Invitro Antihelminthic Activity of Various Extracts of Piper Betle Leaves on Indian Earth Worms
Corresponding Author(s) : K. Renuka
renupharma011@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 4 No. 3 (2016): 2016 Volume 4- Issue -3
Abstract
Different extracts of piper betle were taken for anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheretima Posthuma Two concentrations (20 and 40 mg/ml) of various extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Albendazole (20 mg/ml) was used as reference standard and carboxymethyl cellulose (0.5%) as a control group. Paralysis time can be determined by vigorous shaking when no movement was observed. When whitish substances were secreted from the body that one was termed as death time. Dose dependent activity was observed in the plant extracts but pet. Ether extract exhibited more activity as compared to others.
Keywords
Piper betle
Antihelminthics
Ayurveda
1.
K. Renuka. Invitro Antihelminthic Activity of Various Extracts of Piper Betle Leaves on Indian Earth Worms. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 6 [cited 2026 Apr. 19];4(3):417-28. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/290
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References
-
Farnsworth NR, soejarto D.D. Global importance of medical plants, In: Akrele o Heywood and Synge H (Eds),
conservation of medical plants. Cambridge university press, New York, 1991, 29-35
[2]. Current perspectives on food antioxidants in health, Edited by P.R. Krishnaswamy published by Brooke Bond
Tea and health information center Hindustan Lever Ltd. Bangalore, 1998.
[3]. Boskou Dimitrios. Sources of natural antioxidants. Trends in Food Science& Technology 17(9), 2006, 505-
512
[4]. Tudor Lucian Miron, Inge Gazi, Merichel Plaza Del Moral. Romanian aromatic plants as source of
antioxidants. Innoviatve Romanian Food Biotechnology 6, 2010, 18-24
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TIME IN MIN
PARALYSIS TIME DEATH TIME
Renuka K et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-4(3) 2016 [417-428]
427
[5]. Bundy DA. Immunoepidemiology of intestinal helminthic infection: The global burden of intestinal nematode disease. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 8, 1994, 259-61.
[6]. Tripathi KP. Essentials of meditional pharmacology. Edn 5th, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD., New Delhi, 2003, 759.
[7]. Coles GC. Nematode control practices and anthelmintic resistance on British sheep farms. Vet Rec 141, 1997, 91-93.
[8]. Geert S, Dorny P. Anthelmintic resistance in helminthes of animals of man in the tropics. Bulletin-des-Seances, Academic- Royaledes- Sciencesd. Dutre Mer 3, 1995, 401-423. 5. Tagbota S,
[9]. Deore S.L. and Khadabadi S.S., “In vitro anthelmintic studies of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. & Fernandez tubers” Indian J Nat Prod Resources 1(1), 2010, 53-56.
[10]. Aswar M., Aswar U., Watkar B., Vyas M., Wagh A. and Gujar KN, “Anthelmintic activity of Ficus benghalensis” International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2 (3), 2008, 170-172. [11]. www.meduniwien.ac.at/.. delrio.dcccd.edu/jreynolds/microbiology/2421/lab.. cugh.org/.../ [12]. www.fao.org
[13]. Betel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel. 2012.
[14]. Guha P., “Betel Leaf: The Neglected Green Gold of India”, J. Hum. Ecol., 19(2), 2006, 87-93.
[15]. Kumar N., Misra P., Dube A., Bhattacharya S., Dikshit M., Ranade S., “Piper betle Linn. A maligned Pan-Asiatic plant with an array of pharmacological activities and prospects for drug discovery”, Current science, 99(7), 2010, 922-932.
[16]. Bissa S., Bohra A., Songara D., “Traditions in oral hygiene: Chewing of betel (Piper betle L.) Leaves”, scientific correspondence, 92(1), 2007, 24-28.
[17]. Chopra R.N., Chopra I. C., “Indigenous Drugs of India. Pub- Academic Publishers”, 2, 1958, 372.
[18]. Kanjwani D.G., Marathe T.P., Chiplunkar S.V., Sathaye S. S., “Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Piper betel”, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 67, 2008, 589–593.
