Date Log
Submitted
June 30, 2021
Published
June 30, 2021
Recent Advances of Plant Tissue Culture in Pharmaceuticals And Opportunities
Corresponding Author(s) : Vitta kavya
vittakavyasri@gmail.com
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research,
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2021): 2021 Volume - 9 Issue - 2
Abstract
India features a very rich plant biodiversity, many of which are medicinally useful. The rich resource is disappearing at an alarming rate as results of over- exploitation. Rapid agricultural development, increase, urbanization and therefore the indiscriminate collection of medicinal plants from the wild is resulted in an over-exploitation of natural resources. The traditional means of propagation takes an extended time for multiplication and also clonal non uniform. Plant in vitro regeneration may be a biotechnological tool that gives an incredible potential solution for the propagation of endangered and superior genotypes of medicinal plants which might be released to their natural habitat or cultivated on an outsized scale for the pharmaceutical product of interest. After the last four years of intensive research programmes in our laboratory, we are ready to micropropagate a number of the endangered and valuable medicinal plants species of this region. Plant tissue culture refers to growing and multiplication of cells, tissues and organs of plants on defined solid or liquid media under aseptic and controlled environment. The commercial technology is based on micro propagation, during which rapid proliferation is achieved from in system cuttings, axillary buds, and to a limited extent from somatic embryos, cell clumps in suspension cultures and bioreactors.
Keywords
Endangered
in vitro
Medicinal plants
Plant tissue culture
Protocols
1.
Vitta kavya. Recent Advances of Plant Tissue Culture in Pharmaceuticals And Opportunities. Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Res. [Internet]. 2021 Jun. 30 [cited 2025 May 14];9(2):320-35. Available from: https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/1021
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
References
-
1. Thorpe TA. History of plant tissue culture. Mol Biotechnol. 2007; 37(2):169-80. doi: 10.1007/s12033-007-0031-3, PMID 17914178.
2. Akin-Idowu PE, Ibitoye DO, Ademoyegun OT. Tissue culture as a plant production technique for horticultural crops. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009; 8(16):3782-8.
3. Brown DCW, Thorpe TA. Crop improvement through tissue culture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995; 11(4):409-15. doi: 10.1007/BF00364616, PMID 24414749.
4. George EF. Plant propagation by Tissue Culture. Eversley: Eastern Press; 1993.
5. Garcia-Gonzales R, Quiroz K, Carrasco B, Caligari P. Plant tissue culture: Current status, opportunities and challenges. Cien. Investig Agr. 2010; 37(3):5-30.
6. Sagare AP, Lee YL, Lin TC, Chen CC, Tsay HS. Cytokinin-induced somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Corydalis yanhusuo (Fumariaceae) - a medicinal plant. Plant Sci. 2000; 160(1):139-47. doi: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00377-0, PMID 11164586.
7. El-Dougdoug KA, El-Shamy MM. Management of viral diseases in banana using certified and virus tested plant material. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2011; 5(32):5923-32.
8. Singh RB. Current status and future prospects of plant biotechnologies in developing countries in Asia. In: Sasson A, Costarini, editors. Plant Biotechnologies for Developing Countries. London; 1992. p. 141-62.
9. Haberlandt G. Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen. Sitzungsber. Akad.Wiss. Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. J. 1902; 111:69-92.
10. Murashige T, Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant. 1962; 15(3):473-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x.
11. Ting IP. Plant physiology. Addison-Wesleyn Reading, Massachusetts. Vol. 642; 1982.
12. Rafiq M, Dahot MU, Mangrio SM, Naqvi HA Qarshi IA. In vitro clonalpropagation and biochemical analysis of field established Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Pak J Bot. 2007; 39(7):2467-74.
13. Rout GR. Effect of cytokinins and auxin on micropropagation of Clitoria ternateaL. Biol Lett. 2004; 41(1):21-6.
14. Hussain A, Naz S, Nazir H, Shinwari ZK. Tissue culture of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2011; 43(2):1069-78.
15. Murashige T. Plant propagation through tissue cultures. Annu Rev Plant Physiol. 1974; 25(1):135-66. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.25.060174.001031.
16. Cassells AC, Doyle BM. Pathogen and biological contamination management: the road ahead. In: Loyola-Vargas VM, Vázquez-Flota F, editors. Plant cell Culture Protocols. New York: Humana Press; 2005. p. 35-50.
17. Husain MK, Anis M. Rapid in vitro multiplication of Melia azedarach L. (amultipurpose woody tree). Acta Physiol Plant. 2009; 31(4):765-72. doi: 10.1007/s11738-009-0290-7.
18. Tilkat E, Onay A, Y?ld?r?m H, Ayaz E. Direct plant regeneration from mature leaf explants of pistachio, Pistacia vera L Sci Hortic. 2009; 121(3):361-5. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2009.02.007.
19. Marana JP, Miglioranza É, Faria RTd. Estabelecimento in vitro de Jacaratia spinosa (Aubl.) ADC. Sem Ci Agr; 30(2). doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2009v30n2p271.
20. Garcia R, Morán R, Somonte D, Zaldúa Z, López A, Mena CJ. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) biotechnology: perspectives and progress. In: Altman A, editor, Ziv M, plant tissue culture: current status and opportunities 23Shamay I, editors. Plant biotechnology and in vitro biology in 21st century. The Netherlands; 1999. p. 143-6.
21. Singh KK, Gurung B. In vitro propagation of R. maddeni Hook. F. an endangered Rhododendron species of Sikkim Himalaya. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca. 2009; 37(1):79-83.
22. Saini R, Jaiwal PK. Age, position in mother seedling, orientation, and polarity of the epicotyl segments of black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) determines its morphogenic response. Plant Sci. 2002; 163(1):101-9. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00062-6.
23. Park YS, Barrett JD, Bonga JM. Application of somatic embryogenesis in high-value clonal forestry: Deployment, genetic control, and stability of cryopreserved clones. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant. 1998; 34(3):231-9. doi: 10.1007/BF02822713.
24. Torres-Munoz L, Rodriguez-Garay B. Somatic embryogenesis in the threatened cactus Turbinicarpus psudomacrochele (Buxbaum & Backerberg). J PACD. 1996; 1:36-8.
25. Jayasankar S, Gray DJ, Litz RE. High-efficiency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from suspension cultures of grapevine. Plant Cell Rep. 1999; 18(7-8):533-7. doi: 10.1007/s002990050617.
26. Li X, Krasnyanski SF, Korban SS. Somatic embryogenesis, secondary somatic embryogenesis, and shoot organogenesis in Rosa. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2002; 159(3):313-9. doi: 10.1078/0176-1617-00688.
27. Bouquet A, Terregrosa L. Micropropagation of grapevine (Vitus spp.). In: Jain SM, Ishii K, editors. Micropropagation of woody trees and fruits. The Netherlands. Vol. 75; 2003. p. 319-52.
28. Maynard C, Xiang Z, Bickel S, Powell W. Using genetic engineering to help save American chestnut: a progress report. J. Am Chestnut Found. 1998; 12:40-56.
29. Han GY, Wang XF, Zhang GY, Ma ZY. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of recalcitrant cottons (Gossypium hirsutum). Afr J Biotechnol. 2009; 8(3):432-7.
30. Skoog F, Miller CO. Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissues cultured in vitro. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1957; 11:118-30. PMID 13486467.
31. Vasil IK. Molecular improvement of cereals. Plant Mol Biol. 1994; 25(6):925-37. doi: 10.1007/BF00014667, PMID 7919213.
32. Christou P, Capell T, Kohli A, Gatehouse JA, Gatehouse AMR. recent developments and future prospects in insect pest control in transgenic crops. Trends Plant Sci. 2006; 11:302-8.
33. Navarro-Mastache LC. Large scale commercial micropropagation in Mexico. The experience of Agromod, S.A. de C.V. Acta Horti. 2007; 748:91-4.
34. James C 2008. Global status of Commercialized Biotech/GM crops. ISAAA Brief No. 39. Ithaca, NY. 243.
35. Pareek LK. Trends in plant tissue culture and biotechnology. Jodhpur, India.Agrobios. Vol. 350; 2005.
36. Ferrante E, Simpson D. A Review of the Progression of Transgenic Plants Used to Produce Plantibodies for Human Usage. Biogr Biomed Sci Issue. 2001; 1.
