Influence of Instructions Regarding Task Prioritization on Performance While Doing Time up and Go - Cognitive Task in Elderly: - a Quasi-Experimental Study
Corresponding Author(s) : NIMESH GUPTA
gnimesh896@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 11 No. 2 (2023): 2023 Volume -11 - Issue 2
Abstract
Aim and objective: - The study was design to find the influence of task prioritization instructions on performance while doing Time Up and Go - Cognitive in the elderly and to compare the performance of the elderly for dual-task (TUG-C) in three different situation of task prioritization. i.e. no priority, motor priority and cognitive priority.
Methods: Ethical clearance was taken from the ethical committee. TUG-C test was chosen for dual task. Participants were asked to perform single task (motor and cognitive) first and then dual task with priority instruction based on chit method. Time taken to complete the test and the accuracy of the secondary task was calculated in percentage. Statistical analysis was done.
Conclusion: Elderlies were able to prioritize on the motor task and enhance performance in motor priority condition with priority instruction but no difference was seen in cognitive performance with priority instructions.
Methods: Ethical clearance was taken from the ethical committee. TUG-C test was chosen for dual task. Participants were asked to perform single task (motor and cognitive) first and then dual task with priority instruction based on chit method. Time taken to complete the test and the accuracy of the secondary task was calculated in percentage. Statistical analysis was done.
Conclusion: Elderlies were able to prioritize on the motor task and enhance performance in motor priority condition with priority instruction but no difference was seen in cognitive performance with priority instructions.
Keywords
DUAL TASKING
TASK PRIORITIZATION
ELDERLY
1.
GUPTA N, SHAIKH (PT) DA, SATHE P, IYER (PT) DS. Influence of Instructions Regarding Task Prioritization on Performance While Doing Time up and Go - Cognitive Task in Elderly: - a Quasi-Experimental Study. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2023 May 19 [cited 2026 Apr. 27];11(2):176-80. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/1248
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References
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Abernethy, B. (1988). Dual-task methodology and motor skills research: Some applications and methodological constraints. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 14(3), 101–132.
Borel, L., & Alescio-Lautier, B. (2014). Posture and cognition in the elderly: Interaction and contribution to the rehabilitation strategies. Neurophysiologie Clinique, 44(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2013.10.129
Elble, R. J., Thomas, S. S., Higgins, C., & Colliver, J. (1991). Stride-dependent changes in gait of older people. Journal of Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00319700
Hausdorff, J. M., Schweiger, A., Herman, T., Yogev-Seligmann, G., & Giladi, N. (2008). Dual-task decrements in gait: Contributing factors among healthy older adults. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 63(12), 1335–1343. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.12.1335
Jansen, R. J., Van Egmond, R., & De Ridder, H. (2016). Task prioritization in dual-tasking: Instructions versus preferences. PLoS ONE, 11(7), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158511
Lajoie, Y., Teasdale, N., Bard, C., & Fleury, M. (1996). Upright Standing and Gait: Are There Changes in Attentional Requirements Related to Normal Aging? Experimental Aging Research, 22(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610739608254006
Maclean, L. M., Brown, L. J. E., Khadra, H., & Astell, A. J. (2017). Observing prioritization effects on cognition and gait: The effect of increased cognitive load on cognitively healthy older adults’ dual-task performance. Gait and Posture, 53, 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.01.018
Mane, A., Patil, P., Sanjana, T., & Sriniwas, T. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of fear of falling among elderly population in urban area of Karnataka, India. Journal of Mid-Life Health, 5(3), 150. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-7800.141224
Mills, P. M., & Barrett, R. S. (2001). Swing phase mechanics of healthy young and elderly men. Human Movement Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(01)00061-6
Neider, M. B., Gaspar, J. G., McCarley, J. S., Crowell, J. A., Kaczmarski, H., & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Walking and Talking: Dual-Task Effects on Street Crossing Behavior in Older Adults. Psychology and Aging, 26(2), 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021566
Olivier Beauchet, Véronique Dubost, F. R. H. and R. W. K. (2005). Stride-to-stride variability while backward counting among healthy young adults. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 2:26, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-Received
Plummer-D’Amato, P., Brancato, B., Dantowitz, M., Birken, S., Bonke, C., & Furey, E. (2012). Effects of gait and cognitive task difficulty on cognitive-motor interference in aging. Journal of Aging Research, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/583894
Plummer, P., Altmann, L., Feld, J., Zukowski, L., Najafi, B., & Giuliani, C. (2020). Attentional prioritization in dual-task walking: Effects of stroke, environment, and instructed focus. Gait and Posture, 79(March), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.03.013
Rabbitt, P. (2004). Introduction: Methodologies and models in the study of executive function. In Methodology of Frontal and Executive Function. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203344187-5
Ruthruff, E., Van Selst, M., Johnston, J. C., & Remington, R. (2006). How does practice reduce dual-task interference: Integration, automatization, or just stage-shortening? Psychological Research, 70(2), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-004-0192-7
Schaefer, S. (2014). The ecological approach to cognitive–motor dual-tasking: findings on the effects of expertise and age. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01167
Siu, K. C., Chou, L. S., Mayr, U., Van Donkelaar, P., & Woollacott, M. H. (2008). Does inability to allocate attention contribute to balance constraints during gait in older adults? Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.12.1364
Springer, S., Giladi, N., Peretz, C., Yogev, G., Simon, E. S., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2006). Dual-tasking effects on gait variability: The role of aging, falls, and executive function. Movement Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20848
Woollacott, M., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2002). Attention and the control of posture and gait: A review of an emerging area of research. In Gait and Posture (Vol. 16, Issue 1, pp. 1–14). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00156-4
Yogev-Seligmann, G., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2008). The role of executive function and attention in gait. In Movement Disorders (Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 329–342). https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21720
Yogev-Seligmann, G., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2012). Do we always prioritize balance when walking? Towards an integrated model of task prioritization. Movement Disorders, 27(6), 765–770. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.24963
Yogev-Seligmann, G., Rotem-Galili, Y., Mirelman, A., Dickstein, R., Giladi, N., Hausdorff, J. M., G., Y.-S., Y., R.-G., A., M., R., D., N., G., & J.M., H. (2010). How Does Explicit Prioritization Alter Walking During Dual-Task Performance? Effects of Age and Sex on Gait Speed and Variability. Physical Therapy, 90(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090043
References
Abernethy, B. (1988). Dual-task methodology and motor skills research: Some applications and methodological constraints. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 14(3), 101–132.
