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  <front>
    <article-meta>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correlation of attitude and knowledge towards sadari in dayak tribe community in samarinda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="author">
        <contrib contrib-type="person">
          <name>
            <given-names>Evy Nurachma</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>hjevynurachma@yahoo.com.id</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff-1">
        <institution>Doctoral Management Education Program, College Education of Mulawaraman University East Borneo, Indonesia.</institution>
        <country>Indonesia</country>
      </aff>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-08-14">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date data-type="published" iso-8601-date="2020-08-14">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig>
      <graphic mimetype="image" mime-subtype="jpeg" xlink:href="image1.jpeg"/>
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    <p>
      <bold>www.ijamscr.com</bold>
    </p>
    <sec id="sec-1">
      <title>Correlation of attitude and knowledge towards sadari in dayak tribe community in samarinda</title>
      <p>
        <bold>E</bold>
        <bold>vy </bold>
        <bold>Nurachma¹, </bold>
        <bold>Encik</bold>
        <bold> widyani², </bold>
        <bold>Hasbi</bold>
        <bold> Syamsir³</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <italic>Doctoral Management Education Program, College Education of Mulawaraman University </italic>
        <italic>East </italic>
        <italic>Borneo</italic>
        <italic>, Indonesia</italic>
        <italic>.</italic>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>*Corresponding Author: </bold>
        <bold>Evy</bold>
        <bold>Nurachma</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Email id:</bold>
        <bold>hjevynurachma@yahoo.com.id</bold>
      </p>
      <sec id="sec-1_1">
        <title>
          <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
        </title>
        <p><bold>Sadari</bold> is an early detection method for breast cancer.  Information on Sadari may motivate the Dayaks to enhance their knowledge of Sadari.  Through increasing knowledge, their awareness of the importance of Sadari could be affected and make them practicing the Sadari regularly.  According to the Dayak;s believe, whenever they catch a signal of certain bird or other animal, they should perform ritual by delivering offers in order to chase a supernatural force away.   Parung Maya is a supernatural force that is very feared by the community because it is believed to cause immediate death.  There are still many in the Dayak Kenyah tribe who think that swollen breasts accompanied by dimpling signs and discharge is a curse that must be treated traditionally. Thus, they performed Parung Maya during sunset, a supernatural force, using a machete with Linjuang leaves that look like a single legged knife.  This study aimed to identify correlation between Attitude and knowledge of The Dayak Tribe in Pampang, Samarinda, East Kalmantan, towards Sadari. </p>
        <sec id="sec-1_1_1">
          <title>
            <bold>Research Design</bold>
          </title>
          <p>This study was using a quasi experimental design with one group pretest and posttest model.  The sample was consisted of 122 woman from Dayak Kenyah tribe that obtained from Cluster Random Sampling and Simple Random Sampling.   Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to respondents. Data analysis techniques using univariate analysis and bivariate analysis using the Marginal Homogeneity test and Mc Nemar test.</p>
          <p>The results showed that there was a significant correlation between Sadari and knowledge in the community of Dayak Kenyah Tribe (<italic>p value</italic>(0,0001) &lt; α (0,05).  There was also significant correlation between Sadari and attitude of the Dayak with <italic>p value</italic> (0,002)) &lt; α (0,05), indicating significant differences of the Dayaks attitude and knowledge before and after health education dissemination. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec id="sec-1_1_2">
          <title>
            <bold>Summary </bold>
          </title>
          <p>It is recommended that The Dayak Kenyah need to be encouraged to implement Sadari in their daily lives and be motivated to find information about their reproductive health<bold>. </bold></p>
          <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Knowledge, Dayak tribe, Sadari, Attitude</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-1_2">
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      <sec id="sec-1_3"/>
      <sec id="sec-1_4">
        <title>
          <bold>Introduction</bold>
        </title>
        <p>Dayaks have a profound contact with myths, namely an event that is considered sacred, or an event experienced directly by the ancestors.  Although the time of occurrence of the incident cannot be ascertained historically, but the history of the event for the Dayaks serves as the norm of life. All kinds of objects are considered to have supernatural power that can provide good or bad. Believing in talismans, in the form of objects made with certain rules, either the paper, the ink, and time of production, the techniques and the verses written in the form of numbers or certain sentences [1-5]. </p>
        <p>Non-contagious diseases, including cancer, are the main problems both in the world and in Indonesia. According to data from WHO (2013), cancer cases increased from 12.7 million in 2008 to 14.1 million cases in 2012.  Meanwhile, the number of deaths increased from 7.6 million people in 2008 to 8.2 million in 2012.  Cancer is the number 2 cause of death in the world by 13% after cardiovascular disease. It is estimated that in 2030 cancer cases can reach 26 million, in which 17 million of them die.  This rate will be faster in poor and developing countries (Ministry of Health, 2014).</p>