37. Chatenet M, Delage C, Ripolles M, Irey M, Lockhart BEL, Rott P. Detection of sugarcane yellow leaf virus in quarantine and production of virus-free sugarcane by apical meristem culture. Plant Dis. 2001; 85(11):1177-80. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.11.1177, PMID 30823163 Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture.
38. Marino G, Battistini S. Leaf-callus growth, shoot regeneration and so maclonal variation in Actinidia deliciosa: effect of media pH. Acta Hortic. 1990; 280:37-44.
39. Ahmadi A, Azadfar D, Mofidabadi AJ. Study of inter-generic hybridization possibility between Salix aegyptica and Populus caspica to achieve new hybrids. Int J Plant Prod. 2010; 4(2):143-7.
40. Sengar RS, Chaudhary R, Tyagi SK. Present status and scope of floriculture developed through different biological tools. Res J Agric Sci. 2010; 1(4):306-14.
41. Filho AR, Dal Vesco LLD, Nodari RO, Lischka RW, Müller CV, Guerra MP. Tissue culture for the conservation and mass propagation of Vriesea reitzii Leme and Costa, a bromeliad threatened of extinction from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biodivers Conserv. 2005; 14(8):1799-808. doi: 10.1007/s10531-004-0700-5.
42. Tyagi RK, Agrawal A, Mahalakshmi C, Hussain Z, Tyagi H. Low-cost media for in vitro conservation of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and genetic stability assessment using RAPD markers. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant. 2007; 43(1):51-8. doi: 10.1007/s11627-006-9000-y.
43. Harding K. Genetic integrity of cryopreserved plant cells: a review. Cryo Lett. 2004; 25(1):3-22. PMID 15031741.
44. Day JG. Cryopreservation: fundamentals, mechanisms of damage on freezing/thawing and application in culture collections. Nova Hedwigia. 2004; 79(1-2):191-205. doi: 10.1127/0029-5035/2004/0079-0191.
45. Harding K, Johnston J, Benson EE. Plant and algal cell cryopreservation: issues in genetic integrity, concepts. In: Benett IJ, Bunn E, Clarke H, McComb JA, editors. Cryobionomics and current European applications. In: contributing to a Sustainable Future. Western Australia; 2005. p. 112-9.
46. Harding K. Plant and algal cryopreservation: issues in genetic integrity, concepts in cryobionomics and current applications in cryobiology. Aspac. J Mol BiolBiotechnol.18 (1). 2010:151-4.
47. Corredoira E, San-José MC, Ballester A, Vieitez AM. Cryopreservation of zygoticembryo axes and somatic embryos of European chestnut. Cryo Lett. 2004; 25(1):33-42. PMID 15031743.
48. Evans DA, Bravo JE. Agricultural applications of protoplast fusion. Plant Biotechnol Austin. 1988:51-91.
49. Mostageer A, Elshihy OM. Establishment of salt tolerant somatic hybrid through protoplast fusion between rice and ditch reed. Arab. J Biotechnol. 2003; 6(1):01-12.
50. Motomural T, Hidaka T, Akihamal T, Katagi S, Berhow MA, Moriguchi T, Omura M. Protoplast Fusion for Production of Hybrid Plants between Citrus and Its Related Genera. Engei Gakkai zasshi. 1997; 65(4):685-92. doi: 10.2503/jjshs.65.685.
51. Toriyama K, Hinata K, Kameya T. Production of somatic hybrid plants, ‘Brassicomoricandia’, through protoplast fusion between Moricandia arvensis and Brassica oleracea. Plant Sci. 1987; 48(2):123-8. doi: 10.1016/0168-9452(87)90139-7.
52. Liu ZY, Chen PD, Pei GZ, Wang YN, Qin BX, Wang SL. Transfer of Haynaldia villosa chromosomes into Triticum aestivum. Proceeding of the 7th International. Wheat. 1988:355-61.
53. Morrison RA, Evans DA. Haploid plants from tissue culture: new plant varieties in a shortened time frame. Nat Biotechnol. 1988; 6(6):684-90. doi: 10.1038/nbt0688-684.Plant Tissue Culture: Current Status and Opportunities 25.
54. Basu SK, Datta M, Sharma M, Kumar A. Haploid plant production technology in wheat and some selected higher plants. Aust J Crop Sci. 2011; 5(9):1087-93.
55. Sudherson CS, Manuel J, Al-Sabah. Haploid plant production from pollen grains of sturt’s desert pea via somatic embryogenesis. Am-Euros. Sci Res. 2008; 3(1):44-7.
56. Bajaj YPS. In vitro production of haploids and their use in cell genetics and plant breeding. Biotechnol Agric For Berlin. 1990:3-44.
57. Yeung EC, Thorpe TA, Jensen CJ. In vitro fertilization and embryo culture in plant tissue culture: Methods and Applications in Agriculture Thorpe TA, editor. New York: Academic Press; 1981. p. 253-71.
58. Chauhan H, Khurana P. Use of doubled haploid technology for development of stable drought tolerant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) transgenics. Plant Biotechnol J. 2011; 9(3):408-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00561.x, PMID 20723133.
59. Holeman DJ. Simple embryo culture for plant breeders: a manual of technique forth extracyion and in vitro germination of mature plant embryos with emphasis on the rose. 1st ed. Rose Hybridizers Association; 2009. p. 10.
60. Guerra MP, Handro W. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in embryocultures of Euterpe edulis Mart. (Palmae). Plant Cell Rep. 1988; 7(7):550-2. doi: 10.1007/BF00272754, PMID 24240414.
61. Okere AU, A U, Adegeye, A. In vitro propagation of an endangered medicinal timber species Khaya grandifoliola C. Dc propagation of an endangered medicinal timber species Khaya grandifoliola C. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;10(17):3335-9. doi: 10.5897/AJB10.236.
62. Mohan N, Nikdad S, Singh G. Studies on seed germination and embryo culture of Jatropha curcas L. Under in vitro conditions [research article]. Biotechnol, Bioinformatics, Bioeng. Vol. 1(2); 2011. p. 187-94.
63. Hinchee MAW, Corbin DR, Armstrong CL, Fry JE, Sato SS, Deboer DL, Petersen WL, Armstrong TA, Connor-Wand DY, Layton JG, Horsch RB. Plant transformation in Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. In: Vasil LK, Thorpe TA, editors. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1994. p. 231-70.
64. Sinclair TR, Purcell LC, Sneller CH. Crop transformation and the challenge to increase yield potential. Trends Plant Sci. 2004;9(2):70-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.008.
65. Sasson A. Biotechnologies in developing countries: present and future. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1994;10(2):127-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00360872. PMID 24420932.
66. Franklin G, Lakshmi Sita G. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) using root explants. Plant Cell Rep. 2003;21(6):549-54. doi: 10.1007/s00299-002-0546-9, PMID 12789429.
67. Chung SM, Vaidya M, Tzfira T. Agrobacterium is not alone: gene transfer to plants by viruses and other bacteria. Trends Plant Sci. 2006;11(1):1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.11.001, PMID 16297655.
68. Purkayastha J, Sugla T, Paul A, Solleti SK, Mazumdar P, Basu A, Mohommad A, Ahmed Z, Sahoo L. Efficient in vitro plant regeneration from shoot apices and gene transfer by particle bombardment in Jatropha curcas. Biol Plant. 2010;54(1):13-20. doi: 10.1007/s10535-010-0003-5.
69. Misra M, Misra AN. Genetic transformation of grass pea. In: Plant Molecular Biology, BRNS/DAE DAE Symposium on Photosynth. Government of India; 1993. p. 246-51.
70. Bukovinszki Á, Divéki Z, Csányi M, Palkovics L, Balázs E. Engineering resistance to PVY in different potato cultivars in a marker-free transformation system using a ‘Shooter mutant’ A. tumefaciens. Plant Cell Rep. 2007;26(4):459-65. doi: 10.1007/s00299-006-0257-8 Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture.
71. Khan RS, Alam SS, Munir I, Azadi P, Nakamura I, Mii M. Botrytis cinerea-resistant marker-free Petunia hybrida produced using the MAT vector system. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult. 2011;106(1):11-20. doi: 10.1007/s11240-010-9888-0.
