Comparision of Outcome Measures in Mild Grade Between Different Groups in Persons Having Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis
Corresponding Author(s) : Tonape Manisha Madhukar
krantikumar8793@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 8 No. 4 (2020): 2020 Volume - 8 Issue-4
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a typical ongoing joint sickness prompting torment and loss of actual capability, bringing about diminished personal satisfaction. A total of 51 individuals were enrolled in the study after signing consent form. Out of which, 40 individuals diagnosed as chronic knee OA completed the whole interventional program which lasted for 4 weeks and the data for them was analyzed statistically. From the 40 individuals, 20 who were not using knee sleeve previously were assigned to group A which were only given strengthening exercises. In mild grade, the group A had sample size (n) = 15. Group B had a sample size of n = 14. On the first day (table 6) pain on VAS was recorded with mean±SD in group A was 3.73±0.45 and in group B was 3.85±0.36 which showed no significant difference in both the groups. This reveals that the baseline of pain in mild sub group was of similar intensity. After the 4 weeks of strengthening exercises, the mean±SD group A was 0.33±0.47 and in group B was 0.14±0.0.36 (table 7). When the two groups A and B were compared statistically, this also showed no significant difference in both the groups. Neoprene knee sleeve with patella relief has helped to reduce pain in individuals with chronic knee OA. Neoprene knee sleeve with patella relief has also helped to improve proprioception in mild grade of chronic knee OA at 30° and 45°. Neoprene knee sleeve with patella relief has also helped to improve the function assessed by KOOS in overall grade and also in mild grade of chronic knee OA. Neoprene knee sleeve with patella relief could not add any extra effect to improve balance in individuals with chronic knee OA. Strengthening exercises given in both the group has improved balance but no additional effect of neoprene knee sleeve with patella relief is seen in group B (overall group B as well as the subgroups- mild grade of chronic knee OA. In the exercises group (A) only strengthening exercises were given. These exercises have helped to reduce pain, improve proprioception, balance and functional activity.
Keywords
knee osteoarthritis, Exercises, Mild grade, Neoprene knee orthosis
1.
Tonape Manisha Madhukar, Satyendra Singh. Comparision of Outcome Measures in Mild Grade Between Different Groups in Persons Having Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2020 Dec. 24 [cited 2025 Nov. 16];8(4):814-28. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/1312
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References
-
1. Bitton R. The economic burden of osteoarthritis. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(8);Suppl:S230-5. PMID 19817509.
2. Lachance L, Sowers MF, Jamadar D, Hochberg M. The natural history of emergent osteoarthritis of the knee in women. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2002;10(11):849-54. doi: 10.1053/joca.2002.0840, PMID 12435329.
3. Bentley G. European instructional lectures. Heidelberg New York Dordrecht, (London). Springer; 2011.
4. Sundhedsstyrelsen. Referenceprogram for knæartrose Sundhedssyrelsen, editor. København: Sundhedsstyrelsen; 2007.
5. Jordan KM. EULAR recommendations 2003: an evidence based approach\ to the management of knee osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the standing committee for international clinical studies including therapeutic trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:1145-55.
6. Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, Abramson S, Altman RD, Arden N et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, Part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2008;16(2):137-62. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.12.013, PMID 18279766.
7. Brand CA, Harrison C, Tropea J, Hinman RS, Britt H, Bennell K. Management of osteoarthritis in general practice in Australia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66(4):551-8. doi: 10.1002/acr.22197, PMID 24127305.
8. Hochberg MC, Altman RD, April KT, Benkhalti M, Guyatt G, McGowan J et al. American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(4):465-74. doi: 10.1002/acr.21596, PMID 22563589.
9. McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies. PLOS Med. 2011;8(9):e1001098. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001098, PMID 21980265.
10. Fosbøl EL, Folke F, Jacobsen S, Rasmussen JN, Sørensen R, Schramm TK et al. Cause-specific cardiovascular risk associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs among healthy individuals. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3(4):395-405. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.861104, PMID 20530789.
11. Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:c7086. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c7086, PMID 21224324.
12. Lane NE, Schnitzer TJ, Birbara CA, Mokhtarani M, Shelton DL, Smith MD et al. Tanezumab for the treatment of pain from osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1521-31.
13. Wood JN. Nerve growth factor and pain. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(16):1572-3. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe1004416, PMID 20942675.