[19]. Sugumaran M., Poornima M., Venkatraman S., Lakshmi M., Srinivasansethuvani., “Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of sirugamani variety of Piper betle Linn Leaf oil”, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(10), 2011, 3424-3426.
[20]. Dwivedi B.K., Kumar S., Nayak C., Mehta B. K., “Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the hexane and benzene extracts of the Piper betle (leaf stalk) (Family: Piperaceae) from India”, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(21), 2010, 2252-2255.
[21]. The Wealth of India, The dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products. Raw material, revised. New Delhi, (Publication and information directorate, CSIR), 1992, 5.
[22]. Sudrik S., Fegade S., Shinde M., “Anthelmintic Activity of Piper Betle Linn, (Paan/ Nagavalli) Aqueous Extract”, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(4), 2012, 467-470.
[23]. Chu N. S., “Effects of Betel Chewing on the Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems”, J Biomed Sci., 8, 2001, 229-236.
[24]. Rahman S. A., “Anti -ulcer effects of Piper betel, Solanum nigrum and Zingibercassumunar on ulceration induced by selected ulcerogens in rats”, Master’s thesis, University Putra Malaysia, 2009, 4.
[25]. Rawat A. K. S., Tripathi R. D., Khan A. J., Balasubrahmanyam V.R., “Essential oil components as markers for identification of Piper betle L. Cultivars”, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 1989, 17, 38-55.
[26]. Agarwal T., Singh R., Shukla A.D., Waris I., Gujrati A., “Comparative analysis of antibacterial activity of four Piper betel varieties”, Advances in Applied Science Research, 3(2), 2012, 698-705.
[27]. Sharma R.N., “Contribution of Ayurveda towards management of bronchial asthma”, Sachitra Ayurveda, 44, 1991, 349-352.
[28]. Abhijeet Bidkar*, Mudreka Ghadiali, Chirag Patel, Manoj Aswar, Deepa Sanghai, Pallavi Adate RJPBCS 3(1), 2012, 50
[29]. Vaishali M. Mute1*,Vaishali M. IJPRD/2009/PUB/ARTI/VOL-7/SEP/001 ISSN 0974 – 9446 International
[30]. Dey Prasanta 1 & Bhakta Tejendra mintage journal of paharmaceutical and medical sciences ISSN 2320-3315
[31]. Sangh Partap1*, Saurabh Kumar1 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry , ISSN 2278- 4136
[32]. Abhijeet Bidkar*, Mudreka Ghadiali, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences
Renuka K et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-4(3) 2016 [417-428]
428
[33]. C.A. Danquah1, G.A. Koffuor1 Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences 1(1), 2012, 21-27 © UDS Publishers Limited All Right Reserved 2026-6294
[34]. Aditya M Pattewar*a, A.B. Dawalbaje Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(4), 2012, 390-396
[35]. Simon MK*, Nafanda WD, Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 0976-9595
[36]. Sikandar Khan Sherwani1*, Muhammad Mumtaz Khan International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences. ISSN: 0976-7126
[37]. Sharma R.N., “Contribution of Ayurveda towards management of bronchial asthma”, Sachitra Ayurveda, 44, 1991, 349-352.
[38]. Usmanghani K., Saeed A., Alam M.T., “Piper betle In, Indusyunic Medicine, (University of Karachi Press), Karachi”, 1997, 340-341.
[39]. Chandra T., Sadique J., Somasundaram S., “Effect of Elipta alba on inflammation and liver injury”, Fitoterapia, 58, 1987, 23-31.
[40]. Sarkar M., Gangopadhyay P., Basak B., “The reversible antifertility activity of Piper betel Linn. on Swiss albino male mice”, Contraception, 62, 2000, 271–274.
[41]. Vossen H.A.M.V., Wessel M., “Plant Resources of South-East Asia Stimulants” Backhuys Publisher, Netherlands, 2000, 102-106.