72. Vijayasree N, Udayasri P, Aswani KY, Ravi BB, Phani KY, Vijay VM. Advancements in the production of secondary metabolites. J Nat Prod. 2010;3:112-23.
73. Hellwig S, Drossard J, Twyman RM, Fischer R. Plant cell cultures for the production of recombinant proteins. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22(11):1415-22. doi: 10.1038/nbt1027, PMID 15529167.
74. Ramachandra Rao S, Ravishankar GA. Plant cell cultures: chemical factories of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv. 2002;20(2):101-53. doi: 10.1016/S0734-9750(02)00007-1.
75. Siahsar B, Rahimi M, Tavassoli A, Raissi AS. Application of biotechnology of Medicinal Plants. J Agric Environ Sci. 2011;11(3):439-44.
76. Chattopadhyay S, Farkya S, Srivastava AK, Bisaria VS. Bioprocess Considerations for production of secondary metabolites by plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 2002;7(3):138-49. doi: 10.1007/BF02932911.
77. Lila KM. Valuable secondary products from in vitro culture, Secondary Products In vitro. CRC Press LLC; 2005.
78. Rao SR, Ravishankar GA. Plant cell cultures: chemical factories of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv. 2002;20(2):101-53. doi: 10.1016/s0734-9750(02)00007-1, PMID 14538059.
79. Karuppusamy S. A review on trends of secondary metabolites from higher plants by in vitro tissue, organ and cell cultures. J Med Plants Res. 2009;3(13):1222-39.
80. Payne GF, Shuler ML, Brodelius P. Plant cell culture; 1987. In J Lydensen BK, editor. Large scale cell culture technology. New York: Hanser Publishers. p. 193-229.
81. Cooper CG, Ramsden BM. Clustered cortical organization and the enhanced probability of intra-areal functional integration. Network. 2010;21(1-2):1-34. doi: 10.3109/0954898X.2010.484475. PMID 20735172.
82. Shalaka DK, Sandhya P. Micropropagation and organogenesis in Adhatoda vasica for the estimation of vasine. Pharm Mag. 2009;5:539-363.
83. Baldi A, Dixit VK. Enhanced artemisinin production by cell cultures of Artemisia annua. Curr. Terends Biotechnol Pharmacol. 2008;2:341-8.
84. Sujanya S, Poornasri Devi B, Sai I. In vitro production of azadirachtin from cell suspension cultures of Azadirachta indica. J Biosci. 2008;33(1):113-20. doi: 10.1007/s12038-008-0027-6.
85. Wagiah ME, Alam G, Wiryowidagdo S, Attia K. Improved production of thin dole alkaloid cation-6-one from cell suspension cultures of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.Sci. Technol J. 2008;1:1-6.
86. Umamaheswai A, Lalitha V. In vitro effect of various growth hormones in Capsicum annum L. on the callus induction and production of Capsiacin. Plant Sci J. 2007;2:545-51.
87. Shrivastava N, Patel T, Srivastava A. Biosynthetic potential of in vitro grown callus cells of Cassia senna L. var. senna. Curr. Sci J. 2006;90:1472-3.
88. Zhao J, Zhu W, Hu Q. Enhanced catharanthine production in catharanthus roseus cell cultures by combined elicitor treatment in shake flasks and bioreactors. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2001;28(7-8):673-81. doi: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00306-4. PMID 11339952.
89. Contin A, Van der Heijden R, Verpoorte R. Effects of alkaloid precursor feeding and elicitation on the accumulation of secologanin in a Catharanthus roseus cell suspension culture. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 1999;56(2):111-9. doi: 10.1023/A:1006257125191.
90. Moreno PRH, Van der Heijden R, Verpoorte R. Effect of terpenoid precursor feeding and elicitation on formation of indole alkaloids in cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Plant Cell Rep. J. 1993;12:702-5.
91. Lee-Parsons CWT, Royce AJ. Precursor limitations in methyl jasmonate-induced Catharanthus roseus cell cultures. Plant Cell Rep. 2006;25(6):607-12. doi: 10.1007/s00299-005-0109-y, PMID 16432630.
92. Roat C, Ramawat KG. Elicitor induced accumulation of stilbenes in cell suspension cultures of Cayratia trifoliata (L.) Domin. Plant Biotechnol. Rep. J. 2009;3:135-8.
93. Khan T, Krupadanam D, Anwar Y. The role of phytohormone on the production of berberine in the calli culture of an endangered medicinal plant, turmeric (Cosciniumfenustratum L.). Afr J Biotechnol. 2008;7:3244-6.
94. Skrzypek Z, Wysokinsku H. Sterols and titer penes in cell cultures of Hyssopus officinalis L. Ver Lag der. Z Naturforschung. D. 2003;312.
95. Tabata M, Fujita Y. Production of shikon in by plant cell cultures. In: Zaitlin M, Day P, Hollaender A, editors. Biotechnology in Plant Science. Relevance to Agriculturein the eighties. San Diego: Acedemic Press; 1985. p. 207-18.
96. Zhong JJ, Chen F, Hu WW. High-density cultivation of Panax notoginseng cells instirred tank bioreactors for the production of ginseng biomass and ginseng saponin. Process. Biochem J. 1999;35:491-6.
97. Chattopadhyay S, Farkya S, Srivastava AK, Bisaria VS. Bioprocess Considerations for production of secondary metabolites by plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 2002;7(3):138-49. doi: 10.1007/BF02932911.
98. Wang HQ, Yu JT, Zhong JJ. Significant improvement of taxane production in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis by sucrose feeding strategy. Process. Biochem J. 1999;35:479-83.
99. Palazon J, Pinol MT, Cusido RM, Morales C, Bonfill M. Application of transformed root technology to the production of bioactive metabolites. Recent Res.dev. Plant Physiol. 1997;1:125-43.
100. Hu ZB, Du M. Hairy root and its application in plant genetic engineering. J Integrative Plant Biology. 2006;48(2):121-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2006.00121.x.
101. Giri A, Narasu ML. Transgenic hairy roots. recent trends and applications. Biotechnol Adv. 2000;18(1):1-22. doi: 10.1016/s0734-9750(99)00016-6, PMID 14538116.
102. Pistelli L, Giovannini A, Ruffoni B, Bertoli A, Pistelli L. Hairy Root Cultures for Secondary Metabolites Production. Adv Exp Med Biol. ISBN: 978-1-4419-7346-7. 2010;698:167-84. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_13, PMID 21520711.
103. Srivastava S, Srivastava AK. Hairy root culture for mass-production of high-value secondary metabolites. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2007;27(1):29-43. doi: 10.1080/07388550601173918, PMID 17364688.
References
1. Thorpe TA. History of plant tissue culture. Mol Biotechnol. 2007; 37(2):169-80. doi: 10.1007/s12033-007-0031-3, PMID 17914178.
2. Akin-Idowu PE, Ibitoye DO, Ademoyegun OT. Tissue culture as a plant production technique for horticultural crops. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009; 8(16):3782-8.
3. Brown DCW, Thorpe TA. Crop improvement through tissue culture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995; 11(4):409-15. doi: 10.1007/BF00364616, PMID 24414749.
4. George EF. Plant propagation by Tissue Culture. Eversley: Eastern Press; 1993.
5. Garcia-Gonzales R, Quiroz K, Carrasco B, Caligari P. Plant tissue culture: Current status, opportunities and challenges. Cien. Investig Agr. 2010; 37(3):5-30.
6. Sagare AP, Lee YL, Lin TC, Chen CC, Tsay HS. Cytokinin-induced somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Corydalis yanhusuo (Fumariaceae) - a medicinal plant. Plant Sci. 2000; 160(1):139-47. doi: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00377-0, PMID 11164586.
7. El-Dougdoug KA, El-Shamy MM. Management of viral diseases in banana using certified and virus tested plant material. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2011; 5(32):5923-32.
8. Singh RB. Current status and future prospects of plant biotechnologies in developing countries in Asia. In: Sasson A, Costarini, editors. Plant Biotechnologies for Developing Countries. London; 1992. p. 141-62.
9. Haberlandt G. Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen. Sitzungsber. Akad.Wiss. Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. J. 1902; 111:69-92.
10. Murashige T, Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant. 1962; 15(3):473-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x.
