Copyright (c) 2025 Azka Anees Khan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
CD34 as a Marker of Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer: a Study of 74 Cases with Brief Review of Literature
Corresponding Author(s) : Azka Anees Khan
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 5 No. 3 (2017): 2017 Volume 5- Issue -3
Abstract
CD34 was studied as a marker of angiogenesis in breast cancer. 74 cases of IDC were studied for this purpose. The mean microvessel density grade and the mean microvessel count per 400X field were determined for each case. Further, these 2 parameters were compared between node negative and node positive cases in order to determine whether increased angiogenesis would increase the chances of metastasis to lymph nodes. It was observed that cases with lymph node metastasis showed increased angiogenesis with a mean microvessel count and microvessel density grade of 45.6 and 2.91, respectively. In comparison, cases with absence of lymph node metastasis showed less angiogenesis and the mean microvessel count and microvessel density grade was 16.15 and 1.05 respectively. On statistical analysis, the difference between both the microvessel count and microvessel density grade for the two groups came out to be highly significant (p<0.001). Hence, increased angiogenesis was seen to lead to increased chances of metastasis to lymph nodes in our study.
Keywords
CD34
Angiogenesis,
Breast,
Breast cancer
References
-
Folkman J. What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent? J Natl Cancer Inst 82,1990,4-6.
[2]. Liotta L, Kleinerman J, Saidel G. Quantitative relationships of intravascular tumor cells, tumor vessels and pulmonary metastasis following tumor implantation. Cancer Res 34, 1974, 997- 1004.
[3]. Srivastava A, Laidler P, Davies RP, Horgan K, Hughes LE. The prognostic significance of tumor vascuarity in intermediate thickness skin melanoma: a quantitative histological study. Am J Pathol 133, 1988, 419-423.
[4]. Weidner N, Semple JP, Welch WR, Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis– correlation in invasive breast carcinoma.N Engl J Med 324, 1991, 1– 8.
[5]. Yoshimoto M, Sakamoto G, Ohashi Y. Time dependency of the influence of prognostic factors on relapse in breast cancer. 72, 1993, 2993–3001.
[6]. Adair F, Berg J, Joubert L, et al. Long term follow-up of breast cancer patients. The 30-year report. Cancer 33, 1974, 1145–1150.
[7]. Say CC, Donegan WL. Invasive carcinoma of the breast: Prognostic significance of tumor size and involved axillary lymph nodes. Cancer 34, 1974, 468–471.
[8]. Smart CR, Myers MH, Gloecker LA. Implications for SEER data on breast cancer management. Cancer 41, 1978, 787–789.
[9]. L Martin, B Green, C Renshaw, D Lowe, P Rudland, SJ Leinsterl and J Winstanley. Examining the technique of angiogenesis assessment in invasive breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer 76(8), 1997, 1046-1054
[10]. Van de Rijn M, Rouse RV. CD34. A review. Appl Immunohistochem 2, 1994, 71–80
[11]. Fina L, Molgaard HV, Robertson D, et al. Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells. Blood 12, 1990, 2417–26.
[12]. Yamazaki K, Eyden BP. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical observations on intralobular fibroblasts of human breast with observations on the CD34 antigen. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 27, 1995, 309–323.
[13]. Julie S. Nielsen, Kelly M. McNagny .Novel functions of the CD34 family. Journal of Cell Science 121, 2008, 3683-3692.
Azka A K et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-5(3) 2017 [751-758]
758
[14]. Chalkley HW. Method for the quantitative morphologic analysis of tissues. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 4, 1943, 47–53.
[15]. Vartanian RK, Weidner N. Correlation of intratumoral endothelial cell proliferation with microvessel density (tumor angiogenesis) and tumor cell proliferation in breast carcinoma. The American Journal of Pathology. 144(6), 1994, 1188-1194. [16]. Siitonen SM , Haapasalo HK , Rantala IS , Helin HJ , Isola JJ . Comparison of different immunohistochemical methods in the assessment of angiogenesis: lack of prognostic value in a group of 77 selected node-negative breast carcinomas. Mod Pathol 7, 1995, 745-752. [17]. Ruth Heimann, Donald Ferguson, Claire Powers, Wendy M. Recant, Ralph R. Weichselbaum, Samuel Hellman. Angiogenesis as a Predictor of Long-term Survival for Patients With Node-Negative Breast Cancer, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88(23), 1996, 1764–1769. [18]. Hansen S, Grabau DA , Rose C, Bak M, Sørensen FB. Angiogenesis in breast cancer: a comparative study of the observer variability of methods for determining microvessel density. Lab Invest 78(12), 1998, 1563-1573. [19]. Kumar, Shant et al. Breast Carcinoma. Cancer Research 1999, 856-861. [20]. Hansen S, Grabau DA, Sørensen FB, Bak M, Vach W, Rose C. Vascular grading of angiogenesis: prognostic significance in breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 82(2), 2000, 339-347. [21]. Uzzan, Bernard et al .Microvessel Density as a Prognostic Factor in Women with Breast Cancer. Cancer Research 2004, 2941-2955.