        <p>Believes in supernatural power: Mostly occur in the countryside and the city. These supernatural powers are magical and having positive or negative forces  that are usually called white magic or black magic. The white is not always good, so does the black is not always evil. The source of this belief  comes from  the local indigenous culture, namely from Kahariangan or hills, in which there are supernatural power can be used to kill or to destroy people's lives.   Parung Maya is a supernatural force that is very feared  by the Dayaks since  this power may kill people immediately. Those who do the Maya parung with magical powers, usually use machetes with linjuang leaves that look like a single legged knife at dusk. Believes in supernatural power, so that if they experience swelling in the breast or breast, the pain is caused by spirit intrusion [6-11].</p>
        <p>Based on the data obtained from Dharmais Cancer Hospital (2010), breast cancer was in first rank of the 10 largest cancers.  Almost 85% of breast cancer patients come to the hospital in an advanced stage. This will affect the patient's prognosis and cure rate, if breast cancer is found in the early stages, the patient's recovery rate will be very good. One way to detect breast cancer very easily and without having to incur costs is to check it regularly, Dharmais Hospital, (2016).</p>
        <p>The Head of the Division of Disease Control and Environmental Health of the East Kalimantan Provincial Health Office said that the cancer case is one of the deadliest diseases and causes a huge burden for the community where the prevalence reaches 1.4%.  Breast cancer is the highest case in East Kalimantan, followed by cervical cancer, retinoblastoma ( eye cancer) and Leukemia cases (Provincial Health Office of East Kalimantan, 2016). The number of cases of those 4 diseases increased by 56.28% in just 1 year (East Kalimantan Provincial Health Office, 2016).</p>
        <p>A research on the effectiveness of health education about Sadari in the Dayak tribe found out that the Dayak did not know how to conduct Sadari. The Dayak were not even considering conducting Sadari.  The Dayaks were also fear of finding something bad.  Those are their reasons for not conducting Sadari.  Yet, after being given health education about Sadari, there were improvement of knowledge and changes in attitudes among Dayak tribes to perform Sadari (Ozdemir et al, 2007).  Study conducted by Susanti (2014) also mentioned an increase in knowledge and changes in attitude on respondents after giving health education abut Sadari for early detection of breast cancer.</p>
        <sec id="sec-1_4_1"/>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-1_5">
        <title>
          <bold>Methodology of Research </bold>
        </title>
        <p>This research was conducted using quasi experiment design by performing One Group Pre-test and Post Test design model.  The group were given a pre-test prior treatment and a post-test after being given treatment. The independent variable (free) in this study was Knowledge and Attitude about Sadari, while the dependent variable (bound) in this study was Health Education about Sadari. Data was obtained through questionnaires. The association between the variables was evaluated by   Marginal Homogeneity significance test and Mc Nemar significance test.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-1_6"/>
      <sec id="sec-1_7">
        <title>
          <bold>Results</bold>
        </title>
        <sec id="sec-1_7_1">
          <title>
            <bold>Univariate</bold>
            <bold> analysis</bold>
          </title>
          <p>
            <bold>Table 1.</bold>
            <bold> Distribution Frequency of Respondents Based on their knowledge of </bold>
            <bold>Sadari</bold>
            <bold> prior and post Health education</bold>
          </p>
          <table-wrap>
            <table>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="6">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Categories</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Prior Health Education</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Post Health Education</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td>
                  <bold>F</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Percentage   (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>f</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Percentage (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="4">Knowledge</td>
                <td>Good</td>
                <td>14</td>
                <td>11,5</td>
                <td>107</td>
                <td>87,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td>Moderate</td>
                <td>52</td>
                <td>42,6</td>
                <td>14</td>
                <td>11,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td>Less</td>
                <td>56</td>
                <td>45,9</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td>122</td>
                <td>100</td>
                <td>122</td>
                <td>100</td>
              </tr>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <italic>Source: Primary Data 2017</italic>
          </p>
          <p>The results of the pre-test and post-test showed that after being given health education about Sadari there was an increase of the knowledge of almost all teenage girls.  As many as 107 respondents (87.7%) were in “Good” category and only 1 respondent (8%), was in “Less” category (Table 1).</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Table 2.</bold>
            <bold> Distribution Frequency of Respondents Based on their Attitudes towards </bold>
            <bold>Sadari</bold>
            <bold> prior and post Health education</bold>
          </p>
          <table-wrap>
            <table>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Variables</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Categories</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Prior Health Education</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Post Health Education</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3"/>
                <td/>
                <td>
                  <bold>F</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Percentage (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>f</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Percentage (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Sikap</td>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td>Positive</td>
