Date Log
Submitted
June 8, 2021
Published
June 8, 2021
Pharmacological evaluation of polyherbal formulation for neuroprotective effect
Corresponding Author(s) : Syed Iqra Naznin
isyedpharma@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): 2021 Volume - 9 Issue - 2
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders share characterized with destruction of neurons and are one of the most difficult diseases to treat worldwide, especially in the elderly patient. The neuroprotective effect and LD50 of polyherbal formulation was determined in Albino wistar rat. Rats were subjected treatment with polyherbal formulation and standard drug for a period of 21 days. The nerve conduction was assessed by Tail flick and clip method, Tail immersion method. At the end of the study animals were sacrificed and the samples are used for Biochemical analysis. The phytochemical analysis of Polyherbal formulation shows positive results for glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Acute toxicity tests find no lethality or adverse reactions with elevated dose (2000 mg/kg weight of body). The neuroprotective effects are showed based on the dose.Group VIII (animals received polyherbal formulation at 600 mg/kg b.w, p.o per day). Has significant effect when compared with other groups.
Keywords
Neuroprotective
Polyherbal formulation
Sciatic nerve ligation
Syed Iqra Naznin, Tarif hussain, & Govind Pawar. (2021). Pharmacological evaluation of polyherbal formulation for neuroprotective effect. International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research, 9(2), 251–258. https://doi.org/10.61096/ijamscr.v9.iss2.2021.251-258
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References
-
1. Kochupilai N. Clinical endocrinology in India. Curr Sci. 2000; 79:1061-7.
2. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21(9):1414-31. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.9.1414, PMID 9727886.
3. Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R, Malik RA, Maser RE, Sosenko JM, Ziegler D, American Diabetes Association. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(4):956-62. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.4.956, PMID 15793206.
4. Vinik AI, Mehrabyan A. Diabetic neuropathies. Med Clin North Am. 2004; 88(4):947-99, xi. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2004.04.009, PMID 15308387.
5. Obrosova IG. Diabetic Painful and Insensate Neuropathy: pathogenesis and Potential treatments. Neurotherapeutics. 2009; 6(4):638-47. doi: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.07.004, PMID 19789069.
6. Greene DA, Stevens MJ, Obrosova I, Feldman EL. Glucose-induced oxidative stress and programmed cell death in diabetic neuropathy. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999; 375(1-3):217-23. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00356-8, PMID 10443578.
7. Platel K, Srinivasan K. Plant foods in the management of diabetes mellitus: vegetables as potential hypoglycaemic agents. Nahrung. 1997; 41(2):68-74. doi: 10.1002/food.19970410203, PMID 9188186.
8. Kar A, Choudhary BK, Bandyopadhyay NG. Comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some Indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 84(1):105-8. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00144-7, PMID 12499084.
9. Frankish N, de Sousa Menezes F, Mills C, Sheridan H. Enhancement of insulin release from the beta-cell line INS-1 by an ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata and its major constituent rose side. Planta Med. 2010; 76(10):995-7. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1240868, PMID 20143296.
10. Swain LA, Downum KR. Light-activated toxins of the Moraceae. Biochem Syst Ecol. 1990; 18(2-3):153-6. doi: 10.1016/0305-1978(90)90052-H.
11. Mishra A, Kumar S, Bhargava A, Sharma B, Pandey AK. Studies on in vitro antioxidant and antistaphylococcal activities of some important medicinal plants. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2011; 57(1):16-25. PMID 21366958.
12. Zhao Y, Ye W, Boye KS, Holcombe JH, Hall JA, Swindle R. Prevalence of other diabetes-associated complications and comorbidities and its impact on health care charges among patients with diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2010; 24(1):9-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.09.001, PMID 18930413.
13. Taylor VH, MacQueen GM. Cognitive dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev. 2007; 8(5):409-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00401.x, PMID 17716298.
14. Biessels GJ, Kappelle AC, Bravenboer B, Erkelens DW, Gispen WH. Cerebral function in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1994; 37(7):643-50. doi: 10.1007/BF00417687, PMID 7958534.
15. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA. 2005; 293(2):217-28. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.2.217, PMID 15644549.
16. Simmons Z, Feldman EL, Williams R, Herman W, Kinmonth AL, Wareham NJ. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy. The Evid Base Diabetes Care. 2002:555-76.
17. Wernicke JF, Pritchett YL, D’Souza DN, Waninger A, Tran P, Iyengar S, Raskin J. A randomized controlled trial of duloxetine in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Neurology. 2006; 67(8):1411-20. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000240225.04000.1a, PMID 17060567.
