An Investigation on the Complications associated with pregnancy and its relationship with Birth Defects
Corresponding Author(s) : G.Neelima
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): 2021 Volume - 9 Issue - 2
Abstract
Several studies have shown an increased risk of developing birth defects associated with complications experienced by the mother, exposure to various category drugs, older maternal age and larger maternal weight. Recent studies have examined the relation between these complications and the birth defects. In our study we explore the relation between several birth defects to the complications experienced by the mother. We conducted a prospective observational study in coastal area of Andhra Pradesh. We collected a total number of 304 cases from the hospital and observed the risks of developing birth defects in infants. Fisher exact test was performed for birth defects in both the exposed and the unexposed groups and their complications were used to estimate odds ratio, relative risk, attributable risk, sensitivity and specificity. The risk to benefit ratio of various drugs used during the pregnancy was calculated. Fisher exact test is used to calculate the risk assessment parameters. The results obtained from this test include thyroid (OR=3.39, RR=2.194, AR=0.2721, snout= 0.1091, spin=0.9651), preeclampsia (O, R=0.3, RR=0.3636, AR=0.1591, snout=0.01818, spin=0.9419), gestational diabetes mellitus (OR=2.42, RR=1.813, AR=0.1922, snout=0.0545, spin=0.9767), anemia (OR=1.57, RR=1.383, AR=0.0922, snout=0.01818, spin=0.9884), larger maternal weight (OR=infinity, RR=5.095, AR=0.8037, snout=0.2364, spin=1), older maternal age (OR=infinity, RR=4.909, AR=0,7963, snout=0.1698, spin=1), drug abuse (OR=3.25, RR=2.125, AR=0.26, snout=0.05455, spin=0.9826), chicken pox (OR=infinity, RR=4.185, AR=0.76, snout=0.01818, spin=1), toxoplasmosis (OR=6.67, RR=2.889, AR=0.4359, snout=0.07273, spin=0.9884), HELLP syndrome (OR=infinity, RR=4.185, AR=0.7611, snout=0.01818, spin=1), DVT (OR=0, RR=0, AR=0.25,snout=0, spin=0.9826), cardiac issues (OR=infinity, RR=4.44, AR=0.77, snout=0.0909, spin=1). From the results obtained from the odds ratio, relative risk, attributable risk, sensitivity, specificity we conclude that there is a strong relationship between the birth defects developed and the complications experienced by the mother.
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[1]. Adler NE, Cutler DM, Jonathan J, Galea S, Glymour M, Koh H and Satcher D (2016) Addressing Social Determinants of Health and Health Disparities, Discussion Paper, Vital Directions for Health and Health Care Series. National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC.
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[11]. Burd L, Deal E, Rios R, Adickes E, Wynne J and Klug MG (2007) Congenital heart defects and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Congenital heart disease2:250-255.
[12]. Chandra PC, Schiavello HJ, Ravi B, Weinstein AG and Hook F (2002) Pregnancy outcomes in urban teenagers. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics79:117-122.
[13]. Chaudhry SA, Gad N and Koren G (2014) Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien60:334-336.
[14]. Clifton V, Stark M, Osei-Kumah A and Hodyl N (2012) The feto-placental unit, pregnancy pathology and impact on long term maternal health. Placenta33:S37-S41.
[15]. Cnattingius S, Bergström R, Lipworth L and Kramer MS (1998) Prepregnancy weight and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine338:147-152.
[16]. Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, Dudley JA, Dyer S, Gideon PS, Hall K and Ray WA (2006) Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. New England Journal of Medicine354:2443-2451.
References
[2]. Aggarwal P, Chandel N, Jain V and Jha V (2012) The relationship between circulating endothelin-1, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and soluble endoglin in preeclampsia. Journal of human hypertension26:236.
[3]. Al-Jameil N, Khan FA, Khan MF and Tabassum H (2014) A brief overview of preeclampsia. Journal of clinical medicine research6:1.
[4]. Andriole VT and Patterson TF (1991) Epidemiology, natural history, and management of urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Medical Clinics of North America75:359-373.
[5]. Association AD (2004) Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care27:s88-s90.
[6]. Becerra JE, Khoury MJ, Cordero JF and Erickson JD (1990) Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and the risks for specific birth defects: a population-based case-control study. Pediatrics85:1-9.
[7]. Ben?Haroush A, Yogev Y and Hod M (2004) Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine21:103-113.
[8]. Berrébi A, Assouline C, Bessières M-H, Lathière M, Cassaing S, Minville V and Ayoubi J-M (2010) Long-term outcome of children with congenital toxoplasmosis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology203:552. e551-552. e556.
[9]. Boomsma C, Eijkemans M, Hughes E, Visser G, Fauser B and Macklon N (2006) A meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Human reproduction update12:673-683.
[10]. Born D, Martinez EE, Almeida PA, Santos DV, Carvalho AC, Moron AF, Miyasaki CH, Moraes SD and Ambrose JA (1992) Pregnancy in patients with prosthetic heart valves: the effects of anticoagulation on mother, fetus, and neonate. American heart journal124:413-417.
[11]. Burd L, Deal E, Rios R, Adickes E, Wynne J and Klug MG (2007) Congenital heart defects and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Congenital heart disease2:250-255.
[12]. Chandra PC, Schiavello HJ, Ravi B, Weinstein AG and Hook F (2002) Pregnancy outcomes in urban teenagers. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics79:117-122.
[13]. Chaudhry SA, Gad N and Koren G (2014) Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien60:334-336.
[14]. Clifton V, Stark M, Osei-Kumah A and Hodyl N (2012) The feto-placental unit, pregnancy pathology and impact on long term maternal health. Placenta33:S37-S41.
[15]. Cnattingius S, Bergström R, Lipworth L and Kramer MS (1998) Prepregnancy weight and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine338:147-152.
[16]. Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, Dudley JA, Dyer S, Gideon PS, Hall K and Ray WA (2006) Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. New England Journal of Medicine354:2443-2451.