[42]. Amalia H., Sitompul R., Hutauruk J., Andrianjah Mun’im, A., “Effectiveness of Piper betle leafinfusion as a palpebral skin antiseptic”, Universa Medicina, 28(2) 2008, 83-91.
[43]. Majumdar B., Ray C.S.G., Ray A., Bandyopadhyay S.K., “Effect of ethanol extract of Piper betle Linn leaf on healing of NSAIDinduced experimental ulcer a novel role of free radical scavenging action”, Indian J Exp Biol., 41(4), 2003, 311-5.
[44]. Arambewela L.S.R., Arawwawala L.D.A.M., Ratnasooriya W.D., “Gastroprotectivactivities of Sri Lankan Piper betle leaf extracts in rats”, SLAAS, 60th Annual Session, 2004, 117.
References
Farnsworth NR, soejarto D.D. Global importance of medical plants, In: Akrele o Heywood and Synge H (Eds),
conservation of medical plants. Cambridge university press, New York, 1991, 29-35
[2]. Current perspectives on food antioxidants in health, Edited by P.R. Krishnaswamy published by Brooke Bond
Tea and health information center Hindustan Lever Ltd. Bangalore, 1998.
[3]. Boskou Dimitrios. Sources of natural antioxidants. Trends in Food Science& Technology 17(9), 2006, 505-
512
[4]. Tudor Lucian Miron, Inge Gazi, Merichel Plaza Del Moral. Romanian aromatic plants as source of
antioxidants. Innoviatve Romanian Food Biotechnology 6, 2010, 18-24
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TIME IN MIN
PARALYSIS TIME DEATH TIME
Renuka K et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-4(3) 2016 [417-428]
427
[5]. Bundy DA. Immunoepidemiology of intestinal helminthic infection: The global burden of intestinal nematode disease. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 8, 1994, 259-61.
[6]. Tripathi KP. Essentials of meditional pharmacology. Edn 5th, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD., New Delhi, 2003, 759.
[7]. Coles GC. Nematode control practices and anthelmintic resistance on British sheep farms. Vet Rec 141, 1997, 91-93.
[8]. Geert S, Dorny P. Anthelmintic resistance in helminthes of animals of man in the tropics. Bulletin-des-Seances, Academic- Royaledes- Sciencesd. Dutre Mer 3, 1995, 401-423. 5. Tagbota S,
[9]. Deore S.L. and Khadabadi S.S., “In vitro anthelmintic studies of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. & Fernandez tubers” Indian J Nat Prod Resources 1(1), 2010, 53-56.
[10]. Aswar M., Aswar U., Watkar B., Vyas M., Wagh A. and Gujar KN, “Anthelmintic activity of Ficus benghalensis” International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2 (3), 2008, 170-172. [11]. www.meduniwien.ac.at/.. delrio.dcccd.edu/jreynolds/microbiology/2421/lab.. cugh.org/.../ [12]. www.fao.org
[13]. Betel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel. 2012.
[14]. Guha P., “Betel Leaf: The Neglected Green Gold of India”, J. Hum. Ecol., 19(2), 2006, 87-93.
[15]. Kumar N., Misra P., Dube A., Bhattacharya S., Dikshit M., Ranade S., “Piper betle Linn. A maligned Pan-Asiatic plant with an array of pharmacological activities and prospects for drug discovery”, Current science, 99(7), 2010, 922-932.
[16]. Bissa S., Bohra A., Songara D., “Traditions in oral hygiene: Chewing of betel (Piper betle L.) Leaves”, scientific correspondence, 92(1), 2007, 24-28.
[17]. Chopra R.N., Chopra I. C., “Indigenous Drugs of India. Pub- Academic Publishers”, 2, 1958, 372.
[18]. Kanjwani D.G., Marathe T.P., Chiplunkar S.V., Sathaye S. S., “Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Piper betel”, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 67, 2008, 589–593.
[19]. Sugumaran M., Poornima M., Venkatraman S., Lakshmi M., Srinivasansethuvani., “Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of sirugamani variety of Piper betle Linn Leaf oil”, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(10), 2011, 3424-3426.