11. Ting IP. Plant physiology. Addison-Wesleyn Reading, Massachusetts. Vol. 642; 1982.
12. Rafiq M, Dahot MU, Mangrio SM, Naqvi HA Qarshi IA. In vitro clonalpropagation and biochemical analysis of field established Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Pak J Bot. 2007; 39(7):2467-74.
13. Rout GR. Effect of cytokinins and auxin on micropropagation of Clitoria ternateaL. Biol Lett. 2004; 41(1):21-6.
14. Hussain A, Naz S, Nazir H, Shinwari ZK. Tissue culture of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2011; 43(2):1069-78.
15. Murashige T. Plant propagation through tissue cultures. Annu Rev Plant Physiol. 1974; 25(1):135-66. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.25.060174.001031.
16. Cassells AC, Doyle BM. Pathogen and biological contamination management: the road ahead. In: Loyola-Vargas VM, Vázquez-Flota F, editors. Plant cell Culture Protocols. New York: Humana Press; 2005. p. 35-50.
17. Husain MK, Anis M. Rapid in vitro multiplication of Melia azedarach L. (amultipurpose woody tree). Acta Physiol Plant. 2009; 31(4):765-72. doi: 10.1007/s11738-009-0290-7.
18. Tilkat E, Onay A, Y?ld?r?m H, Ayaz E. Direct plant regeneration from mature leaf explants of pistachio, Pistacia vera L Sci Hortic. 2009; 121(3):361-5. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2009.02.007.
19. Marana JP, Miglioranza É, Faria RTd. Estabelecimento in vitro de Jacaratia spinosa (Aubl.) ADC. Sem Ci Agr; 30(2). doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2009v30n2p271.
20. Garcia R, Morán R, Somonte D, Zaldúa Z, López A, Mena CJ. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) biotechnology: perspectives and progress. In: Altman A, editor, Ziv M, plant tissue culture: current status and opportunities 23Shamay I, editors. Plant biotechnology and in vitro biology in 21st century. The Netherlands; 1999. p. 143-6.
21. Singh KK, Gurung B. In vitro propagation of R. maddeni Hook. F. an endangered Rhododendron species of Sikkim Himalaya. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca. 2009; 37(1):79-83.
22. Saini R, Jaiwal PK. Age, position in mother seedling, orientation, and polarity of the epicotyl segments of black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) determines its morphogenic response. Plant Sci. 2002; 163(1):101-9. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00062-6.
23. Park YS, Barrett JD, Bonga JM. Application of somatic embryogenesis in high-value clonal forestry: Deployment, genetic control, and stability of cryopreserved clones. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant. 1998; 34(3):231-9. doi: 10.1007/BF02822713.
24. Torres-Munoz L, Rodriguez-Garay B. Somatic embryogenesis in the threatened cactus Turbinicarpus psudomacrochele (Buxbaum & Backerberg). J PACD. 1996; 1:36-8.
25. Jayasankar S, Gray DJ, Litz RE. High-efficiency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from suspension cultures of grapevine. Plant Cell Rep. 1999; 18(7-8):533-7. doi: 10.1007/s002990050617.
26. Li X, Krasnyanski SF, Korban SS. Somatic embryogenesis, secondary somatic embryogenesis, and shoot organogenesis in Rosa. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2002; 159(3):313-9. doi: 10.1078/0176-1617-00688.
27. Bouquet A, Terregrosa L. Micropropagation of grapevine (Vitus spp.). In: Jain SM, Ishii K, editors. Micropropagation of woody trees and fruits. The Netherlands. Vol. 75; 2003. p. 319-52.
28. Maynard C, Xiang Z, Bickel S, Powell W. Using genetic engineering to help save American chestnut: a progress report. J. Am Chestnut Found. 1998; 12:40-56.
29. Han GY, Wang XF, Zhang GY, Ma ZY. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of recalcitrant cottons (Gossypium hirsutum). Afr J Biotechnol. 2009; 8(3):432-7.
30. Skoog F, Miller CO. Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissues cultured in vitro. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1957; 11:118-30. PMID 13486467.
31. Vasil IK. Molecular improvement of cereals. Plant Mol Biol. 1994; 25(6):925-37. doi: 10.1007/BF00014667, PMID 7919213.
32. Christou P, Capell T, Kohli A, Gatehouse JA, Gatehouse AMR. recent developments and future prospects in insect pest control in transgenic crops. Trends Plant Sci. 2006; 11:302-8.
33. Navarro-Mastache LC. Large scale commercial micropropagation in Mexico. The experience of Agromod, S.A. de C.V. Acta Horti. 2007; 748:91-4.
34. James C 2008. Global status of Commercialized Biotech/GM crops. ISAAA Brief No. 39. Ithaca, NY. 243.
35. Pareek LK. Trends in plant tissue culture and biotechnology. Jodhpur, India.Agrobios. Vol. 350; 2005.
36. Ferrante E, Simpson D. A Review of the Progression of Transgenic Plants Used to Produce Plantibodies for Human Usage. Biogr Biomed Sci Issue. 2001; 1.
37. Chatenet M, Delage C, Ripolles M, Irey M, Lockhart BEL, Rott P. Detection of sugarcane yellow leaf virus in quarantine and production of virus-free sugarcane by apical meristem culture. Plant Dis. 2001; 85(11):1177-80. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.11.1177, PMID 30823163 Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture.
38. Marino G, Battistini S. Leaf-callus growth, shoot regeneration and so maclonal variation in Actinidia deliciosa: effect of media pH. Acta Hortic. 1990; 280:37-44.
39. Ahmadi A, Azadfar D, Mofidabadi AJ. Study of inter-generic hybridization possibility between Salix aegyptica and Populus caspica to achieve new hybrids. Int J Plant Prod. 2010; 4(2):143-7.
40. Sengar RS, Chaudhary R, Tyagi SK. Present status and scope of floriculture developed through different biological tools. Res J Agric Sci. 2010; 1(4):306-14.
41. Filho AR, Dal Vesco LLD, Nodari RO, Lischka RW, Müller CV, Guerra MP. Tissue culture for the conservation and mass propagation of Vriesea reitzii Leme and Costa, a bromeliad threatened of extinction from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biodivers Conserv. 2005; 14(8):1799-808. doi: 10.1007/s10531-004-0700-5.
42. Tyagi RK, Agrawal A, Mahalakshmi C, Hussain Z, Tyagi H. Low-cost media for in vitro conservation of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and genetic stability assessment using RAPD markers. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant. 2007; 43(1):51-8. doi: 10.1007/s11627-006-9000-y.
43. Harding K. Genetic integrity of cryopreserved plant cells: a review. Cryo Lett. 2004; 25(1):3-22. PMID 15031741.
44. Day JG. Cryopreservation: fundamentals, mechanisms of damage on freezing/thawing and application in culture collections. Nova Hedwigia. 2004; 79(1-2):191-205. doi: 10.1127/0029-5035/2004/0079-0191.
45. Harding K, Johnston J, Benson EE. Plant and algal cell cryopreservation: issues in genetic integrity, concepts. In: Benett IJ, Bunn E, Clarke H, McComb JA, editors. Cryobionomics and current European applications. In: contributing to a Sustainable Future. Western Australia; 2005. p. 112-9.
46. Harding K. Plant and algal cryopreservation: issues in genetic integrity, concepts in cryobionomics and current applications in cryobiology. Aspac. J Mol BiolBiotechnol.18 (1). 2010:151-4.
47. Corredoira E, San-José MC, Ballester A, Vieitez AM. Cryopreservation of zygoticembryo axes and somatic embryos of European chestnut. Cryo Lett. 2004; 25(1):33-42. PMID 15031743.
48. Evans DA, Bravo JE. Agricultural applications of protoplast fusion. Plant Biotechnol Austin. 1988:51-91.
49. Mostageer A, Elshihy OM. Establishment of salt tolerant somatic hybrid through protoplast fusion between rice and ditch reed. Arab. J Biotechnol. 2003; 6(1):01-12.
50. Motomural T, Hidaka T, Akihamal T, Katagi S, Berhow MA, Moriguchi T, Omura M. Protoplast Fusion for Production of Hybrid Plants between Citrus and Its Related Genera. Engei Gakkai zasshi. 1997; 65(4):685-92. doi: 10.2503/jjshs.65.685.
