Assessment of Trunk Mobility and Upper Extremity Functions in Parkinson’s Patients
Corresponding Author(s) : Shweta Kulkarni
ammuthakare@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 10 No. 2 (2022): 2022 Volume - 10 Issue - 2
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system (CNS with both motor and nonmotor symptoms). Motor symptoms include the cardinal features of rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor, and, in later stages, postural instability. Nonmotor symptoms may precede the onset of motor symptoms by years. Early symptoms can include loss of sense of smell, constipation, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder, mood disorders, and orthostatic hypotension. Other symptoms include altered bladder function, excessive saliva, integumentary changes, difficulty speaking and swallowing, and cognitive problems. Hence the aim of the study is assessed trunk mobility and upper extremity function in Parkinson’s disease patients. Trunk mobility was assessed by Trunk Mobility Scale. The tests were performed with the patient sit-ting on a chair, with no arm support, feet on the floor and the back kept 10 cm from the chair. Scores of dynamic items range from 0 to 3. The patient that performs requested movement receives score 3. Scores 1 and 2 are attributed to individuals that perform the movements, but with compensations. The score is 1 for small compensations, and movement with no compensation receives score 0. The patient that is unable to make the 2 for great compensations. Great compensations are exaggerated movements, easily noticed by an investigator (for instance, when inclining side-ways, the patient associate trunk rotation and/or flexion and/or extension movements). Small compensations are subtle movements, but that are present when the movement is performed. In the static aspect, the sitting posture analysis may range from 0 (upright sitting position) to 4. The Upper Extremity Functional Index (UEFI) is a patient reported outcome measure used to assess the functional impairment in individuals with musculoskeletal upper limb dysfunction. The original UEFI consists of 20 questions on a 5- point rating scale assessing level of difficulty in performing activities of daily living using the upper extremities including household and work activities, hobbies, lifting a bag of groceries, washing your scalp, pushing up on your hands, driving etc.
Keywords
Parkinson’s disease
trunk mobility
bradykinesia
tremor
1.
Amey Vijay Thakare, Shweta Kulkarni. Assessment of Trunk Mobility and Upper Extremity Functions in Parkinson’s Patients. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2022 May 24 [cited 2026 May 2];10(2):165-71. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/1188
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References
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1. O’Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ, Fulk GD. Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson, J :an Essay on the shaking palsy,2002. 807,810-811.
2. Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH. Davidson’s principles and practice of medicine. 21st ed. UK: Elsevier Health Sciences; 1200. p. 2010 peg no 1199.
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4. Mak MK, Wong EC, Hui-Chan CW. Quantitative measurement of trunk rigidity in parkinsonian patients. J Neurol. 2007;254(2):202-9. doi: 10.1007/s00415-006-0327-4, PMID 17334954.
5. Wright WG, Gurfinkel VS, Nutt J, Horak FB, Cordo PJ. Axial hypertonicity in Parkinson’s disease: direct measurements of trunk and hip torque. Exp Neurol. 2007;208(1):38-46. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.07.002, PMID 17692315.
6. Stratford PW, Binkley JM, Stratford DM. Development and initial validation of the upper extremity functional index. Physiother Can. 2001;53(4):259-67.
7. Stieger MJ, Thompson PD, Marsen CD et al. Disorderd axial movement in. Parkinsons Dis. 1996;68.
8. Bridgewater KJ, Sharpe MH. Trunk muscle performance in early Parkinson’s disease. Phys Ther. 1998 Jun 1;78(6):566-76. doi: 10.1093/ptj/78.6.566, PMID 9626269.
9. Cano-de-la-Cuerda R, Vela-Desojo L, Moreno-Verdú M, Ferreira-Sánchez MDR, Macías-Macías Y, Miangolarra-Page JC. Trunk range of motion is related to axial rigidity, functional mobility and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory study. Sensors (Basel). 2020 Jan;20(9):2482. doi: 10.3390/s20092482, PMID 32349394.
10. Franco CR, Leão P, Townsend R, Rieder CR. Reliability and validity of a scale for measurement of trunk mobility in Parkinson’s disease: trunk Mobility Scale. Arq neuro psiquiatr. 2011;69(4):636-41. doi: 10.1590/s0004-282x2011000500012, PMID 21877033.
11. Artigas NR, Franco C, Leão P, Rieder CR. Postural instability and falls are more frequent in Parkinson’s disease patients with worse trunk mobility. Arq neuro psiquiatr. 2016;74(7):519-23. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20160074, PMID 27487370.
12. Wee SK, Hughes AM, Warner MB, Brown S, Cranny A, Mazomenos EB et al. Effect of trunk support on upper extremity function in people with chronic stroke and people who are healthy. Phys Ther. 2015 Aug 1;95(8):1163-71. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20140487, PMID 25721122.
References
1. O’Sullivan SB, Schmitz TJ, Fulk GD. Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson, J :an Essay on the shaking palsy,2002. 807,810-811.
2. Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH. Davidson’s principles and practice of medicine. 21st ed. UK: Elsevier Health Sciences; 1200. p. 2010 peg no 1199.