14. Andriacchi TP, Mündermann A, Smith RL, Alexander EJ, Dyrby CO, Koo S. A framework for the in vivo pathomechanics of osteoarthritis at the knee. Ann Biomed Eng. 2004;32(3):447-57. doi: 10.1023/b:abme.0000017541.82498.37, PMID 15095819.
15. Zhao D, Banks SA, Mitchell KH, D’Lima DD, Colwell CW Jr, Fregly BJ. Correlation between the knee adduction torque and medial contact force for a variety of gait patterns. J Orthop Res. 2007;25(6):789-97. doi: 10.1002/jor.20379, PMID 17343285.
16. Sharma L, Hurwitz DE, Thonar EJ-MA, Sum JA, Lenz ME, Dunlop DD et al. Knee adduction moment, serum hyaluronan level, and disease severity in medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41(7):1233-40. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199807)41:7<1233::AID-ART14>3.0.CO;2-L, PMID 9663481.
17. Schnitzer TJ, Popovich JM, Andersson GBJ, Andriacchi TP. Effect of piroxicam on gait in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(9):1207-13. doi: 10.1002/art.1780360905, PMID 8216414.
18. Kean CO, Hinman RS, Bowles KA, Cicuttini F, Davies-Tuck M, Bennell KL. Comparison of peak knee adduction moment and knee adduction moment impulse in distinguishing between severities of knee osteoarthritis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2012;27(5):520-3. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.12.007, PMID 22244512.
19. Boyer KA, Angst MS, Asay J, Giori NJ, Andriacchi TP. Sensitivity of gait parameters to the effects of anti-inflammatory and opioid treatments in knee osteoarthritis patients. J Orthop Res. 2012;30(7):1118-24. doi: 10.1002/jor.22037, PMID 22179861.
20. Lim BW, Hinman RS, Wrigley TV, Sharma L, Bennell KL. Does knee malalignment mediate the effects of quadriceps strengthening on knee adduction moment, pain, and function in medial knee osteoarthritis? A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(7):943-51. doi: 10.1002/art.23823, PMID 18576289.
20. Miyazaki T, Wada M, Kawahara H, Sato M, Baba H, Shimada S. Dynamic load at baseline can predict radiographic disease progression in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(7):617-22. doi: 10.1136/ard.61.7.617, PMID 12079903.
21. Bennell KL, Hinman RS. A review of the clinical evidence for exercise in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14(1):4-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.08.002, PMID 20851051.
22. Block JA, Shakoor N. Lower limb osteoarthritis: biomechanical alterations and implications for therapy. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010;22(5):544-50. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32833bd81f, PMID 20592605.
23. Simic M, Hinman RS, Wrigley TV, Bennell KL, Hunt MA. Gait modification strategies for altering medial knee joint load: a systematic review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(3):405-26. doi: 10.1002/acr.20380, PMID 20981808.
24. Fitzgerald GK, Childs JD, Ridge TM, Irrgang JJ. Agility and perturbation training for a physically active individual with knee osteoarthritis. Phys Ther. 2002;82(4):372-82. PMID 11922853.
25. Risberg MA, Holm I, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L. Neuromuscular training versus strength training during first 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87(6):737-50. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20060041, PMID 17442840.
26. Thorstensson CA, Henriksson M, von Porat A, Sjödahl C, Roos EM. The effect of eight weeks of exercise on knee adduction moment in early knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2007;15(10):1163-70. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.03.012, PMID 17466541.
27. Thorp LE, Wimmer MA, Foucher KC, Sumner DR, Shakoor N, Block JA. The biomechanical effects of focused muscle training on medial knee loads in OA of the knee: a pilot, proof of concept study. J Musculoskel neuronal interact. 2010;10:166-73.
28. Roos EM, Dahlberg L. Positive effects of moderate exercise on glycosaminoglycan content in knee cartilage: a four-month, randomized, controlled trial in patients at risk of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(11):3507-14. doi: 10.1002/art.21415, PMID 16258919.
29. Bennell K, Wrigley T, Kyriakides M, Metcalf B, Roos E, Egerton T et al. Comparison of neuromuscular and quadriceps strengthening exercise in people with medial knee osteoarthritis and varus malalignment: randomised controlled trial. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21:S273-4.
30. Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe DS, Knarr JF, Thomas SD, Griffin LY et al. Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program in preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(7):1003-10. doi: 10.1177/0363546504272261, PMID 15888716.