51. Toriyama K, Hinata K, Kameya T. Production of somatic hybrid plants, ‘Brassicomoricandia’, through protoplast fusion between Moricandia arvensis and Brassica oleracea. Plant Sci. 1987; 48(2):123-8. doi: 10.1016/0168-9452(87)90139-7.
52. Liu ZY, Chen PD, Pei GZ, Wang YN, Qin BX, Wang SL. Transfer of Haynaldia villosa chromosomes into Triticum aestivum. Proceeding of the 7th International. Wheat. 1988:355-61.
53. Morrison RA, Evans DA. Haploid plants from tissue culture: new plant varieties in a shortened time frame. Nat Biotechnol. 1988; 6(6):684-90. doi: 10.1038/nbt0688-684.Plant Tissue Culture: Current Status and Opportunities 25.
54. Basu SK, Datta M, Sharma M, Kumar A. Haploid plant production technology in wheat and some selected higher plants. Aust J Crop Sci. 2011; 5(9):1087-93.
55. Sudherson CS, Manuel J, Al-Sabah. Haploid plant production from pollen grains of sturt’s desert pea via somatic embryogenesis. Am-Euros. Sci Res. 2008; 3(1):44-7.
56. Bajaj YPS. In vitro production of haploids and their use in cell genetics and plant breeding. Biotechnol Agric For Berlin. 1990:3-44.
57. Yeung EC, Thorpe TA, Jensen CJ. In vitro fertilization and embryo culture in plant tissue culture: Methods and Applications in Agriculture Thorpe TA, editor. New York: Academic Press; 1981. p. 253-71.
58. Chauhan H, Khurana P. Use of doubled haploid technology for development of stable drought tolerant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) transgenics. Plant Biotechnol J. 2011; 9(3):408-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00561.x, PMID 20723133.
59. Holeman DJ. Simple embryo culture for plant breeders: a manual of technique forth extracyion and in vitro germination of mature plant embryos with emphasis on the rose. 1st ed. Rose Hybridizers Association; 2009. p. 10.
60. Guerra MP, Handro W. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in embryocultures of Euterpe edulis Mart. (Palmae). Plant Cell Rep. 1988; 7(7):550-2. doi: 10.1007/BF00272754, PMID 24240414.
61. Okere AU, A U, Adegeye, A. In vitro propagation of an endangered medicinal timber species Khaya grandifoliola C. Dc propagation of an endangered medicinal timber species Khaya grandifoliola C. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;10(17):3335-9. doi: 10.5897/AJB10.236.
62. Mohan N, Nikdad S, Singh G. Studies on seed germination and embryo culture of Jatropha curcas L. Under in vitro conditions [research article]. Biotechnol, Bioinformatics, Bioeng. Vol. 1(2); 2011. p. 187-94.
63. Hinchee MAW, Corbin DR, Armstrong CL, Fry JE, Sato SS, Deboer DL, Petersen WL, Armstrong TA, Connor-Wand DY, Layton JG, Horsch RB. Plant transformation in Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. In: Vasil LK, Thorpe TA, editors. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1994. p. 231-70.
64. Sinclair TR, Purcell LC, Sneller CH. Crop transformation and the challenge to increase yield potential. Trends Plant Sci. 2004;9(2):70-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.008.
65. Sasson A. Biotechnologies in developing countries: present and future. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1994;10(2):127-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00360872. PMID 24420932.
66. Franklin G, Lakshmi Sita G. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) using root explants. Plant Cell Rep. 2003;21(6):549-54. doi: 10.1007/s00299-002-0546-9, PMID 12789429.
67. Chung SM, Vaidya M, Tzfira T. Agrobacterium is not alone: gene transfer to plants by viruses and other bacteria. Trends Plant Sci. 2006;11(1):1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.11.001, PMID 16297655.
68. Purkayastha J, Sugla T, Paul A, Solleti SK, Mazumdar P, Basu A, Mohommad A, Ahmed Z, Sahoo L. Efficient in vitro plant regeneration from shoot apices and gene transfer by particle bombardment in Jatropha curcas. Biol Plant. 2010;54(1):13-20. doi: 10.1007/s10535-010-0003-5.
69. Misra M, Misra AN. Genetic transformation of grass pea. In: Plant Molecular Biology, BRNS/DAE DAE Symposium on Photosynth. Government of India; 1993. p. 246-51.
70. Bukovinszki Á, Divéki Z, Csányi M, Palkovics L, Balázs E. Engineering resistance to PVY in different potato cultivars in a marker-free transformation system using a ‘Shooter mutant’ A. tumefaciens. Plant Cell Rep. 2007;26(4):459-65. doi: 10.1007/s00299-006-0257-8 Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture.
71. Khan RS, Alam SS, Munir I, Azadi P, Nakamura I, Mii M. Botrytis cinerea-resistant marker-free Petunia hybrida produced using the MAT vector system. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult. 2011;106(1):11-20. doi: 10.1007/s11240-010-9888-0.
72. Vijayasree N, Udayasri P, Aswani KY, Ravi BB, Phani KY, Vijay VM. Advancements in the production of secondary metabolites. J Nat Prod. 2010;3:112-23.
73. Hellwig S, Drossard J, Twyman RM, Fischer R. Plant cell cultures for the production of recombinant proteins. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22(11):1415-22. doi: 10.1038/nbt1027, PMID 15529167.
74. Ramachandra Rao S, Ravishankar GA. Plant cell cultures: chemical factories of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv. 2002;20(2):101-53. doi: 10.1016/S0734-9750(02)00007-1.
75. Siahsar B, Rahimi M, Tavassoli A, Raissi AS. Application of biotechnology of Medicinal Plants. J Agric Environ Sci. 2011;11(3):439-44.
76. Chattopadhyay S, Farkya S, Srivastava AK, Bisaria VS. Bioprocess Considerations for production of secondary metabolites by plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 2002;7(3):138-49. doi: 10.1007/BF02932911.
77. Lila KM. Valuable secondary products from in vitro culture, Secondary Products In vitro. CRC Press LLC; 2005.
78. Rao SR, Ravishankar GA. Plant cell cultures: chemical factories of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv. 2002;20(2):101-53. doi: 10.1016/s0734-9750(02)00007-1, PMID 14538059.
79. Karuppusamy S. A review on trends of secondary metabolites from higher plants by in vitro tissue, organ and cell cultures. J Med Plants Res. 2009;3(13):1222-39.
80. Payne GF, Shuler ML, Brodelius P. Plant cell culture; 1987. In J Lydensen BK, editor. Large scale cell culture technology. New York: Hanser Publishers. p. 193-229.
81. Cooper CG, Ramsden BM. Clustered cortical organization and the enhanced probability of intra-areal functional integration. Network. 2010;21(1-2):1-34. doi: 10.3109/0954898X.2010.484475. PMID 20735172.
82. Shalaka DK, Sandhya P. Micropropagation and organogenesis in Adhatoda vasica for the estimation of vasine. Pharm Mag. 2009;5:539-363.
83. Baldi A, Dixit VK. Enhanced artemisinin production by cell cultures of Artemisia annua. Curr. Terends Biotechnol Pharmacol. 2008;2:341-8.
84. Sujanya S, Poornasri Devi B, Sai I. In vitro production of azadirachtin from cell suspension cultures of Azadirachta indica. J Biosci. 2008;33(1):113-20. doi: 10.1007/s12038-008-0027-6.
85. Wagiah ME, Alam G, Wiryowidagdo S, Attia K. Improved production of thin dole alkaloid cation-6-one from cell suspension cultures of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.Sci. Technol J. 2008;1:1-6.
86. Umamaheswai A, Lalitha V. In vitro effect of various growth hormones in Capsicum annum L. on the callus induction and production of Capsiacin. Plant Sci J. 2007;2:545-51.
87. Shrivastava N, Patel T, Srivastava A. Biosynthetic potential of in vitro grown callus cells of Cassia senna L. var. senna. Curr. Sci J. 2006;90:1472-3.
88. Zhao J, Zhu W, Hu Q. Enhanced catharanthine production in catharanthus roseus cell cultures by combined elicitor treatment in shake flasks and bioreactors. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2001;28(7-8):673-81. doi: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00306-4. PMID 11339952.