3. Van Emmerik RE, Wagenaar RC, Winogrodzka A, Wolters EC. Identification of axial rigidity during locomotion in Parkinson disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(2):186-91. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90119-3, PMID 10025495.
4. Mak MK, Wong EC, Hui-Chan CW. Quantitative measurement of trunk rigidity in parkinsonian patients. J Neurol. 2007;254(2):202-9. doi: 10.1007/s00415-006-0327-4, PMID 17334954.
5. Wright WG, Gurfinkel VS, Nutt J, Horak FB, Cordo PJ. Axial hypertonicity in Parkinson’s disease: direct measurements of trunk and hip torque. Exp Neurol. 2007;208(1):38-46. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.07.002, PMID 17692315.
6. Stratford PW, Binkley JM, Stratford DM. Development and initial validation of the upper extremity functional index. Physiother Can. 2001;53(4):259-67.
7. Stieger MJ, Thompson PD, Marsen CD et al. Disorderd axial movement in. Parkinsons Dis. 1996;68.
8. Bridgewater KJ, Sharpe MH. Trunk muscle performance in early Parkinson’s disease. Phys Ther. 1998 Jun 1;78(6):566-76. doi: 10.1093/ptj/78.6.566, PMID 9626269.
9. Cano-de-la-Cuerda R, Vela-Desojo L, Moreno-Verdú M, Ferreira-Sánchez MDR, Macías-Macías Y, Miangolarra-Page JC. Trunk range of motion is related to axial rigidity, functional mobility and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory study. Sensors (Basel). 2020 Jan;20(9):2482. doi: 10.3390/s20092482, PMID 32349394.
10. Franco CR, Leão P, Townsend R, Rieder CR. Reliability and validity of a scale for measurement of trunk mobility in Parkinson’s disease: trunk Mobility Scale. Arq neuro psiquiatr. 2011;69(4):636-41. doi: 10.1590/s0004-282x2011000500012, PMID 21877033.
11. Artigas NR, Franco C, Leão P, Rieder CR. Postural instability and falls are more frequent in Parkinson’s disease patients with worse trunk mobility. Arq neuro psiquiatr. 2016;74(7):519-23. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20160074, PMID 27487370.
12. Wee SK, Hughes AM, Warner MB, Brown S, Cranny A, Mazomenos EB et al. Effect of trunk support on upper extremity function in people with chronic stroke and people who are healthy. Phys Ther. 2015 Aug 1;95(8):1163-71. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20140487, PMID 25721122.
2. Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH. Davidson’s principles and practice of medicine. 21st ed. UK: Elsevier Health Sciences; 1200. p. 2010 peg no 1199.
3. Van Emmerik RE, Wagenaar RC, Winogrodzka A, Wolters EC. Identification of axial rigidity during locomotion in Parkinson disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(2):186-91. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90119-3, PMID 10025495.
4. Mak MK, Wong EC, Hui-Chan CW. Quantitative measurement of trunk rigidity in parkinsonian patients. J Neurol. 2007;254(2):202-9. doi: 10.1007/s00415-006-0327-4, PMID 17334954.
5. Wright WG, Gurfinkel VS, Nutt J, Horak FB, Cordo PJ. Axial hypertonicity in Parkinson’s disease: direct measurements of trunk and hip torque. Exp Neurol. 2007;208(1):38-46. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.07.002, PMID 17692315.
6. Stratford PW, Binkley JM, Stratford DM. Development and initial validation of the upper extremity functional index. Physiother Can. 2001;53(4):259-67.
7. Stieger MJ, Thompson PD, Marsen CD et al. Disorderd axial movement in. Parkinsons Dis. 1996;68.
8. Bridgewater KJ, Sharpe MH. Trunk muscle performance in early Parkinson’s disease. Phys Ther. 1998 Jun 1;78(6):566-76. doi: 10.1093/ptj/78.6.566, PMID 9626269.
9. Cano-de-la-Cuerda R, Vela-Desojo L, Moreno-Verdú M, Ferreira-Sánchez MDR, Macías-Macías Y, Miangolarra-Page JC. Trunk range of motion is related to axial rigidity, functional mobility and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory study. Sensors (Basel). 2020 Jan;20(9):2482. doi: 10.3390/s20092482, PMID 32349394.
10. Franco CR, Leão P, Townsend R, Rieder CR. Reliability and validity of a scale for measurement of trunk mobility in Parkinson’s disease: trunk Mobility Scale. Arq neuro psiquiatr. 2011;69(4):636-41. doi: 10.1590/s0004-282x2011000500012, PMID 21877033.
11. Artigas NR, Franco C, Leão P, Rieder CR. Postural instability and falls are more frequent in Parkinson’s disease patients with worse trunk mobility. Arq neuro psiquiatr. 2016;74(7):519-23. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20160074, PMID 27487370.
12. Wee SK, Hughes AM, Warner MB, Brown S, Cranny A, Mazomenos EB et al. Effect of trunk support on upper extremity function in people with chronic stroke and people who are healthy. Phys Ther. 2015 Aug 1;95(8):1163-71. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20140487, PMID 25721122.