31. Henriksen M, Simonsen EB, Alkjaer T, Lund H, Graven-Nielsen T, Danneskiold-Samsøe B et al. Increased joint loads during walking: a consequence of pain relief in knee osteoarthritis. Knee. 2006;13(6):445-50. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2006.08.005, PMID 17011194.
32. Alentorn-Geli E, Myer GD, Silvers HJ, Samitier G, Romero D, Lázaro-Haro C et al. Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 2: a review of prevention programs aimed to modify risk factors and to reduce injury rates. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(8):859-79. doi: 10.1007/s00167-009-0823-z, PMID 19506834.
33. Stensrud S, Roos EM, Risberg MA. A 12-week exercise therapy program in middle-aged patients with degenerative meniscus tears: a case series with 1 year follow up. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(11):919-31. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2012.4165, PMID 22960783.
34. Ericsson YB, Dahlberg LE, Roos EM. Effects of functional exercise training on performance and muscle strength after meniscectomy: a randomized trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;19(2):156-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00794.x, PMID 18397193.
35. Ageberg E, Nilsdottir A, Kosek E, Roos E. Effects of neuromuscular training (NEMEX-TJR) on patient-reported outcomes and physical function in severe primary hip or knee osteoarthritis: a controlled before-and-after study. BMC Musculoskel Disord. 2013;14:232-45.
36. Villadsen A, Roos EM, Overgaard S, Holsgaard-Larsen A. Agreement and reliability of functional performance and muscle power in patients with advanced osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012.
37. 91:401–410.
38. Henriksen M, Graven-Nielsen T, Aaboe J, Andriacchi TP, Bliddal H. Gait changes in patients with knee osteoarthritis are replicated by experimental knee pain. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(4):501-9. doi: 10.1002/acr.20033, PMID 20391505.
39. Briem K, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Medial knee joint loading increases in those who respond to hyaluronan injection for medial knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2009;27(11):1420-5. doi: 10.1002/jor.20899, PMID 19408285.
40. Hurwitz DE, Ryals AR, Block JA, Sharma L, Schnitzer TJ, Andriacchi TP. Knee pain and joint loading in subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Orthop Res. 2000;18(4):572-9. doi: 10.1002/jor.1100180409, PMID 11052493.
41. Doi T, Akai M, Fujino K, Hoshino Y, Iwaya T, Sunami Y. Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug plasters for knee osteoarthritis in Japanese: a randomized controlled trial. Mod Rheumatol. 2010;20(1):24-33. doi: 10.1007/s10165-009-0227-4, PMID 19806426.
42. Zhang W, Nuki G, Moskowitz RW, Abramson S, Altman RD, Arden NK et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis: Part III: changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(4):476-99. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.01.013, PMID 20170770.
References
1. Bitton R. The economic burden of osteoarthritis. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(8);Suppl:S230-5. PMID 19817509.
2. Lachance L, Sowers MF, Jamadar D, Hochberg M. The natural history of emergent osteoarthritis of the knee in women. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2002;10(11):849-54. doi: 10.1053/joca.2002.0840, PMID 12435329.
3. Bentley G. European instructional lectures. Heidelberg New York Dordrecht, (London). Springer; 2011.
4. Sundhedsstyrelsen. Referenceprogram for knæartrose Sundhedssyrelsen, editor. København: Sundhedsstyrelsen; 2007.
5. Jordan KM. EULAR recommendations 2003: an evidence based approach\ to the management of knee osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the standing committee for international clinical studies including therapeutic trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:1145-55.
6. Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, Abramson S, Altman RD, Arden N et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, Part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2008;16(2):137-62. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.12.013, PMID 18279766.
7. Brand CA, Harrison C, Tropea J, Hinman RS, Britt H, Bennell K. Management of osteoarthritis in general practice in Australia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66(4):551-8. doi: 10.1002/acr.22197, PMID 24127305.
8. Hochberg MC, Altman RD, April KT, Benkhalti M, Guyatt G, McGowan J et al. American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(4):465-74. doi: 10.1002/acr.21596, PMID 22563589.
9. McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies. PLOS Med. 2011;8(9):e1001098. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001098, PMID 21980265.
10. Fosbøl EL, Folke F, Jacobsen S, Rasmussen JN, Sørensen R, Schramm TK et al. Cause-specific cardiovascular risk associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs among healthy individuals. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3(4):395-405. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.861104, PMID 20530789.
11. Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:c7086. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c7086, PMID 21224324.