Borel, L., & Alescio-Lautier, B. (2014). Posture and cognition in the elderly: Interaction and contribution to the rehabilitation strategies. Neurophysiologie Clinique, 44(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2013.10.129
Elble, R. J., Thomas, S. S., Higgins, C., & Colliver, J. (1991). Stride-dependent changes in gait of older people. Journal of Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00319700
Hausdorff, J. M., Schweiger, A., Herman, T., Yogev-Seligmann, G., & Giladi, N. (2008). Dual-task decrements in gait: Contributing factors among healthy older adults. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 63(12), 1335–1343. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.12.1335
Jansen, R. J., Van Egmond, R., & De Ridder, H. (2016). Task prioritization in dual-tasking: Instructions versus preferences. PLoS ONE, 11(7), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158511
Lajoie, Y., Teasdale, N., Bard, C., & Fleury, M. (1996). Upright Standing and Gait: Are There Changes in Attentional Requirements Related to Normal Aging? Experimental Aging Research, 22(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610739608254006
Maclean, L. M., Brown, L. J. E., Khadra, H., & Astell, A. J. (2017). Observing prioritization effects on cognition and gait: The effect of increased cognitive load on cognitively healthy older adults’ dual-task performance. Gait and Posture, 53, 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.01.018
Mane, A., Patil, P., Sanjana, T., & Sriniwas, T. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of fear of falling among elderly population in urban area of Karnataka, India. Journal of Mid-Life Health, 5(3), 150. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-7800.141224
Mills, P. M., & Barrett, R. S. (2001). Swing phase mechanics of healthy young and elderly men. Human Movement Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(01)00061-6
Neider, M. B., Gaspar, J. G., McCarley, J. S., Crowell, J. A., Kaczmarski, H., & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Walking and Talking: Dual-Task Effects on Street Crossing Behavior in Older Adults. Psychology and Aging, 26(2), 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021566
Olivier Beauchet, Véronique Dubost, F. R. H. and R. W. K. (2005). Stride-to-stride variability while backward counting among healthy young adults. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 2:26, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-Received
Plummer-D’Amato, P., Brancato, B., Dantowitz, M., Birken, S., Bonke, C., & Furey, E. (2012). Effects of gait and cognitive task difficulty on cognitive-motor interference in aging. Journal of Aging Research, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/583894
Plummer, P., Altmann, L., Feld, J., Zukowski, L., Najafi, B., & Giuliani, C. (2020). Attentional prioritization in dual-task walking: Effects of stroke, environment, and instructed focus. Gait and Posture, 79(March), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.03.013
Rabbitt, P. (2004). Introduction: Methodologies and models in the study of executive function. In Methodology of Frontal and Executive Function. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203344187-5
Ruthruff, E., Van Selst, M., Johnston, J. C., & Remington, R. (2006). How does practice reduce dual-task interference: Integration, automatization, or just stage-shortening? Psychological Research, 70(2), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-004-0192-7
Schaefer, S. (2014). The ecological approach to cognitive–motor dual-tasking: findings on the effects of expertise and age. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01167
Siu, K. C., Chou, L. S., Mayr, U., Van Donkelaar, P., & Woollacott, M. H. (2008). Does inability to allocate attention contribute to balance constraints during gait in older adults? Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.12.1364
Springer, S., Giladi, N., Peretz, C., Yogev, G., Simon, E. S., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2006). Dual-tasking effects on gait variability: The role of aging, falls, and executive function. Movement Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20848
Woollacott, M., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2002). Attention and the control of posture and gait: A review of an emerging area of research. In Gait and Posture (Vol. 16, Issue 1, pp. 1–14). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00156-4
Yogev-Seligmann, G., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2008). The role of executive function and attention in gait. In Movement Disorders (Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 329–342). https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21720
Yogev-Seligmann, G., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2012). Do we always prioritize balance when walking? Towards an integrated model of task prioritization. Movement Disorders, 27(6), 765–770. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.24963
Yogev-Seligmann, G., Rotem-Galili, Y., Mirelman, A., Dickstein, R., Giladi, N., Hausdorff, J. M., G., Y.-S., Y., R.-G., A., M., R., D., N., G., & J.M., H. (2010). How Does Explicit Prioritization Alter Walking During Dual-Task Performance? Effects of Age and Sex on Gait Speed and Variability. Physical Therapy, 90(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090043