89. Contin A, Van der Heijden R, Verpoorte R. Effects of alkaloid precursor feeding and elicitation on the accumulation of secologanin in a Catharanthus roseus cell suspension culture. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 1999;56(2):111-9. doi: 10.1023/A:1006257125191.
90. Moreno PRH, Van der Heijden R, Verpoorte R. Effect of terpenoid precursor feeding and elicitation on formation of indole alkaloids in cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Plant Cell Rep. J. 1993;12:702-5.
91. Lee-Parsons CWT, Royce AJ. Precursor limitations in methyl jasmonate-induced Catharanthus roseus cell cultures. Plant Cell Rep. 2006;25(6):607-12. doi: 10.1007/s00299-005-0109-y, PMID 16432630.
92. Roat C, Ramawat KG. Elicitor induced accumulation of stilbenes in cell suspension cultures of Cayratia trifoliata (L.) Domin. Plant Biotechnol. Rep. J. 2009;3:135-8.
93. Khan T, Krupadanam D, Anwar Y. The role of phytohormone on the production of berberine in the calli culture of an endangered medicinal plant, turmeric (Cosciniumfenustratum L.). Afr J Biotechnol. 2008;7:3244-6.
94. Skrzypek Z, Wysokinsku H. Sterols and titer penes in cell cultures of Hyssopus officinalis L. Ver Lag der. Z Naturforschung. D. 2003;312.
95. Tabata M, Fujita Y. Production of shikon in by plant cell cultures. In: Zaitlin M, Day P, Hollaender A, editors. Biotechnology in Plant Science. Relevance to Agriculturein the eighties. San Diego: Acedemic Press; 1985. p. 207-18.
96. Zhong JJ, Chen F, Hu WW. High-density cultivation of Panax notoginseng cells instirred tank bioreactors for the production of ginseng biomass and ginseng saponin. Process. Biochem J. 1999;35:491-6.
97. Chattopadhyay S, Farkya S, Srivastava AK, Bisaria VS. Bioprocess Considerations for production of secondary metabolites by plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 2002;7(3):138-49. doi: 10.1007/BF02932911.
98. Wang HQ, Yu JT, Zhong JJ. Significant improvement of taxane production in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis by sucrose feeding strategy. Process. Biochem J. 1999;35:479-83.
99. Palazon J, Pinol MT, Cusido RM, Morales C, Bonfill M. Application of transformed root technology to the production of bioactive metabolites. Recent Res.dev. Plant Physiol. 1997;1:125-43.
100. Hu ZB, Du M. Hairy root and its application in plant genetic engineering. J Integrative Plant Biology. 2006;48(2):121-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2006.00121.x.
101. Giri A, Narasu ML. Transgenic hairy roots. recent trends and applications. Biotechnol Adv. 2000;18(1):1-22. doi: 10.1016/s0734-9750(99)00016-6, PMID 14538116.
102. Pistelli L, Giovannini A, Ruffoni B, Bertoli A, Pistelli L. Hairy Root Cultures for Secondary Metabolites Production. Adv Exp Med Biol. ISBN: 978-1-4419-7346-7. 2010;698:167-84. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_13, PMID 21520711.
103. Srivastava S, Srivastava AK. Hairy root culture for mass-production of high-value secondary metabolites. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2007;27(1):29-43. doi: 10.1080/07388550601173918, PMID 17364688.
2. Akin-Idowu PE, Ibitoye DO, Ademoyegun OT. Tissue culture as a plant production technique for horticultural crops. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009; 8(16):3782-8.
3. Brown DCW, Thorpe TA. Crop improvement through tissue culture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995; 11(4):409-15. doi: 10.1007/BF00364616, PMID 24414749.
4. George EF. Plant propagation by Tissue Culture. Eversley: Eastern Press; 1993.
5. Garcia-Gonzales R, Quiroz K, Carrasco B, Caligari P. Plant tissue culture: Current status, opportunities and challenges. Cien. Investig Agr. 2010; 37(3):5-30.
6. Sagare AP, Lee YL, Lin TC, Chen CC, Tsay HS. Cytokinin-induced somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Corydalis yanhusuo (Fumariaceae) - a medicinal plant. Plant Sci. 2000; 160(1):139-47. doi: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00377-0, PMID 11164586.
7. El-Dougdoug KA, El-Shamy MM. Management of viral diseases in banana using certified and virus tested plant material. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2011; 5(32):5923-32.
8. Singh RB. Current status and future prospects of plant biotechnologies in developing countries in Asia. In: Sasson A, Costarini, editors. Plant Biotechnologies for Developing Countries. London; 1992. p. 141-62.
9. Haberlandt G. Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen. Sitzungsber. Akad.Wiss. Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. J. 1902; 111:69-92.
10. Murashige T, Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant. 1962; 15(3):473-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x.
11. Ting IP. Plant physiology. Addison-Wesleyn Reading, Massachusetts. Vol. 642; 1982.
12. Rafiq M, Dahot MU, Mangrio SM, Naqvi HA Qarshi IA. In vitro clonalpropagation and biochemical analysis of field established Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Pak J Bot. 2007; 39(7):2467-74.
13. Rout GR. Effect of cytokinins and auxin on micropropagation of Clitoria ternateaL. Biol Lett. 2004; 41(1):21-6.
14. Hussain A, Naz S, Nazir H, Shinwari ZK. Tissue culture of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2011; 43(2):1069-78.
15. Murashige T. Plant propagation through tissue cultures. Annu Rev Plant Physiol. 1974; 25(1):135-66. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.25.060174.001031.
16. Cassells AC, Doyle BM. Pathogen and biological contamination management: the road ahead. In: Loyola-Vargas VM, Vázquez-Flota F, editors. Plant cell Culture Protocols. New York: Humana Press; 2005. p. 35-50.
17. Husain MK, Anis M. Rapid in vitro multiplication of Melia azedarach L. (amultipurpose woody tree). Acta Physiol Plant. 2009; 31(4):765-72. doi: 10.1007/s11738-009-0290-7.
18. Tilkat E, Onay A, Y?ld?r?m H, Ayaz E. Direct plant regeneration from mature leaf explants of pistachio, Pistacia vera L Sci Hortic. 2009; 121(3):361-5. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2009.02.007.
19. Marana JP, Miglioranza É, Faria RTd. Estabelecimento in vitro de Jacaratia spinosa (Aubl.) ADC. Sem Ci Agr; 30(2). doi: 10.5433/1679-0359.2009v30n2p271.
20. Garcia R, Morán R, Somonte D, Zaldúa Z, López A, Mena CJ. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) biotechnology: perspectives and progress. In: Altman A, editor, Ziv M, plant tissue culture: current status and opportunities 23Shamay I, editors. Plant biotechnology and in vitro biology in 21st century. The Netherlands; 1999. p. 143-6.
21. Singh KK, Gurung B. In vitro propagation of R. maddeni Hook. F. an endangered Rhododendron species of Sikkim Himalaya. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca. 2009; 37(1):79-83.
22. Saini R, Jaiwal PK. Age, position in mother seedling, orientation, and polarity of the epicotyl segments of black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) determines its morphogenic response. Plant Sci. 2002; 163(1):101-9. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00062-6.
23. Park YS, Barrett JD, Bonga JM. Application of somatic embryogenesis in high-value clonal forestry: Deployment, genetic control, and stability of cryopreserved clones. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant. 1998; 34(3):231-9. doi: 10.1007/BF02822713.
24. Torres-Munoz L, Rodriguez-Garay B. Somatic embryogenesis in the threatened cactus Turbinicarpus psudomacrochele (Buxbaum & Backerberg). J PACD. 1996; 1:36-8.
25. Jayasankar S, Gray DJ, Litz RE. High-efficiency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from suspension cultures of grapevine. Plant Cell Rep. 1999; 18(7-8):533-7. doi: 10.1007/s002990050617.
26. Li X, Krasnyanski SF, Korban SS. Somatic embryogenesis, secondary somatic embryogenesis, and shoot organogenesis in Rosa. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2002; 159(3):313-9. doi: 10.1078/0176-1617-00688.