12. Lane NE, Schnitzer TJ, Birbara CA, Mokhtarani M, Shelton DL, Smith MD et al. Tanezumab for the treatment of pain from osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1521-31.
13. Wood JN. Nerve growth factor and pain. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(16):1572-3. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe1004416, PMID 20942675.
14. Andriacchi TP, Mündermann A, Smith RL, Alexander EJ, Dyrby CO, Koo S. A framework for the in vivo pathomechanics of osteoarthritis at the knee. Ann Biomed Eng. 2004;32(3):447-57. doi: 10.1023/b:abme.0000017541.82498.37, PMID 15095819.
15. Zhao D, Banks SA, Mitchell KH, D’Lima DD, Colwell CW Jr, Fregly BJ. Correlation between the knee adduction torque and medial contact force for a variety of gait patterns. J Orthop Res. 2007;25(6):789-97. doi: 10.1002/jor.20379, PMID 17343285.
16. Sharma L, Hurwitz DE, Thonar EJ-MA, Sum JA, Lenz ME, Dunlop DD et al. Knee adduction moment, serum hyaluronan level, and disease severity in medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41(7):1233-40. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199807)41:7<1233::AID-ART14>3.0.CO;2-L, PMID 9663481.
17. Schnitzer TJ, Popovich JM, Andersson GBJ, Andriacchi TP. Effect of piroxicam on gait in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(9):1207-13. doi: 10.1002/art.1780360905, PMID 8216414.
18. Kean CO, Hinman RS, Bowles KA, Cicuttini F, Davies-Tuck M, Bennell KL. Comparison of peak knee adduction moment and knee adduction moment impulse in distinguishing between severities of knee osteoarthritis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2012;27(5):520-3. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.12.007, PMID 22244512.
19. Boyer KA, Angst MS, Asay J, Giori NJ, Andriacchi TP. Sensitivity of gait parameters to the effects of anti-inflammatory and opioid treatments in knee osteoarthritis patients. J Orthop Res. 2012;30(7):1118-24. doi: 10.1002/jor.22037, PMID 22179861.
20. Lim BW, Hinman RS, Wrigley TV, Sharma L, Bennell KL. Does knee malalignment mediate the effects of quadriceps strengthening on knee adduction moment, pain, and function in medial knee osteoarthritis? A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(7):943-51. doi: 10.1002/art.23823, PMID 18576289.
20. Miyazaki T, Wada M, Kawahara H, Sato M, Baba H, Shimada S. Dynamic load at baseline can predict radiographic disease progression in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(7):617-22. doi: 10.1136/ard.61.7.617, PMID 12079903.
21. Bennell KL, Hinman RS. A review of the clinical evidence for exercise in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14(1):4-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.08.002, PMID 20851051.
22. Block JA, Shakoor N. Lower limb osteoarthritis: biomechanical alterations and implications for therapy. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2010;22(5):544-50. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32833bd81f, PMID 20592605.
23. Simic M, Hinman RS, Wrigley TV, Bennell KL, Hunt MA. Gait modification strategies for altering medial knee joint load: a systematic review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(3):405-26. doi: 10.1002/acr.20380, PMID 20981808.
24. Fitzgerald GK, Childs JD, Ridge TM, Irrgang JJ. Agility and perturbation training for a physically active individual with knee osteoarthritis. Phys Ther. 2002;82(4):372-82. PMID 11922853.
25. Risberg MA, Holm I, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L. Neuromuscular training versus strength training during first 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2007;87(6):737-50. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20060041, PMID 17442840.
26. Thorstensson CA, Henriksson M, von Porat A, Sjödahl C, Roos EM. The effect of eight weeks of exercise on knee adduction moment in early knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2007;15(10):1163-70. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.03.012, PMID 17466541.
27. Thorp LE, Wimmer MA, Foucher KC, Sumner DR, Shakoor N, Block JA. The biomechanical effects of focused muscle training on medial knee loads in OA of the knee: a pilot, proof of concept study. J Musculoskel neuronal interact. 2010;10:166-73.
28. Roos EM, Dahlberg L. Positive effects of moderate exercise on glycosaminoglycan content in knee cartilage: a four-month, randomized, controlled trial in patients at risk of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(11):3507-14. doi: 10.1002/art.21415, PMID 16258919.