[20]. Dwivedi B.K., Kumar S., Nayak C., Mehta B. K., “Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the hexane and benzene extracts of the Piper betle (leaf stalk) (Family: Piperaceae) from India”, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(21), 2010, 2252-2255.
[21]. The Wealth of India, The dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products. Raw material, revised. New Delhi, (Publication and information directorate, CSIR), 1992, 5.
[22]. Sudrik S., Fegade S., Shinde M., “Anthelmintic Activity of Piper Betle Linn, (Paan/ Nagavalli) Aqueous Extract”, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(4), 2012, 467-470.
[23]. Chu N. S., “Effects of Betel Chewing on the Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems”, J Biomed Sci., 8, 2001, 229-236.
[24]. Rahman S. A., “Anti -ulcer effects of Piper betel, Solanum nigrum and Zingibercassumunar on ulceration induced by selected ulcerogens in rats”, Master’s thesis, University Putra Malaysia, 2009, 4.
[25]. Rawat A. K. S., Tripathi R. D., Khan A. J., Balasubrahmanyam V.R., “Essential oil components as markers for identification of Piper betle L. Cultivars”, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 1989, 17, 38-55.
[26]. Agarwal T., Singh R., Shukla A.D., Waris I., Gujrati A., “Comparative analysis of antibacterial activity of four Piper betel varieties”, Advances in Applied Science Research, 3(2), 2012, 698-705.
[27]. Sharma R.N., “Contribution of Ayurveda towards management of bronchial asthma”, Sachitra Ayurveda, 44, 1991, 349-352.
[28]. Abhijeet Bidkar*, Mudreka Ghadiali, Chirag Patel, Manoj Aswar, Deepa Sanghai, Pallavi Adate RJPBCS 3(1), 2012, 50
[29]. Vaishali M. Mute1*,Vaishali M. IJPRD/2009/PUB/ARTI/VOL-7/SEP/001 ISSN 0974 – 9446 International
[30]. Dey Prasanta 1 & Bhakta Tejendra mintage journal of paharmaceutical and medical sciences ISSN 2320-3315
[31]. Sangh Partap1*, Saurabh Kumar1 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry , ISSN 2278- 4136
[32]. Abhijeet Bidkar*, Mudreka Ghadiali, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences
Renuka K et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-4(3) 2016 [417-428]
428
[33]. C.A. Danquah1, G.A. Koffuor1 Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences 1(1), 2012, 21-27 © UDS Publishers Limited All Right Reserved 2026-6294
[34]. Aditya M Pattewar*a, A.B. Dawalbaje Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(4), 2012, 390-396
[35]. Simon MK*, Nafanda WD, Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 0976-9595
[36]. Sikandar Khan Sherwani1*, Muhammad Mumtaz Khan International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences. ISSN: 0976-7126
[37]. Sharma R.N., “Contribution of Ayurveda towards management of bronchial asthma”, Sachitra Ayurveda, 44, 1991, 349-352.
[38]. Usmanghani K., Saeed A., Alam M.T., “Piper betle In, Indusyunic Medicine, (University of Karachi Press), Karachi”, 1997, 340-341.
[39]. Chandra T., Sadique J., Somasundaram S., “Effect of Elipta alba on inflammation and liver injury”, Fitoterapia, 58, 1987, 23-31.
[40]. Sarkar M., Gangopadhyay P., Basak B., “The reversible antifertility activity of Piper betel Linn. on Swiss albino male mice”, Contraception, 62, 2000, 271–274.
[41]. Vossen H.A.M.V., Wessel M., “Plant Resources of South-East Asia Stimulants” Backhuys Publisher, Netherlands, 2000, 102-106.
[42]. Amalia H., Sitompul R., Hutauruk J., Andrianjah Mun’im, A., “Effectiveness of Piper betle leafinfusion as a palpebral skin antiseptic”, Universa Medicina, 28(2) 2008, 83-91.
[43]. Majumdar B., Ray C.S.G., Ray A., Bandyopadhyay S.K., “Effect of ethanol extract of Piper betle Linn leaf on healing of NSAIDinduced experimental ulcer a novel role of free radical scavenging action”, Indian J Exp Biol., 41(4), 2003, 311-5.