[22]. Lars Tore Gyland Mikalsen, Hari Prasad Dhakal, Oyvind S. Bruland, Jahn M. Nesland, Dag Rune Olsen. Quantification of Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer by Automated Vessel Identification in CD34 Immunohistochemical Sections. Anticancer Research December 31(12), 2011, 4053-4060.
References
Folkman J. What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent? J Natl Cancer Inst 82,1990,4-6.
[2]. Liotta L, Kleinerman J, Saidel G. Quantitative relationships of intravascular tumor cells, tumor vessels and pulmonary metastasis following tumor implantation. Cancer Res 34, 1974, 997- 1004.
[3]. Srivastava A, Laidler P, Davies RP, Horgan K, Hughes LE. The prognostic significance of tumor vascuarity in intermediate thickness skin melanoma: a quantitative histological study. Am J Pathol 133, 1988, 419-423.
[4]. Weidner N, Semple JP, Welch WR, Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis– correlation in invasive breast carcinoma.N Engl J Med 324, 1991, 1– 8.
[5]. Yoshimoto M, Sakamoto G, Ohashi Y. Time dependency of the influence of prognostic factors on relapse in breast cancer. 72, 1993, 2993–3001.
[6]. Adair F, Berg J, Joubert L, et al. Long term follow-up of breast cancer patients. The 30-year report. Cancer 33, 1974, 1145–1150.
[7]. Say CC, Donegan WL. Invasive carcinoma of the breast: Prognostic significance of tumor size and involved axillary lymph nodes. Cancer 34, 1974, 468–471.
[8]. Smart CR, Myers MH, Gloecker LA. Implications for SEER data on breast cancer management. Cancer 41, 1978, 787–789.
[9]. L Martin, B Green, C Renshaw, D Lowe, P Rudland, SJ Leinsterl and J Winstanley. Examining the technique of angiogenesis assessment in invasive breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer 76(8), 1997, 1046-1054
[10]. Van de Rijn M, Rouse RV. CD34. A review. Appl Immunohistochem 2, 1994, 71–80
[11]. Fina L, Molgaard HV, Robertson D, et al. Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells. Blood 12, 1990, 2417–26.
[12]. Yamazaki K, Eyden BP. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical observations on intralobular fibroblasts of human breast with observations on the CD34 antigen. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 27, 1995, 309–323.
[13]. Julie S. Nielsen, Kelly M. McNagny .Novel functions of the CD34 family. Journal of Cell Science 121, 2008, 3683-3692.
Azka A K et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-5(3) 2017 [751-758]
758
[14]. Chalkley HW. Method for the quantitative morphologic analysis of tissues. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 4, 1943, 47–53.
[15]. Vartanian RK, Weidner N. Correlation of intratumoral endothelial cell proliferation with microvessel density (tumor angiogenesis) and tumor cell proliferation in breast carcinoma. The American Journal of Pathology. 144(6), 1994, 1188-1194. [16]. Siitonen SM , Haapasalo HK , Rantala IS , Helin HJ , Isola JJ . Comparison of different immunohistochemical methods in the assessment of angiogenesis: lack of prognostic value in a group of 77 selected node-negative breast carcinomas. Mod Pathol 7, 1995, 745-752. [17]. Ruth Heimann, Donald Ferguson, Claire Powers, Wendy M. Recant, Ralph R. Weichselbaum, Samuel Hellman. Angiogenesis as a Predictor of Long-term Survival for Patients With Node-Negative Breast Cancer, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88(23), 1996, 1764–1769. [18]. Hansen S, Grabau DA , Rose C, Bak M, Sørensen FB. Angiogenesis in breast cancer: a comparative study of the observer variability of methods for determining microvessel density. Lab Invest 78(12), 1998, 1563-1573. [19]. Kumar, Shant et al. Breast Carcinoma. Cancer Research 1999, 856-861. [20]. Hansen S, Grabau DA, Sørensen FB, Bak M, Vach W, Rose C. Vascular grading of angiogenesis: prognostic significance in breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 82(2), 2000, 339-347. [21]. Uzzan, Bernard et al .Microvessel Density as a Prognostic Factor in Women with Breast Cancer. Cancer Research 2004, 2941-2955.