                <td>113</td>
                <td>92,6</td>
                <td>122</td>
                <td>100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td>Negative</td>
                <td>9</td>
                <td>7,4</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td/>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td>122</td>
                <td>100</td>
                <td>122</td>
                <td>100</td>
              </tr>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <italic>Source: Primary Data 2017</italic>
          </p>
          <p>The attitude of the respondents towards Sadari increased significantly to 100% where 122 respondents gave positive perspective toward Sadari (Table 2)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec id="sec-1_7_2">
          <title>
            <bold>Bivariate Analysis</bold>
          </title>
          <p>
            <bold>Table 3.</bold>
            <bold> Advantage of Health education about </bold>
            <bold>Sadari</bold>
            <bold>Toward</bold>
            <bold> the Knowledge of The </bold>
            <bold>Dayaks</bold>
            <bold> in </bold>
            <bold>Samarinda</bold>
          </p>
          <table-wrap>
            <table>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="5"/>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Knowledge after Health Education </bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>p</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"/>
                <td>
                  <bold>Good</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Moderate</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Less</bold>
                </td>
                <td/>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Knowledge before Health Education</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Good</bold>
                </td>
                <td>14</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>14</td>
                <td rowspan="3">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td>
                  <bold>Moderate</bold>
                </td>
                <td>41</td>
                <td>11</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>52</td>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td>
                  <bold>Less</bold>
                </td>
                <td>52</td>
                <td>3</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>56</td>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td/>
                <td>107</td>
                <td>14</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>122</td>
                <td/>
              </tr>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <italic>Source: Primary Data 2017</italic>
          </p>
          <p><italic>*Results of Marginal Homogeneity</italic> Test</p>
          <p>Variable of Knowledge showed that <italic>p value</italic> was 0,0001 &lt; α 0,05, therefore Ho was rejected.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Table 4.</bold>
            <bold>  Health Education </bold>
            <bold>Towards The</bold>
            <bold>Dayak’s</bold>
            <bold> Attitude in </bold>
            <bold>Samarinda</bold>
          </p>
          <table-wrap>
            <table>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="4"/>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Attitude after Health Education</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>p</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2"/>
                <td>
                  <bold>Positive</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Negative</bold>
                </td>
                <td/>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Attitude before Health Education</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <bold>Positive</bold>
                </td>
                <td>112</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>112</td>
                <td rowspan="2">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td/>
                <td>
                  <bold>Negative</bold>
                </td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>10</td>
                <td>10</td>
                <td/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td/>
                <td>112</td>
                <td/>
                <td>122</td>
                <td/>
              </tr>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <italic>Source: Primary Data 2017</italic>
          </p>
          <p>
            <italic>*</italic>
            <italic>Resutls</italic>
            <italic> of </italic>
            <italic>Mc</italic>
            <italic>Nemar</italic>
            <italic> Test</italic>
          </p>
          <p>Table 4 showed that p value was 0,002 &lt; α 0,05, and Ho was rejected.  For the test, it could be concluded that there is significant association found between the knowledge about Sadari on the knowledge and attitude of the Dayaks. </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-1_8">
        <title>
          <bold>Discussions</bold>
        </title>
        <sec id="sec-1_8_1">
          <title>
            <bold>Knowledge about </bold>
            <bold>Sadari</bold>
            <bold> in </bold>
            <bold>Dayak</bold>
            <bold> Tribe </bold>
            <bold>before </bold>
            <bold>and after Health Education </bold>
          </title>
          <p>Almost half of 122 respondents (45.9%) were in “Less” category before being given health education. After health education, most of the respondents (87.7%) was in “Good” category.  A study by Tieng'O <italic>et al</italic> (2011) showed that knowledge of breast cancer examinations among women in Gaborone, Botswana was low.  Knowledge of breast cancer is very important to make sure that women come to health facilities for diagnosis and treatment. The negative attitude of those women towards breast cancer examination is based on the lack of their knowledge.</p>
          <p>The results of this study are in accordance with Agustiningsih's (2011) study that is proofing that health education could increase the knowledge of female adolescents, and after given health education there was an increase in the average number of female adolescents performing Sadari. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec id="sec-1_8_2">