29. Bennell K, Wrigley T, Kyriakides M, Metcalf B, Roos E, Egerton T et al. Comparison of neuromuscular and quadriceps strengthening exercise in people with medial knee osteoarthritis and varus malalignment: randomised controlled trial. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2013;21:S273-4.
30. Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe DS, Knarr JF, Thomas SD, Griffin LY et al. Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program in preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(7):1003-10. doi: 10.1177/0363546504272261, PMID 15888716.
31. Henriksen M, Simonsen EB, Alkjaer T, Lund H, Graven-Nielsen T, Danneskiold-Samsøe B et al. Increased joint loads during walking: a consequence of pain relief in knee osteoarthritis. Knee. 2006;13(6):445-50. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2006.08.005, PMID 17011194.
32. Alentorn-Geli E, Myer GD, Silvers HJ, Samitier G, Romero D, Lázaro-Haro C et al. Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 2: a review of prevention programs aimed to modify risk factors and to reduce injury rates. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(8):859-79. doi: 10.1007/s00167-009-0823-z, PMID 19506834.
33. Stensrud S, Roos EM, Risberg MA. A 12-week exercise therapy program in middle-aged patients with degenerative meniscus tears: a case series with 1 year follow up. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(11):919-31. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2012.4165, PMID 22960783.
34. Ericsson YB, Dahlberg LE, Roos EM. Effects of functional exercise training on performance and muscle strength after meniscectomy: a randomized trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;19(2):156-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00794.x, PMID 18397193.
35. Ageberg E, Nilsdottir A, Kosek E, Roos E. Effects of neuromuscular training (NEMEX-TJR) on patient-reported outcomes and physical function in severe primary hip or knee osteoarthritis: a controlled before-and-after study. BMC Musculoskel Disord. 2013;14:232-45.
36. Villadsen A, Roos EM, Overgaard S, Holsgaard-Larsen A. Agreement and reliability of functional performance and muscle power in patients with advanced osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012.
37. 91:401–410.
38. Henriksen M, Graven-Nielsen T, Aaboe J, Andriacchi TP, Bliddal H. Gait changes in patients with knee osteoarthritis are replicated by experimental knee pain. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(4):501-9. doi: 10.1002/acr.20033, PMID 20391505.
39. Briem K, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Medial knee joint loading increases in those who respond to hyaluronan injection for medial knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2009;27(11):1420-5. doi: 10.1002/jor.20899, PMID 19408285.
40. Hurwitz DE, Ryals AR, Block JA, Sharma L, Schnitzer TJ, Andriacchi TP. Knee pain and joint loading in subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Orthop Res. 2000;18(4):572-9. doi: 10.1002/jor.1100180409, PMID 11052493.
41. Doi T, Akai M, Fujino K, Hoshino Y, Iwaya T, Sunami Y. Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug plasters for knee osteoarthritis in Japanese: a randomized controlled trial. Mod Rheumatol. 2010;20(1):24-33. doi: 10.1007/s10165-009-0227-4, PMID 19806426.
42. Zhang W, Nuki G, Moskowitz RW, Abramson S, Altman RD, Arden NK et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis: Part III: changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2010;18(4):476-99. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.01.013, PMID 20170770.
2. Lachance L, Sowers MF, Jamadar D, Hochberg M. The natural history of emergent osteoarthritis of the knee in women. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2002;10(11):849-54. doi: 10.1053/joca.2002.0840, PMID 12435329.
3. Bentley G. European instructional lectures. Heidelberg New York Dordrecht, (London). Springer; 2011.
4. Sundhedsstyrelsen. Referenceprogram for knæartrose Sundhedssyrelsen, editor. København: Sundhedsstyrelsen; 2007.
5. Jordan KM. EULAR recommendations 2003: an evidence based approach\ to the management of knee osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the standing committee for international clinical studies including therapeutic trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:1145-55.
6. Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, Abramson S, Altman RD, Arden N et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, Part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2008;16(2):137-62. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.12.013, PMID 18279766.
7. Brand CA, Harrison C, Tropea J, Hinman RS, Britt H, Bennell K. Management of osteoarthritis in general practice in Australia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66(4):551-8. doi: 10.1002/acr.22197, PMID 24127305.
8. Hochberg MC, Altman RD, April KT, Benkhalti M, Guyatt G, McGowan J et al. American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(4):465-74. doi: 10.1002/acr.21596, PMID 22563589.
9. McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies. PLOS Med. 2011;8(9):e1001098. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001098, PMID 21980265.
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