Nipple damage in breastfeeding mothers are common causes of premature breast feeding cessation. Sore nipple associated with breast feeding are common problems with an incidence ranging from 11% to 96% and may leads to premature weaning. This frequency occurs from suction trauma to the nipple secondary to incorrect positioning at the breast. Nipple crack (nipple trauma) is a condition that can occur in breasting women as a result of a number of possible causes and incorrect attachment to the breast and healing may be difficult because of repeated trauma from the infant’s sucking. so the present study is done to assess the effectiveness of peppermint water on nipple crack among postnatal mother Saveetha college of nursing. Quantitative approach descriptive design was adapted to conduct this study.60 sample were selected this study (30 experimental group and 30 control group). The data was collected using the nipple trauma checklist after application of nipple crack in experimental group to assess the effect of peppermint water on nipple crack among postnatal mother. Result is Out of 30 sample in the experimental group is mother have 24 (80%) no crack, 4 (13.333%) mild crack, 2 (6.67%) moderate crack. out of 30 In control group mother have (0%), no crack, (0%) mild crack, 20(66.67%) moderate crack, 10 (33.33%) severe crack. conclusion of the study peppermint water reduction of nipple crack among postnatal mother.
The postnatal period begins soon after the birth of a baby and extends up to six weeks. Breast feeding is universal practice. Global rate of exclusive breast feeding according to who is 37%[1]. Nipple damage in breastfeeding mothers are common causes of premature breast feeding cessation. Sore nipple associated with breast feeding are common problems with an incidence ranging from 11% to 96% and may leads to premature weaning this frequency occurs from suction trauma to the nipple secondary to incorrect positioning at the breast [2]
Position of the baby’s body is important for good attachment and successful breastfeeding. Most difficulties can be avoided altogether if good attachment positioning are achieved at the first and early feed [3]. Nipple crack (nipple trauma) is a condition that can occur in breasting women as a result of a number of possible causes and incorrect attachment to the breast and healing may be difficult because of repeated trauma from the infant’s sucking. Developing a cracked nipple can result in soreness, dryness or irritation, or bleeding of, one or nipple crack during breastfeeding .the mother with a cracked nipple can have sever nipple pain is a disincentive for continued breast feeding. [4]
To assess the pretest level of nipple crack among postnatal mothers in both experimental and control group.
To determine the effectiveness of peppermint water on nipple crack among post natal mothers.
To associate between selected demographic variable with post- test level of nipple crack among postnatal mother in experimental group.
Quantitative approach was used in this study. A descriptive design was chosen to assess the effectiveness of peppermint water on nipple crack among postnatal mother. The study was conducted in saveeetha medical college and hospital in postnatal ward. the setting was chosen on the basis of feasibility in term of availability of adequate sample and cooperation extended by management and health care team members. Target population of the study is all nipple crack in obstetrical ward and obstetrical OPD who meet inclusion criteria were selected as the sample for the study. The sample size 60(30 experimental group and 30 control group).Non probability sampling technique is used by investigator. Inclusion criteria are postnatal mother with nipple crack, postnatal mother who having symptoms manifested in mild crack, moderate crack, sever crack and postnatal mother who are able to understand Tamil and English. Data was collected using demographic profile level and effectiveness of peppermint water on nipple crack among post natal mother the using of nipple trauma check list to use for before not applied peppermint water on nipple crack and after application of peppermint water on nipple crack. The project has been approved by the ethics committee of institution, informed consent was obtained from the participant initiation the study.
Out of 30 sample in the experimental group is mother have 24 (80%) no crack, 4 (13.333%) mild crack, 2 (6.67%) moderate crack. out of 30 In control group mother have (0%), no crack, (0%) mild crack, 20(66.67%) moderate crack, 10 (33.33%) severe crack. In unpaired t-test for significant.(Table1) there was significant association between the age, parity, religion, occupation, educational status, mode of delivery, duration of feeding, frequency of feeding, postnatal days and reduction of nipple crack among postnatal mother, The study concluded that there was significant reduction in nipple crack after application of peppermint water on nipple crack in experimental group.
