in COVID-19 patients from India and western countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Sep 1;14(5):1037-41. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.067, PMID 32640415.
11. Viezzer J, Biondi D. The influence of urban, socio-economic, and eco-environmental aspects on COVID-19 cases, deaths and mortality: A multi-city case in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Sustain Cities Soc. 2021 Jun 1;69:102859. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.102859, PMID 33758745.
12. Pastorino R, Pezzullo AM, Villani L, Causio FA, Axfors C, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG et al. Change in age distribution of COVID-19 deaths with the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination. Environ Res. 2022 Mar 1;204(C):112342. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112342, PMID 34748775.
13. Islam N, Shkolnikov VM, Acosta RJ, Klimkin I, Kawachi I, Irizarry RA et al. Excess deaths associated with Covid-19 pandemic in 2020: age and sex disaggregated time series analysis in 29 high income countries. BMJ. 2021 May 19;373:n1137. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1137, PMID 34011491.
14. Ssentongo P, Ssentongo AE, Heilbrunn ES, Ba DM, Chinchilli VM. Association of cardiovascular disease and 10 other pre-existing comorbidities with COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2020 Aug 26;15(8):e0238215. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238215, PMID 32845926.
15. Ge E, Li Y, Wu S, Candido E, Wei X. Association of pre-existing comorbidities with mortality and disease severity among 167,500 individuals with COVID-19 in Canada: A population-based cohort study. PLOS ONE. 2021 Oct 5;16(10):e0258154. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258154, PMID 34610047.
16. Djaharuddin I, Munawwarah S, Nurulita A, Ilyas M, Tabri NA, Lihawa N. Comorbidities and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Gac Sanit. 2021 Jan 1;35;Suppl 2:S530-2. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.085, PMID 34929892.
2. Tian H, Liu Y, Li Y, Wu CH, Chen B, Kraemer MUG et al. An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science. 2020 May 8;368(6491):638-42. doi: 10.1126/science.abb6105, PMID 32234804.
3. Gavrilova NS, Gavrilov LA. Patterns of mortality during pandemic: an example of Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. Popul Econ. 2020;4(2):56-64. doi: 10.3897/popecon.4.e53492, PMID 32656548.
4. Mathews M, Ramesan K, Kumar A, Kurian S, Divakaran B. Descriptive epidemiology of COVID-19 deaths in the first, second, and third pandemic waves: A comparative study from Southern India. Asian J Med Sci. 2022 Jul 1;13(7):1-7. doi: 10.3126/ajms.v13i7.45249.
5. World health organization. World Health Organization; 2022, Sep 20. [retrieved Sep 20, 2022 from] World Health Organisation. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/.
6. El-Shabasy RM, Nayel MA, Taher MM, Abdelmonem R, Shoueir KR, Kenawy ER. Three wave changes, new variant strains, and vaccination effect against COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022 Jan 22;204:161-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.118.
7. Mission: National Health, H. (2022, September 20). google [cited September 2022]. Available from: http://www.nhmharyana.gov.in. Available from: http://www.nhmharyana.gov.in.
8. Bauer P, Brugger J, König F, Posch M. An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 deaths in 2020: a descriptive analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 27;11(1):19143. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97711-8, PMID 34580322.
9. Kumar P. What impacts have geographical locations on the cases and deaths from COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 36 states and union territories of India:observational analysis in India-V2. 2022 Jan 6; doi:10.32388/DNCO7Z
10. Jain VK, Iyengar K, Vaish A, Vaishya R. Differential mortality in COVID-19 patients from India and western countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Sep 1;14(5):1037-41. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.067, PMID 32640415.
11. Viezzer J, Biondi D. The influence of urban, socio-economic, and eco-environmental aspects on COVID-19 cases, deaths and mortality: A multi-city case in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Sustain Cities Soc. 2021 Jun 1;69:102859. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.102859, PMID 33758745.
12. Pastorino R, Pezzullo AM, Villani L, Causio FA, Axfors C, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG et al. Change in age distribution of COVID-19 deaths with the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination. Environ Res. 2022 Mar 1;204(C):112342. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112342, PMID 34748775.
13. Islam N, Shkolnikov VM, Acosta RJ, Klimkin I, Kawachi I, Irizarry RA et al. Excess deaths associated with Covid-19 pandemic in 2020: age and sex disaggregated time series analysis in 29 high income countries. BMJ. 2021 May 19;373:n1137. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1137, PMID 34011491.
14. Ssentongo P, Ssentongo AE, Heilbrunn ES, Ba DM, Chinchilli VM. Association of cardiovascular disease and 10 other pre-existing comorbidities with COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2020 Aug 26;15(8):e0238215. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238215, PMID 32845926.
15. Ge E, Li Y, Wu S, Candido E, Wei X. Association of pre-existing comorbidities with mortality and disease severity among 167,500 individuals with COVID-19 in Canada: A population-based cohort study. PLOS ONE. 2021 Oct 5;16(10):e0258154. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258154, PMID 34610047.
16. Djaharuddin I, Munawwarah S, Nurulita A, Ilyas M, Tabri NA, Lihawa N. Comorbidities and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Gac Sanit. 2021 Jan 1;35;Suppl 2:S530-2. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.085, PMID 34929892.