18. Kochar DK, Rawat N, Agrawal RP, Vyas A, Beniwal R, and Kochar SK, Garg P. Sodium valproate for painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized double-blind placebo- controlled study. Qjm. 2004; 97(1):33-8. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hch007, PMID 14702509.
19. Dallocchio C, Buffa C, Mazzarello P, Chiroli S. Gabapentin vs. amitriptyline in painful diabetic neuropathy: an open-label pilot study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000; 20(4):280-5. doi: 10.1016/s0885-3924(00)00181-0, PMID 11027910.
20. Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Backonja M, Farrar JT, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS, Kalso EA, Loeser JD, Miaskowski C, Nurmikko TJ, Portenoy RK, Rice ASC, Stacey BR, Treede RD, Turk DC, Wallace MS. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain. 2007b; 132(3):237-51. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.033, PMID 17920770.
21. Effect of treatment with capsaicin on daily activities of patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Capsaicin Study Group. Diabetes Care. 1992; 15(2):159-65. doi: 10.2337/diacare.15.2.159, PMID 1547671.
22. Barbano RL, Herrmann DN, Hart-Gouleau S, Pennella-Vaughan J, Lodewick PA, Dworkin RH. Effectiveness, tolerability, and impact on quality of life of the 5% lidocaine patch in diabetic polyneuropathy. Arch Neurol. 2004; 61(6):914-8. doi: 10.1001/archneur.61.6.914, PMID 15210530.
23. Rao UM, Sreenivasulu M, Chengaiah B, Reddy JK, Madhusudhana C. The ayurvedic formulary of India, page no-919. 24. Chetty Herb Med Diabetes Mellitus Rev IJPTR. 2010; 2(3):1883-92.
24. Nikhil K. Sachan, YatindraKumar, SeemaPushkar, R.N. Thakur, Sudhir.
25. Purohit, Prajapati. A hand book of medicinal plants: a complete source book. Longman orient, Indian medicinal plants (a compodium of 500 species). New York: Longman Pvt Ltd.; 2002.
26. Yognarasimhan SN. Medicinal plants of India Vol. 2nd, Tamil nadu: interline publishing pvt Ltd., Banglore& dehradun. India; 2000.
27. Khandelwal. Practical pharmacognosy. 19th ed. Pune: Niraliprakashan; 2008.
28. Husain A, Virmani OP, Popli SP, Misra LN, Gupta MM, Srivastava GN, et al. Dictionary of Indian medicinal. Plants Luck now, India: CIMAP; 1992. p. 546.
29. Joseph, Baby, Raj SJ. Phytopharmacological and phytochemical properties of three Ficus species-an overview. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2010:246-53.
30. Agarwal V, Chauhan BM. A study on composition and hypolipidemic effect of dietary fibre from some plant foods. Plant Food Hum Nutr. 1988; 38(2):189-97. doi: 10.1007/BF01091723, PMID 189197.
31. Khan N, Sultana S. Chemomodulatory effect of Ficus racemosa extract against chemically induced renal carcinogenesis and oxidative damage response in Wistar rats. Life Sci. 2005a; 77(11):1194-210. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.041, PMID 15885707.
32. Biswas TK, Mukherjee B. Plant medicines of Indian origin for wound healing activity: a review. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2003; 2(1):25-39. doi: 10.1177/1534734603002001006, PMID 15866825.
33. Veerapur VP, Prabhakar KR, Parihar VK, Kandadi MR, Ramakrishana S, Mishra B, Satish Rao BS, Srinivasan KK, Priyadarsini KI, Unnikrishnan MK. Ficus racemosa stem bark extract: a potent antioxidant and a probable natural radioprotector. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009;6(3):317-24. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem119, PMID 18955240.
34. Ahmed F, Urooj A. Anticholinesterase activities of cold and hot aqueous extracts of F. racemosa stem bark. Pharmacogn Mag. 2010;6(22):142-4. doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.62897, PMID 20668582.
35. Malairajan P, Geetha Gopalakrishnan, Narasimhan S, Jessi Kala Veni K. Analgesic activity of some Indian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;106(3):425-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.015.
References
1. Kochupilai N. Clinical endocrinology in India. Curr Sci. 2000; 79:1061-7.
2. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21(9):1414-31. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.9.1414, PMID 9727886.
3. Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R, Malik RA, Maser RE, Sosenko JM, Ziegler D, American Diabetes Association. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(4):956-62. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.4.956, PMID 15793206.
4. Vinik AI, Mehrabyan A. Diabetic neuropathies. Med Clin North Am. 2004; 88(4):947-99, xi. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2004.04.009, PMID 15308387.