          <title>
            <bold>Attitude of </bold>
            <bold>The</bold>
            <bold>Dayaks</bold>
            <bold> Toward</bold>
            <bold>s</bold>
            <bold>Sadari</bold>
            <bold> before and after Health Education</bold>
          </title>
          <p>Based on the results of the study, almost all of the Dayaks (113 out of 122 respondents / 92.6%) already had a positive / impartial attitude towards Sadari prior to health education.  The number increased to 100% positive attitude after the Dayaks being given health education. </p>
          <p>The negative attitude of some respondents is due to unawareness about Sadari and lack of information on how to perform Sadari.  On the other hand, respondents with positive attitude are those who have done Sadari although in improper method or improper time, that is 5-10 days after the first menstrual day, and was not routinely done (Marmi, 2013).</p>
          <p>The result of this study is supported by research conducted by Viviyanti's (2014) that found an increase value of the attitudes of the Dayak tribe after attending health education.  In addition, Tieng'O <italic>et al</italic>., (2011) concluded that most of the women in his study supported breast cancer detection and believed that breast cancer can be prevented.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec id="sec-1_8_3">
          <title>
            <bold>Correlation between Shelf detection of breast toward Knowledge and Attitude of </bold>
            <bold>Dayak</bold>
            <bold> Tribe in </bold>
            <bold>Samarinda</bold>
          </title>
          <p>There were significant differences in the knowledge (p value = 0.0001 &lt;0.05) and attitude (p value = 0.0002 &lt;0.05) of the Dayaks in Samarinda toward Sadari before and after being given health education.   </p>
          <p>This is in accordance with the goals of health education, namely changing the attitudes of individuals, groups, and society towards positive things that are planned through the learning process (Mubarak and Nurul, 2009).  Novita and Frasciska (2012) stated that health education can increase public knowledge and understanding of health issues and can determine their decisions to change their attitudes on the basis of health provided.   This is also in accordance with the research performed by Memis and Sakin (2009) which found that health education and demonstration of Sadari that delivered by either nurse or midwifery had a positive impact on one's knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-1_9">
        <title>
          <bold>Conclusions</bold>
        </title>
        <p>The Knowledge of the Dayaks in Samarinda before being given health education about Sadari was in Moderate category (45.9%), and the level increased to 87.7% after being given health education.  Most of the Dayak in Samarinda have positive attitude (92.6%) before being given health education about Sadari. The percentage reached 100% after being given health education.  </p>
        <p>There were strong correlation between health education about Sadari and knowledge and attitudes of the Dayak tribe.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec-1_10">
        <title>
          <bold>References</bold>
        </title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Anonim, 2016. Rumah Sakit Kanker “Dharmais” Pusat Kanker Nasional 2016. Kanker Payudara. Available at www.dharmais.co.id [Accessed December 14<sup>th</sup> 2016]</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi. 2016. Penderita Kanker Di Kaltim Meningkat. Available at www.kaltimprov.go.id [Accessed October 22<sup>nd</sup> 2016]</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ozdemir, Aysel. et al., Determination of Breast Self-Examination Knowledge and Breast Self-Examination Practices among Women and Effects of Education in their Knowledge. International Journal of Caring Sciences September-December 2014. Available at www.proquest.com [Accessed January 10<sup>th</sup> 2017]. 7() Issue 3 792.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Susanti, Ari. Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan tentang Pemeriksaan Payudara Sendiri (SADARI) Terhadap Pengetahuan dan Sikap Deteksi Dini Kanker Payudara pada Wanita Usia Subur (WUS) di Kelurahan Candirejo Tahun 2013. Jurnal Skripsi. Available at www.proquest.com [Accessed December 12<sup>nd</sup> 2016]</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Tieng’O, Jane Gillead, et al. 2011. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Breast Cancer Examination among Women Attending a Health Facility in Gaborone, Botswana. Available at www.proquest.com [Accessed June 14<sup>th</sup> 2017]</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Agustiningsih, Dwi. 2011. Pengaruh Penyuluhan Tentang Sadari Terhadap Pengetahuan Remaja Puteri di SMA N Kebakkramat Karanganyar. Jurnal Skripsi</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Marmi. 2013. Kesehatan Reproduksi. Yogyakarta:Pustaka Pelajar</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Viviyawati, Tri. Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan tentang Pemeriksaan “SADARI” Sebagai Deteksi Dini Kanker Payudara Payudara Sendiri (SADARI) Terhadap Pengetahuan dan Sikap Remaja Puteri di SMK N 1 Karanganyaro Tahun 2013. Jurnal Skripsi. Available at www.stikeskusuhahusada.ac.id [Accessed June 8<sup>th</sup> 2017]</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Mubarok, Wahit Iqbal dan Nurul Chayatin. 2009. Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Teori dan Aplikasi. Jakarta: Salemba Medika</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Novita, Nesi, dan Yunetra Franciska. 2012. Promosi Kesehatan dalam Pelayanan Kebidanan. Jakarta: Salemba Medika</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Memis &amp; Sakin. 2009. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Nursing and Midwifery Students regarding Breast Self-Examination in Turkey. Available at www.proquest.com  [Accessed June 8<sup>th</sup> 2017] </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
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