[22]. Lars Tore Gyland Mikalsen, Hari Prasad Dhakal, Oyvind S. Bruland, Jahn M. Nesland, Dag Rune Olsen. Quantification of Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer by Automated Vessel Identification in CD34 Immunohistochemical Sections. Anticancer Research December 31(12), 2011, 4053-4060.
[2]. Liotta L, Kleinerman J, Saidel G. Quantitative relationships of intravascular tumor cells, tumor vessels and pulmonary metastasis following tumor implantation. Cancer Res 34, 1974, 997- 1004.
[3]. Srivastava A, Laidler P, Davies RP, Horgan K, Hughes LE. The prognostic significance of tumor vascuarity in intermediate thickness skin melanoma: a quantitative histological study. Am J Pathol 133, 1988, 419-423.
[4]. Weidner N, Semple JP, Welch WR, Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis– correlation in invasive breast carcinoma.N Engl J Med 324, 1991, 1– 8.
[5]. Yoshimoto M, Sakamoto G, Ohashi Y. Time dependency of the influence of prognostic factors on relapse in breast cancer. 72, 1993, 2993–3001.
[6]. Adair F, Berg J, Joubert L, et al. Long term follow-up of breast cancer patients. The 30-year report. Cancer 33, 1974, 1145–1150.
[7]. Say CC, Donegan WL. Invasive carcinoma of the breast: Prognostic significance of tumor size and involved axillary lymph nodes. Cancer 34, 1974, 468–471.
[8]. Smart CR, Myers MH, Gloecker LA. Implications for SEER data on breast cancer management. Cancer 41, 1978, 787–789.
[9]. L Martin, B Green, C Renshaw, D Lowe, P Rudland, SJ Leinsterl and J Winstanley. Examining the technique of angiogenesis assessment in invasive breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer 76(8), 1997, 1046-1054
[10]. Van de Rijn M, Rouse RV. CD34. A review. Appl Immunohistochem 2, 1994, 71–80
[11]. Fina L, Molgaard HV, Robertson D, et al. Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells. Blood 12, 1990, 2417–26.
[12]. Yamazaki K, Eyden BP. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical observations on intralobular fibroblasts of human breast with observations on the CD34 antigen. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 27, 1995, 309–323.
[13]. Julie S. Nielsen, Kelly M. McNagny .Novel functions of the CD34 family. Journal of Cell Science 121, 2008, 3683-3692.
Azka A K et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-5(3) 2017 [751-758]
758
[14]. Chalkley HW. Method for the quantitative morphologic analysis of tissues. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 4, 1943, 47–53.
[15]. Vartanian RK, Weidner N. Correlation of intratumoral endothelial cell proliferation with microvessel density (tumor angiogenesis) and tumor cell proliferation in breast carcinoma. The American Journal of Pathology. 144(6), 1994, 1188-1194. [16]. Siitonen SM , Haapasalo HK , Rantala IS , Helin HJ , Isola JJ . Comparison of different immunohistochemical methods in the assessment of angiogenesis: lack of prognostic value in a group of 77 selected node-negative breast carcinomas. Mod Pathol 7, 1995, 745-752. [17]. Ruth Heimann, Donald Ferguson, Claire Powers, Wendy M. Recant, Ralph R. Weichselbaum, Samuel Hellman. Angiogenesis as a Predictor of Long-term Survival for Patients With Node-Negative Breast Cancer, JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88(23), 1996, 1764–1769. [18]. Hansen S, Grabau DA , Rose C, Bak M, Sørensen FB. Angiogenesis in breast cancer: a comparative study of the observer variability of methods for determining microvessel density. Lab Invest 78(12), 1998, 1563-1573. [19]. Kumar, Shant et al. Breast Carcinoma. Cancer Research 1999, 856-861. [20]. Hansen S, Grabau DA, Sørensen FB, Bak M, Vach W, Rose C. Vascular grading of angiogenesis: prognostic significance in breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 82(2), 2000, 339-347. [21]. Uzzan, Bernard et al .Microvessel Density as a Prognostic Factor in Women with Breast Cancer. Cancer Research 2004, 2941-2955.
[22]. Lars Tore Gyland Mikalsen, Hari Prasad Dhakal, Oyvind S. Bruland, Jahn M. Nesland, Dag Rune Olsen. Quantification of Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer by Automated Vessel Identification in CD34 Immunohistochemical Sections. Anticancer Research December 31(12), 2011, 4053-4060.