[44]. Arambewela L.S.R., Arawwawala L.D.A.M., Ratnasooriya W.D., “Gastroprotectivactivities of Sri Lankan Piper betle leaf extracts in rats”, SLAAS, 60th Annual Session, 2004, 117.
conservation of medical plants. Cambridge university press, New York, 1991, 29-35
[2]. Current perspectives on food antioxidants in health, Edited by P.R. Krishnaswamy published by Brooke Bond
Tea and health information center Hindustan Lever Ltd. Bangalore, 1998.
[3]. Boskou Dimitrios. Sources of natural antioxidants. Trends in Food Science& Technology 17(9), 2006, 505-
512
[4]. Tudor Lucian Miron, Inge Gazi, Merichel Plaza Del Moral. Romanian aromatic plants as source of
antioxidants. Innoviatve Romanian Food Biotechnology 6, 2010, 18-24
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
TIME IN MIN
PARALYSIS TIME DEATH TIME
Renuka K et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-4(3) 2016 [417-428]
427
[5]. Bundy DA. Immunoepidemiology of intestinal helminthic infection: The global burden of intestinal nematode disease. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 8, 1994, 259-61.
[6]. Tripathi KP. Essentials of meditional pharmacology. Edn 5th, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD., New Delhi, 2003, 759.
[7]. Coles GC. Nematode control practices and anthelmintic resistance on British sheep farms. Vet Rec 141, 1997, 91-93.
[8]. Geert S, Dorny P. Anthelmintic resistance in helminthes of animals of man in the tropics. Bulletin-des-Seances, Academic- Royaledes- Sciencesd. Dutre Mer 3, 1995, 401-423. 5. Tagbota S,
[9]. Deore S.L. and Khadabadi S.S., “In vitro anthelmintic studies of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. & Fernandez tubers” Indian J Nat Prod Resources 1(1), 2010, 53-56.
[10]. Aswar M., Aswar U., Watkar B., Vyas M., Wagh A. and Gujar KN, “Anthelmintic activity of Ficus benghalensis” International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2 (3), 2008, 170-172. [11]. www.meduniwien.ac.at/.. delrio.dcccd.edu/jreynolds/microbiology/2421/lab.. cugh.org/.../ [12]. www.fao.org
[13]. Betel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel. 2012.
[14]. Guha P., “Betel Leaf: The Neglected Green Gold of India”, J. Hum. Ecol., 19(2), 2006, 87-93.
[15]. Kumar N., Misra P., Dube A., Bhattacharya S., Dikshit M., Ranade S., “Piper betle Linn. A maligned Pan-Asiatic plant with an array of pharmacological activities and prospects for drug discovery”, Current science, 99(7), 2010, 922-932.
[16]. Bissa S., Bohra A., Songara D., “Traditions in oral hygiene: Chewing of betel (Piper betle L.) Leaves”, scientific correspondence, 92(1), 2007, 24-28.
[17]. Chopra R.N., Chopra I. C., “Indigenous Drugs of India. Pub- Academic Publishers”, 2, 1958, 372.
[18]. Kanjwani D.G., Marathe T.P., Chiplunkar S.V., Sathaye S. S., “Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Activity of Methanolic Extract of Piper betel”, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 67, 2008, 589–593.
[19]. Sugumaran M., Poornima M., Venkatraman S., Lakshmi M., Srinivasansethuvani., “Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of sirugamani variety of Piper betle Linn Leaf oil”, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(10), 2011, 3424-3426.
[20]. Dwivedi B.K., Kumar S., Nayak C., Mehta B. K., “Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the hexane and benzene extracts of the Piper betle (leaf stalk) (Family: Piperaceae) from India”, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(21), 2010, 2252-2255.
[21]. The Wealth of India, The dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products. Raw material, revised. New Delhi, (Publication and information directorate, CSIR), 1992, 5.