Table: 2 show mean and standard deviation on effectiveness of peppermint water on nipple crack on postnatal mother. In experimental group, pretest value are mean (12.6), SD (2.31) and unpaired test (0.7637). In control group mean (13.06), SD (1.98), post-test value experimental group mean (12.16), SD (2.150) in control group mean (1.26), SD (2.63) and paired test (22.1126). The calculated unpaired t value of t=22.1126 was found to be statistically significant at p>0.05 level.
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| 1 | Age18-23 years24-29years 30-35years | 8175 | 26.666%56.666%16.666% | 11136 | 36.666%43.333%20% |
| 2 | ParityPrimi motherMulti mother | 228 | 73.333%26.666% | 2010 | 66.666%33.333% |
| 3 | ReligionHinduChristianMuslim | 2082 | 66.666%26.666%6.666% | 1893 | 60%30%10% |
| 4 | Education statusIlliterate School educationGraduate | 11217 | 3.333%40%56.666% | 8148 | 26.666%46.666%26.666% |
| 5 | OccupationWorkerHouse wife | 1020 | 33.333%66.666% | 1020 | 33.333%66.666% |
| 6 | Mode of deliveryNormal vaginal deliveryCaesarian delivery | 1020 | 33.333%6.666% | 1317 | 43.333%56.666% |
| 7 | Frequency of feedingEvery hourlyEvery second hourlyEvery third fourth hourly | 1587 | 50%26.666%23.333% | 14115 | 46.666%36.666%16.666% |
| 8 | Duration of feedingLess than 3-5mins6-8mis9-10mis | 5178 | 16.666%56.666%26.666% | 51510 | 16.666%50%33.333% |
| 9 | Day of postnatal1-5days6-10 days11-15 days | 16122 | 53.333%40%6.666% | 10128 | 33.333%40%26.666% |
Table 1: Shows that majority of 30 samples in experimental group 17 (56.6%) belongs to age 24-29 years, 22 (73.333%) were primi mother, 20 (66.67%) were Hindu, 17 (56.666%) were graduated, 20 (66.666%) were house wife, 20 (66.666%) were caesarian section, 15 (50%) were every hourly of feeding, 17 (56.666%) were duration of 6-8 minutes feeding, 16 (53.333%) 1-5th postnatal day. 30 samples control group13 (43.333%) belong to age 24 -29 years, 20 (66.666%) were primi mother, 18 (60%) were in Hindu , 14 (46.666%) were school education ,20 (66.666% were house wife, 17 (56.666%) were caesarian section, 14 (46.666%) were every hourly feeding, 15 (50%) were 6-8 minutes feeding, 12 (40%) were number of days 6th – 10th postnatal day.
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| Experimental group | 0.433 | 0.5039 | 0.7637 | 0.4482 |
| Control group | 11.866 | 1.775 | 22.1126 | 0.0001 |
The finding of the study reveals that effect of peppermint water in postnatal mothers 24 (80%) No crack, 4 (13.333%) mild crack, 2 (6.67%) moderate crack. out of 30 In control group mother have (0%), no crack, (0%) mild crack, 20(66.67%) moderate crack, 10 (33.33%) severe crack.(FIGURE 1)
Another similar study by
Another similar study by
Another similar study by
The conclusion of the study that was significant of peppermint water reduction on nipple crack among postnatal mothers in experimental group.
Flavia GS. breast: Knowledge and practice. Revista da Escolar de Enfermagem da U S P 46(4), 2012, 62-80. www.journalofsciences.net.
Lawrence RA. Breastfeeding A guide for the medical profession .St Louis Mo: Mosby- year book, 1994.
Powere NG,Slusser W.Brasest feeding uptate, 2 clinical lactation management. Pediatric Rev. 18, 1997, 147-161. http://www.lifesciencesite.com.isj
https://en.m.wikipedia,org.wiki.crack
Hala.a thabet, assess the study on prevention of nipple crack with peppermint water versus breast milk in lactating primiparous women, 2019.
Elsaida Gouda Naser,assess the study on effect of peppermint water prevention of nipple trauma in lactating primiparous women, 2016.
Mohammad Reza Rashidi, study ‘effect of peppermint water on prevention of nipple crack among primiparous mother 2007.