27. Bouquet A, Terregrosa L. Micropropagation of grapevine (Vitus spp.). In: Jain SM, Ishii K, editors. Micropropagation of woody trees and fruits. The Netherlands. Vol. 75; 2003. p. 319-52.
28. Maynard C, Xiang Z, Bickel S, Powell W. Using genetic engineering to help save American chestnut: a progress report. J. Am Chestnut Found. 1998; 12:40-56.
29. Han GY, Wang XF, Zhang GY, Ma ZY. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of recalcitrant cottons (Gossypium hirsutum). Afr J Biotechnol. 2009; 8(3):432-7.
30. Skoog F, Miller CO. Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissues cultured in vitro. Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1957; 11:118-30. PMID 13486467.
31. Vasil IK. Molecular improvement of cereals. Plant Mol Biol. 1994; 25(6):925-37. doi: 10.1007/BF00014667, PMID 7919213.
32. Christou P, Capell T, Kohli A, Gatehouse JA, Gatehouse AMR. recent developments and future prospects in insect pest control in transgenic crops. Trends Plant Sci. 2006; 11:302-8.
33. Navarro-Mastache LC. Large scale commercial micropropagation in Mexico. The experience of Agromod, S.A. de C.V. Acta Horti. 2007; 748:91-4.
34. James C 2008. Global status of Commercialized Biotech/GM crops. ISAAA Brief No. 39. Ithaca, NY. 243.
35. Pareek LK. Trends in plant tissue culture and biotechnology. Jodhpur, India.Agrobios. Vol. 350; 2005.
36. Ferrante E, Simpson D. A Review of the Progression of Transgenic Plants Used to Produce Plantibodies for Human Usage. Biogr Biomed Sci Issue. 2001; 1.
37. Chatenet M, Delage C, Ripolles M, Irey M, Lockhart BEL, Rott P. Detection of sugarcane yellow leaf virus in quarantine and production of virus-free sugarcane by apical meristem culture. Plant Dis. 2001; 85(11):1177-80. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.11.1177, PMID 30823163 Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture.
38. Marino G, Battistini S. Leaf-callus growth, shoot regeneration and so maclonal variation in Actinidia deliciosa: effect of media pH. Acta Hortic. 1990; 280:37-44.
39. Ahmadi A, Azadfar D, Mofidabadi AJ. Study of inter-generic hybridization possibility between Salix aegyptica and Populus caspica to achieve new hybrids. Int J Plant Prod. 2010; 4(2):143-7.
40. Sengar RS, Chaudhary R, Tyagi SK. Present status and scope of floriculture developed through different biological tools. Res J Agric Sci. 2010; 1(4):306-14.
41. Filho AR, Dal Vesco LLD, Nodari RO, Lischka RW, Müller CV, Guerra MP. Tissue culture for the conservation and mass propagation of Vriesea reitzii Leme and Costa, a bromeliad threatened of extinction from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Biodivers Conserv. 2005; 14(8):1799-808. doi: 10.1007/s10531-004-0700-5.
42. Tyagi RK, Agrawal A, Mahalakshmi C, Hussain Z, Tyagi H. Low-cost media for in vitro conservation of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and genetic stability assessment using RAPD markers. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant. 2007; 43(1):51-8. doi: 10.1007/s11627-006-9000-y.
43. Harding K. Genetic integrity of cryopreserved plant cells: a review. Cryo Lett. 2004; 25(1):3-22. PMID 15031741.
44. Day JG. Cryopreservation: fundamentals, mechanisms of damage on freezing/thawing and application in culture collections. Nova Hedwigia. 2004; 79(1-2):191-205. doi: 10.1127/0029-5035/2004/0079-0191.
45. Harding K, Johnston J, Benson EE. Plant and algal cell cryopreservation: issues in genetic integrity, concepts. In: Benett IJ, Bunn E, Clarke H, McComb JA, editors. Cryobionomics and current European applications. In: contributing to a Sustainable Future. Western Australia; 2005. p. 112-9.
46. Harding K. Plant and algal cryopreservation: issues in genetic integrity, concepts in cryobionomics and current applications in cryobiology. Aspac. J Mol BiolBiotechnol.18 (1). 2010:151-4.
47. Corredoira E, San-José MC, Ballester A, Vieitez AM. Cryopreservation of zygoticembryo axes and somatic embryos of European chestnut. Cryo Lett. 2004; 25(1):33-42. PMID 15031743.
48. Evans DA, Bravo JE. Agricultural applications of protoplast fusion. Plant Biotechnol Austin. 1988:51-91.
49. Mostageer A, Elshihy OM. Establishment of salt tolerant somatic hybrid through protoplast fusion between rice and ditch reed. Arab. J Biotechnol. 2003; 6(1):01-12.
50. Motomural T, Hidaka T, Akihamal T, Katagi S, Berhow MA, Moriguchi T, Omura M. Protoplast Fusion for Production of Hybrid Plants between Citrus and Its Related Genera. Engei Gakkai zasshi. 1997; 65(4):685-92. doi: 10.2503/jjshs.65.685.
51. Toriyama K, Hinata K, Kameya T. Production of somatic hybrid plants, ‘Brassicomoricandia’, through protoplast fusion between Moricandia arvensis and Brassica oleracea. Plant Sci. 1987; 48(2):123-8. doi: 10.1016/0168-9452(87)90139-7.
52. Liu ZY, Chen PD, Pei GZ, Wang YN, Qin BX, Wang SL. Transfer of Haynaldia villosa chromosomes into Triticum aestivum. Proceeding of the 7th International. Wheat. 1988:355-61.
53. Morrison RA, Evans DA. Haploid plants from tissue culture: new plant varieties in a shortened time frame. Nat Biotechnol. 1988; 6(6):684-90. doi: 10.1038/nbt0688-684.Plant Tissue Culture: Current Status and Opportunities 25.
54. Basu SK, Datta M, Sharma M, Kumar A. Haploid plant production technology in wheat and some selected higher plants. Aust J Crop Sci. 2011; 5(9):1087-93.
55. Sudherson CS, Manuel J, Al-Sabah. Haploid plant production from pollen grains of sturt’s desert pea via somatic embryogenesis. Am-Euros. Sci Res. 2008; 3(1):44-7.
56. Bajaj YPS. In vitro production of haploids and their use in cell genetics and plant breeding. Biotechnol Agric For Berlin. 1990:3-44.
57. Yeung EC, Thorpe TA, Jensen CJ. In vitro fertilization and embryo culture in plant tissue culture: Methods and Applications in Agriculture Thorpe TA, editor. New York: Academic Press; 1981. p. 253-71.
58. Chauhan H, Khurana P. Use of doubled haploid technology for development of stable drought tolerant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) transgenics. Plant Biotechnol J. 2011; 9(3):408-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00561.x, PMID 20723133.
59. Holeman DJ. Simple embryo culture for plant breeders: a manual of technique forth extracyion and in vitro germination of mature plant embryos with emphasis on the rose. 1st ed. Rose Hybridizers Association; 2009. p. 10.
60. Guerra MP, Handro W. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in embryocultures of Euterpe edulis Mart. (Palmae). Plant Cell Rep. 1988; 7(7):550-2. doi: 10.1007/BF00272754, PMID 24240414.
61. Okere AU, A U, Adegeye, A. In vitro propagation of an endangered medicinal timber species Khaya grandifoliola C. Dc propagation of an endangered medicinal timber species Khaya grandifoliola C. Afr J Biotechnol. 2011;10(17):3335-9. doi: 10.5897/AJB10.236.
62. Mohan N, Nikdad S, Singh G. Studies on seed germination and embryo culture of Jatropha curcas L. Under in vitro conditions [research article]. Biotechnol, Bioinformatics, Bioeng. Vol. 1(2); 2011. p. 187-94.
63. Hinchee MAW, Corbin DR, Armstrong CL, Fry JE, Sato SS, Deboer DL, Petersen WL, Armstrong TA, Connor-Wand DY, Layton JG, Horsch RB. Plant transformation in Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. In: Vasil LK, Thorpe TA, editors. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1994. p. 231-70.
64. Sinclair TR, Purcell LC, Sneller CH. Crop transformation and the challenge to increase yield potential. Trends Plant Sci. 2004;9(2):70-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2003.12.008.
65. Sasson A. Biotechnologies in developing countries: present and future. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1994;10(2):127-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00360872. PMID 24420932.