Borel, L., & Alescio-Lautier, B. (2014). Posture and cognition in the elderly: Interaction and contribution to the rehabilitation strategies. Neurophysiologie Clinique, 44(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2013.10.129
Elble, R. J., Thomas, S. S., Higgins, C., & Colliver, J. (1991). Stride-dependent changes in gait of older people. Journal of Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00319700
Hausdorff, J. M., Schweiger, A., Herman, T., Yogev-Seligmann, G., & Giladi, N. (2008). Dual-task decrements in gait: Contributing factors among healthy older adults. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 63(12), 1335–1343. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.12.1335
Jansen, R. J., Van Egmond, R., & De Ridder, H. (2016). Task prioritization in dual-tasking: Instructions versus preferences. PLoS ONE, 11(7), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158511
Lajoie, Y., Teasdale, N., Bard, C., & Fleury, M. (1996). Upright Standing and Gait: Are There Changes in Attentional Requirements Related to Normal Aging? Experimental Aging Research, 22(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610739608254006
Maclean, L. M., Brown, L. J. E., Khadra, H., & Astell, A. J. (2017). Observing prioritization effects on cognition and gait: The effect of increased cognitive load on cognitively healthy older adults’ dual-task performance. Gait and Posture, 53, 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.01.018
Mane, A., Patil, P., Sanjana, T., & Sriniwas, T. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of fear of falling among elderly population in urban area of Karnataka, India. Journal of Mid-Life Health, 5(3), 150. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-7800.141224
Mills, P. M., & Barrett, R. S. (2001). Swing phase mechanics of healthy young and elderly men. Human Movement Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9457(01)00061-6
Neider, M. B., Gaspar, J. G., McCarley, J. S., Crowell, J. A., Kaczmarski, H., & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Walking and Talking: Dual-Task Effects on Street Crossing Behavior in Older Adults. Psychology and Aging, 26(2), 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021566
Olivier Beauchet, Véronique Dubost, F. R. H. and R. W. K. (2005). Stride-to-stride variability while backward counting among healthy young adults. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 2:26, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-Received
Plummer-D’Amato, P., Brancato, B., Dantowitz, M., Birken, S., Bonke, C., & Furey, E. (2012). Effects of gait and cognitive task difficulty on cognitive-motor interference in aging. Journal of Aging Research, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/583894
Plummer, P., Altmann, L., Feld, J., Zukowski, L., Najafi, B., & Giuliani, C. (2020). Attentional prioritization in dual-task walking: Effects of stroke, environment, and instructed focus. Gait and Posture, 79(March), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.03.013
Rabbitt, P. (2004). Introduction: Methodologies and models in the study of executive function. In Methodology of Frontal and Executive Function. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203344187-5
Ruthruff, E., Van Selst, M., Johnston, J. C., & Remington, R. (2006). How does practice reduce dual-task interference: Integration, automatization, or just stage-shortening? Psychological Research, 70(2), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-004-0192-7
Schaefer, S. (2014). The ecological approach to cognitive–motor dual-tasking: findings on the effects of expertise and age. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01167
Siu, K. C., Chou, L. S., Mayr, U., Van Donkelaar, P., & Woollacott, M. H. (2008). Does inability to allocate attention contribute to balance constraints during gait in older adults? Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.12.1364
Springer, S., Giladi, N., Peretz, C., Yogev, G., Simon, E. S., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2006). Dual-tasking effects on gait variability: The role of aging, falls, and executive function. Movement Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20848
Woollacott, M., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2002). Attention and the control of posture and gait: A review of an emerging area of research. In Gait and Posture (Vol. 16, Issue 1, pp. 1–14). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00156-4
Yogev-Seligmann, G., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2008). The role of executive function and attention in gait. In Movement Disorders (Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 329–342). https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21720
Yogev-Seligmann, G., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2012). Do we always prioritize balance when walking? Towards an integrated model of task prioritization. Movement Disorders, 27(6), 765–770. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.24963
Yogev-Seligmann, G., Rotem-Galili, Y., Mirelman, A., Dickstein, R., Giladi, N., Hausdorff, J. M., G., Y.-S., Y., R.-G., A., M., R., D., N., G., & J.M., H. (2010). How Does Explicit Prioritization Alter Walking During Dual-Task Performance? Effects of Age and Sex on Gait Speed and Variability. Physical Therapy, 90(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090043