5. Obrosova IG. Diabetic Painful and Insensate Neuropathy: pathogenesis and Potential treatments. Neurotherapeutics. 2009; 6(4):638-47. doi: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.07.004, PMID 19789069.
6. Greene DA, Stevens MJ, Obrosova I, Feldman EL. Glucose-induced oxidative stress and programmed cell death in diabetic neuropathy. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999; 375(1-3):217-23. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00356-8, PMID 10443578.
7. Platel K, Srinivasan K. Plant foods in the management of diabetes mellitus: vegetables as potential hypoglycaemic agents. Nahrung. 1997; 41(2):68-74. doi: 10.1002/food.19970410203, PMID 9188186.
8. Kar A, Choudhary BK, Bandyopadhyay NG. Comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some Indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 84(1):105-8. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00144-7, PMID 12499084.
9. Frankish N, de Sousa Menezes F, Mills C, Sheridan H. Enhancement of insulin release from the beta-cell line INS-1 by an ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata and its major constituent rose side. Planta Med. 2010; 76(10):995-7. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1240868, PMID 20143296.
10. Swain LA, Downum KR. Light-activated toxins of the Moraceae. Biochem Syst Ecol. 1990; 18(2-3):153-6. doi: 10.1016/0305-1978(90)90052-H.
11. Mishra A, Kumar S, Bhargava A, Sharma B, Pandey AK. Studies on in vitro antioxidant and antistaphylococcal activities of some important medicinal plants. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2011; 57(1):16-25. PMID 21366958.
12. Zhao Y, Ye W, Boye KS, Holcombe JH, Hall JA, Swindle R. Prevalence of other diabetes-associated complications and comorbidities and its impact on health care charges among patients with diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2010; 24(1):9-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.09.001, PMID 18930413.
13. Taylor VH, MacQueen GM. Cognitive dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev. 2007; 8(5):409-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00401.x, PMID 17716298.
14. Biessels GJ, Kappelle AC, Bravenboer B, Erkelens DW, Gispen WH. Cerebral function in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1994; 37(7):643-50. doi: 10.1007/BF00417687, PMID 7958534.
15. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA. 2005; 293(2):217-28. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.2.217, PMID 15644549.
16. Simmons Z, Feldman EL, Williams R, Herman W, Kinmonth AL, Wareham NJ. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy. The Evid Base Diabetes Care. 2002:555-76.
17. Wernicke JF, Pritchett YL, D’Souza DN, Waninger A, Tran P, Iyengar S, Raskin J. A randomized controlled trial of duloxetine in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Neurology. 2006; 67(8):1411-20. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000240225.04000.1a, PMID 17060567.
18. Kochar DK, Rawat N, Agrawal RP, Vyas A, Beniwal R, and Kochar SK, Garg P. Sodium valproate for painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized double-blind placebo- controlled study. Qjm. 2004; 97(1):33-8. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hch007, PMID 14702509.
19. Dallocchio C, Buffa C, Mazzarello P, Chiroli S. Gabapentin vs. amitriptyline in painful diabetic neuropathy: an open-label pilot study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000; 20(4):280-5. doi: 10.1016/s0885-3924(00)00181-0, PMID 11027910.
20. Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Backonja M, Farrar JT, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS, Kalso EA, Loeser JD, Miaskowski C, Nurmikko TJ, Portenoy RK, Rice ASC, Stacey BR, Treede RD, Turk DC, Wallace MS. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain. 2007b; 132(3):237-51. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.033, PMID 17920770.
21. Effect of treatment with capsaicin on daily activities of patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Capsaicin Study Group. Diabetes Care. 1992; 15(2):159-65. doi: 10.2337/diacare.15.2.159, PMID 1547671.
22. Barbano RL, Herrmann DN, Hart-Gouleau S, Pennella-Vaughan J, Lodewick PA, Dworkin RH. Effectiveness, tolerability, and impact on quality of life of the 5% lidocaine patch in diabetic polyneuropathy. Arch Neurol. 2004; 61(6):914-8. doi: 10.1001/archneur.61.6.914, PMID 15210530.
23. Rao UM, Sreenivasulu M, Chengaiah B, Reddy JK, Madhusudhana C. The ayurvedic formulary of India, page no-919. 24. Chetty Herb Med Diabetes Mellitus Rev IJPTR. 2010; 2(3):1883-92.
24. Nikhil K. Sachan, YatindraKumar, SeemaPushkar, R.N. Thakur, Sudhir.
25. Purohit, Prajapati. A hand book of medicinal plants: a complete source book. Longman orient, Indian medicinal plants (a compodium of 500 species). New York: Longman Pvt Ltd.; 2002.