66. Franklin G, Lakshmi Sita G. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) using root explants. Plant Cell Rep. 2003;21(6):549-54. doi: 10.1007/s00299-002-0546-9, PMID 12789429.
67. Chung SM, Vaidya M, Tzfira T. Agrobacterium is not alone: gene transfer to plants by viruses and other bacteria. Trends Plant Sci. 2006;11(1):1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.11.001, PMID 16297655.
68. Purkayastha J, Sugla T, Paul A, Solleti SK, Mazumdar P, Basu A, Mohommad A, Ahmed Z, Sahoo L. Efficient in vitro plant regeneration from shoot apices and gene transfer by particle bombardment in Jatropha curcas. Biol Plant. 2010;54(1):13-20. doi: 10.1007/s10535-010-0003-5.
69. Misra M, Misra AN. Genetic transformation of grass pea. In: Plant Molecular Biology, BRNS/DAE DAE Symposium on Photosynth. Government of India; 1993. p. 246-51.
70. Bukovinszki Á, Divéki Z, Csányi M, Palkovics L, Balázs E. Engineering resistance to PVY in different potato cultivars in a marker-free transformation system using a ‘Shooter mutant’ A. tumefaciens. Plant Cell Rep. 2007;26(4):459-65. doi: 10.1007/s00299-006-0257-8 Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture.
71. Khan RS, Alam SS, Munir I, Azadi P, Nakamura I, Mii M. Botrytis cinerea-resistant marker-free Petunia hybrida produced using the MAT vector system. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult. 2011;106(1):11-20. doi: 10.1007/s11240-010-9888-0.
72. Vijayasree N, Udayasri P, Aswani KY, Ravi BB, Phani KY, Vijay VM. Advancements in the production of secondary metabolites. J Nat Prod. 2010;3:112-23.
73. Hellwig S, Drossard J, Twyman RM, Fischer R. Plant cell cultures for the production of recombinant proteins. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22(11):1415-22. doi: 10.1038/nbt1027, PMID 15529167.
74. Ramachandra Rao S, Ravishankar GA. Plant cell cultures: chemical factories of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv. 2002;20(2):101-53. doi: 10.1016/S0734-9750(02)00007-1.
75. Siahsar B, Rahimi M, Tavassoli A, Raissi AS. Application of biotechnology of Medicinal Plants. J Agric Environ Sci. 2011;11(3):439-44.
76. Chattopadhyay S, Farkya S, Srivastava AK, Bisaria VS. Bioprocess Considerations for production of secondary metabolites by plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 2002;7(3):138-49. doi: 10.1007/BF02932911.
77. Lila KM. Valuable secondary products from in vitro culture, Secondary Products In vitro. CRC Press LLC; 2005.
78. Rao SR, Ravishankar GA. Plant cell cultures: chemical factories of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv. 2002;20(2):101-53. doi: 10.1016/s0734-9750(02)00007-1, PMID 14538059.
79. Karuppusamy S. A review on trends of secondary metabolites from higher plants by in vitro tissue, organ and cell cultures. J Med Plants Res. 2009;3(13):1222-39.
80. Payne GF, Shuler ML, Brodelius P. Plant cell culture; 1987. In J Lydensen BK, editor. Large scale cell culture technology. New York: Hanser Publishers. p. 193-229.
81. Cooper CG, Ramsden BM. Clustered cortical organization and the enhanced probability of intra-areal functional integration. Network. 2010;21(1-2):1-34. doi: 10.3109/0954898X.2010.484475. PMID 20735172.
82. Shalaka DK, Sandhya P. Micropropagation and organogenesis in Adhatoda vasica for the estimation of vasine. Pharm Mag. 2009;5:539-363.
83. Baldi A, Dixit VK. Enhanced artemisinin production by cell cultures of Artemisia annua. Curr. Terends Biotechnol Pharmacol. 2008;2:341-8.
84. Sujanya S, Poornasri Devi B, Sai I. In vitro production of azadirachtin from cell suspension cultures of Azadirachta indica. J Biosci. 2008;33(1):113-20. doi: 10.1007/s12038-008-0027-6.
85. Wagiah ME, Alam G, Wiryowidagdo S, Attia K. Improved production of thin dole alkaloid cation-6-one from cell suspension cultures of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr.Sci. Technol J. 2008;1:1-6.
86. Umamaheswai A, Lalitha V. In vitro effect of various growth hormones in Capsicum annum L. on the callus induction and production of Capsiacin. Plant Sci J. 2007;2:545-51.
87. Shrivastava N, Patel T, Srivastava A. Biosynthetic potential of in vitro grown callus cells of Cassia senna L. var. senna. Curr. Sci J. 2006;90:1472-3.
88. Zhao J, Zhu W, Hu Q. Enhanced catharanthine production in catharanthus roseus cell cultures by combined elicitor treatment in shake flasks and bioreactors. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2001;28(7-8):673-81. doi: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00306-4. PMID 11339952.
89. Contin A, Van der Heijden R, Verpoorte R. Effects of alkaloid precursor feeding and elicitation on the accumulation of secologanin in a Catharanthus roseus cell suspension culture. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 1999;56(2):111-9. doi: 10.1023/A:1006257125191.
90. Moreno PRH, Van der Heijden R, Verpoorte R. Effect of terpenoid precursor feeding and elicitation on formation of indole alkaloids in cell suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Plant Cell Rep. J. 1993;12:702-5.
91. Lee-Parsons CWT, Royce AJ. Precursor limitations in methyl jasmonate-induced Catharanthus roseus cell cultures. Plant Cell Rep. 2006;25(6):607-12. doi: 10.1007/s00299-005-0109-y, PMID 16432630.
92. Roat C, Ramawat KG. Elicitor induced accumulation of stilbenes in cell suspension cultures of Cayratia trifoliata (L.) Domin. Plant Biotechnol. Rep. J. 2009;3:135-8.
93. Khan T, Krupadanam D, Anwar Y. The role of phytohormone on the production of berberine in the calli culture of an endangered medicinal plant, turmeric (Cosciniumfenustratum L.). Afr J Biotechnol. 2008;7:3244-6.
94. Skrzypek Z, Wysokinsku H. Sterols and titer penes in cell cultures of Hyssopus officinalis L. Ver Lag der. Z Naturforschung. D. 2003;312.
95. Tabata M, Fujita Y. Production of shikon in by plant cell cultures. In: Zaitlin M, Day P, Hollaender A, editors. Biotechnology in Plant Science. Relevance to Agriculturein the eighties. San Diego: Acedemic Press; 1985. p. 207-18.
96. Zhong JJ, Chen F, Hu WW. High-density cultivation of Panax notoginseng cells instirred tank bioreactors for the production of ginseng biomass and ginseng saponin. Process. Biochem J. 1999;35:491-6.
97. Chattopadhyay S, Farkya S, Srivastava AK, Bisaria VS. Bioprocess Considerations for production of secondary metabolites by plant cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 2002;7(3):138-49. doi: 10.1007/BF02932911.
98. Wang HQ, Yu JT, Zhong JJ. Significant improvement of taxane production in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis by sucrose feeding strategy. Process. Biochem J. 1999;35:479-83.
99. Palazon J, Pinol MT, Cusido RM, Morales C, Bonfill M. Application of transformed root technology to the production of bioactive metabolites. Recent Res.dev. Plant Physiol. 1997;1:125-43.
100. Hu ZB, Du M. Hairy root and its application in plant genetic engineering. J Integrative Plant Biology. 2006;48(2):121-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2006.00121.x.
101. Giri A, Narasu ML. Transgenic hairy roots. recent trends and applications. Biotechnol Adv. 2000;18(1):1-22. doi: 10.1016/s0734-9750(99)00016-6, PMID 14538116.
102. Pistelli L, Giovannini A, Ruffoni B, Bertoli A, Pistelli L. Hairy Root Cultures for Secondary Metabolites Production. Adv Exp Med Biol. ISBN: 978-1-4419-7346-7. 2010;698:167-84. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_13, PMID 21520711.
103. Srivastava S, Srivastava AK. Hairy root culture for mass-production of high-value secondary metabolites. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2007;27(1):29-43. doi: 10.1080/07388550601173918, PMID 17364688.