[22]. Sudrik S., Fegade S., Shinde M., “Anthelmintic Activity of Piper Betle Linn, (Paan/ Nagavalli) Aqueous Extract”, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(4), 2012, 467-470.
[23]. Chu N. S., “Effects of Betel Chewing on the Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems”, J Biomed Sci., 8, 2001, 229-236.
[24]. Rahman S. A., “Anti -ulcer effects of Piper betel, Solanum nigrum and Zingibercassumunar on ulceration induced by selected ulcerogens in rats”, Master’s thesis, University Putra Malaysia, 2009, 4.
[25]. Rawat A. K. S., Tripathi R. D., Khan A. J., Balasubrahmanyam V.R., “Essential oil components as markers for identification of Piper betle L. Cultivars”, Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 1989, 17, 38-55.
[26]. Agarwal T., Singh R., Shukla A.D., Waris I., Gujrati A., “Comparative analysis of antibacterial activity of four Piper betel varieties”, Advances in Applied Science Research, 3(2), 2012, 698-705.
[27]. Sharma R.N., “Contribution of Ayurveda towards management of bronchial asthma”, Sachitra Ayurveda, 44, 1991, 349-352.
[28]. Abhijeet Bidkar*, Mudreka Ghadiali, Chirag Patel, Manoj Aswar, Deepa Sanghai, Pallavi Adate RJPBCS 3(1), 2012, 50
[29]. Vaishali M. Mute1*,Vaishali M. IJPRD/2009/PUB/ARTI/VOL-7/SEP/001 ISSN 0974 – 9446 International
[30]. Dey Prasanta 1 & Bhakta Tejendra mintage journal of paharmaceutical and medical sciences ISSN 2320-3315
[31]. Sangh Partap1*, Saurabh Kumar1 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry , ISSN 2278- 4136
[32]. Abhijeet Bidkar*, Mudreka Ghadiali, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences
Renuka K et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-4(3) 2016 [417-428]
428
[33]. C.A. Danquah1, G.A. Koffuor1 Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences 1(1), 2012, 21-27 © UDS Publishers Limited All Right Reserved 2026-6294
[34]. Aditya M Pattewar*a, A.B. Dawalbaje Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(4), 2012, 390-396
[35]. Simon MK*, Nafanda WD, Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 0976-9595
[36]. Sikandar Khan Sherwani1*, Muhammad Mumtaz Khan International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences. ISSN: 0976-7126
[37]. Sharma R.N., “Contribution of Ayurveda towards management of bronchial asthma”, Sachitra Ayurveda, 44, 1991, 349-352.
[38]. Usmanghani K., Saeed A., Alam M.T., “Piper betle In, Indusyunic Medicine, (University of Karachi Press), Karachi”, 1997, 340-341.
[39]. Chandra T., Sadique J., Somasundaram S., “Effect of Elipta alba on inflammation and liver injury”, Fitoterapia, 58, 1987, 23-31.
[40]. Sarkar M., Gangopadhyay P., Basak B., “The reversible antifertility activity of Piper betel Linn. on Swiss albino male mice”, Contraception, 62, 2000, 271–274.
[41]. Vossen H.A.M.V., Wessel M., “Plant Resources of South-East Asia Stimulants” Backhuys Publisher, Netherlands, 2000, 102-106.
[42]. Amalia H., Sitompul R., Hutauruk J., Andrianjah Mun’im, A., “Effectiveness of Piper betle leafinfusion as a palpebral skin antiseptic”, Universa Medicina, 28(2) 2008, 83-91.
[43]. Majumdar B., Ray C.S.G., Ray A., Bandyopadhyay S.K., “Effect of ethanol extract of Piper betle Linn leaf on healing of NSAIDinduced experimental ulcer a novel role of free radical scavenging action”, Indian J Exp Biol., 41(4), 2003, 311-5.
[44]. Arambewela L.S.R., Arawwawala L.D.A.M., Ratnasooriya W.D., “Gastroprotectivactivities of Sri Lankan Piper betle leaf extracts in rats”, SLAAS, 60th Annual Session, 2004, 117.