26. Yognarasimhan SN. Medicinal plants of India Vol. 2nd, Tamil nadu: interline publishing pvt Ltd., Banglore& dehradun. India; 2000.
27. Khandelwal. Practical pharmacognosy. 19th ed. Pune: Niraliprakashan; 2008.
28. Husain A, Virmani OP, Popli SP, Misra LN, Gupta MM, Srivastava GN, et al. Dictionary of Indian medicinal. Plants Luck now, India: CIMAP; 1992. p. 546.
29. Joseph, Baby, Raj SJ. Phytopharmacological and phytochemical properties of three Ficus species-an overview. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2010:246-53.
30. Agarwal V, Chauhan BM. A study on composition and hypolipidemic effect of dietary fibre from some plant foods. Plant Food Hum Nutr. 1988; 38(2):189-97. doi: 10.1007/BF01091723, PMID 189197.
31. Khan N, Sultana S. Chemomodulatory effect of Ficus racemosa extract against chemically induced renal carcinogenesis and oxidative damage response in Wistar rats. Life Sci. 2005a; 77(11):1194-210. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.041, PMID 15885707.
32. Biswas TK, Mukherjee B. Plant medicines of Indian origin for wound healing activity: a review. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2003; 2(1):25-39. doi: 10.1177/1534734603002001006, PMID 15866825.
33. Veerapur VP, Prabhakar KR, Parihar VK, Kandadi MR, Ramakrishana S, Mishra B, Satish Rao BS, Srinivasan KK, Priyadarsini KI, Unnikrishnan MK. Ficus racemosa stem bark extract: a potent antioxidant and a probable natural radioprotector. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009;6(3):317-24. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem119, PMID 18955240.
34. Ahmed F, Urooj A. Anticholinesterase activities of cold and hot aqueous extracts of F. racemosa stem bark. Pharmacogn Mag. 2010;6(22):142-4. doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.62897, PMID 20668582.
35. Malairajan P, Geetha Gopalakrishnan, Narasimhan S, Jessi Kala Veni K. Analgesic activity of some Indian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;106(3):425-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.015.
2. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21(9):1414-31. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.9.1414, PMID 9727886.
3. Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R, Malik RA, Maser RE, Sosenko JM, Ziegler D, American Diabetes Association. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(4):956-62. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.4.956, PMID 15793206.
4. Vinik AI, Mehrabyan A. Diabetic neuropathies. Med Clin North Am. 2004; 88(4):947-99, xi. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2004.04.009, PMID 15308387.
5. Obrosova IG. Diabetic Painful and Insensate Neuropathy: pathogenesis and Potential treatments. Neurotherapeutics. 2009; 6(4):638-47. doi: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.07.004, PMID 19789069.
6. Greene DA, Stevens MJ, Obrosova I, Feldman EL. Glucose-induced oxidative stress and programmed cell death in diabetic neuropathy. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999; 375(1-3):217-23. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00356-8, PMID 10443578.
7. Platel K, Srinivasan K. Plant foods in the management of diabetes mellitus: vegetables as potential hypoglycaemic agents. Nahrung. 1997; 41(2):68-74. doi: 10.1002/food.19970410203, PMID 9188186.
8. Kar A, Choudhary BK, Bandyopadhyay NG. Comparative evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of some Indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 84(1):105-8. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00144-7, PMID 12499084.
9. Frankish N, de Sousa Menezes F, Mills C, Sheridan H. Enhancement of insulin release from the beta-cell line INS-1 by an ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata and its major constituent rose side. Planta Med. 2010; 76(10):995-7. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1240868, PMID 20143296.
10. Swain LA, Downum KR. Light-activated toxins of the Moraceae. Biochem Syst Ecol. 1990; 18(2-3):153-6. doi: 10.1016/0305-1978(90)90052-H.
11. Mishra A, Kumar S, Bhargava A, Sharma B, Pandey AK. Studies on in vitro antioxidant and antistaphylococcal activities of some important medicinal plants. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2011; 57(1):16-25. PMID 21366958.
12. Zhao Y, Ye W, Boye KS, Holcombe JH, Hall JA, Swindle R. Prevalence of other diabetes-associated complications and comorbidities and its impact on health care charges among patients with diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2010; 24(1):9-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2008.09.001, PMID 18930413.
13. Taylor VH, MacQueen GM. Cognitive dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev. 2007; 8(5):409-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00401.x, PMID 17716298.
14. Biessels GJ, Kappelle AC, Bravenboer B, Erkelens DW, Gispen WH. Cerebral function in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1994; 37(7):643-50. doi: 10.1007/BF00417687, PMID 7958534.
15. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA. 2005; 293(2):217-28. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.2.217, PMID 15644549.
16. Simmons Z, Feldman EL, Williams R, Herman W, Kinmonth AL, Wareham NJ. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy. The Evid Base Diabetes Care. 2002:555-76.
17. Wernicke JF, Pritchett YL, D’Souza DN, Waninger A, Tran P, Iyengar S, Raskin J. A randomized controlled trial of duloxetine in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Neurology. 2006; 67(8):1411-20. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000240225.04000.1a, PMID 17060567.
18. Kochar DK, Rawat N, Agrawal RP, Vyas A, Beniwal R, and Kochar SK, Garg P. Sodium valproate for painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized double-blind placebo- controlled study. Qjm. 2004; 97(1):33-8. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hch007, PMID 14702509.
19. Dallocchio C, Buffa C, Mazzarello P, Chiroli S. Gabapentin vs. amitriptyline in painful diabetic neuropathy: an open-label pilot study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000; 20(4):280-5. doi: 10.1016/s0885-3924(00)00181-0, PMID 11027910.
20. Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Backonja M, Farrar JT, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS, Kalso EA, Loeser JD, Miaskowski C, Nurmikko TJ, Portenoy RK, Rice ASC, Stacey BR, Treede RD, Turk DC, Wallace MS. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain. 2007b; 132(3):237-51. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.033, PMID 17920770.
21. Effect of treatment with capsaicin on daily activities of patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Capsaicin Study Group. Diabetes Care. 1992; 15(2):159-65. doi: 10.2337/diacare.15.2.159, PMID 1547671.
22. Barbano RL, Herrmann DN, Hart-Gouleau S, Pennella-Vaughan J, Lodewick PA, Dworkin RH. Effectiveness, tolerability, and impact on quality of life of the 5% lidocaine patch in diabetic polyneuropathy. Arch Neurol. 2004; 61(6):914-8. doi: 10.1001/archneur.61.6.914, PMID 15210530.
23. Rao UM, Sreenivasulu M, Chengaiah B, Reddy JK, Madhusudhana C. The ayurvedic formulary of India, page no-919. 24. Chetty Herb Med Diabetes Mellitus Rev IJPTR. 2010; 2(3):1883-92.
24. Nikhil K. Sachan, YatindraKumar, SeemaPushkar, R.N. Thakur, Sudhir.
25. Purohit, Prajapati. A hand book of medicinal plants: a complete source book. Longman orient, Indian medicinal plants (a compodium of 500 species). New York: Longman Pvt Ltd.; 2002.
26. Yognarasimhan SN. Medicinal plants of India Vol. 2nd, Tamil nadu: interline publishing pvt Ltd., Banglore& dehradun. India; 2000.
27. Khandelwal. Practical pharmacognosy. 19th ed. Pune: Niraliprakashan; 2008.
28. Husain A, Virmani OP, Popli SP, Misra LN, Gupta MM, Srivastava GN, et al. Dictionary of Indian medicinal. Plants Luck now, India: CIMAP; 1992. p. 546.
29. Joseph, Baby, Raj SJ. Phytopharmacological and phytochemical properties of three Ficus species-an overview. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2010:246-53.
30. Agarwal V, Chauhan BM. A study on composition and hypolipidemic effect of dietary fibre from some plant foods. Plant Food Hum Nutr. 1988; 38(2):189-97. doi: 10.1007/BF01091723, PMID 189197.
31. Khan N, Sultana S. Chemomodulatory effect of Ficus racemosa extract against chemically induced renal carcinogenesis and oxidative damage response in Wistar rats. Life Sci. 2005a; 77(11):1194-210. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.041, PMID 15885707.
32. Biswas TK, Mukherjee B. Plant medicines of Indian origin for wound healing activity: a review. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2003; 2(1):25-39. doi: 10.1177/1534734603002001006, PMID 15866825.
33. Veerapur VP, Prabhakar KR, Parihar VK, Kandadi MR, Ramakrishana S, Mishra B, Satish Rao BS, Srinivasan KK, Priyadarsini KI, Unnikrishnan MK. Ficus racemosa stem bark extract: a potent antioxidant and a probable natural radioprotector. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009;6(3):317-24. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem119, PMID 18955240.
34. Ahmed F, Urooj A. Anticholinesterase activities of cold and hot aqueous extracts of F. racemosa stem bark. Pharmacogn Mag. 2010;6(22):142-4. doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.62897, PMID 20668582.
35. Malairajan P, Geetha Gopalakrishnan, Narasimhan S, Jessi Kala Veni K. Analgesic activity of some Indian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;106(3):425-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.015.
